Economic policy of Peter I. Trade History in Russia Peter 1 Trade in Water

To maintain and streamline the domestic market in 1719, a commercial board was created. Later, the main and urban magistrates were established, whose functions included all the help of merchants, their self-government, the creation of the guilds.

In order to improve trade routes, the government for the first time in the history of the country has begun to build channels. So, in 1703-1709, the Vyshnevolotsky Canal was built, the construction of Mariinsky began water system, Ladoga (1718) channel, completed shortly after Peter's death, Volga-Don (1698) channel, the construction of which was over only in 1952. The land of the roads were very bad, in the period of rains and the dissolve, they became impassable, which, of course, was slowed down the development of regular trade relations. In addition, there were still many domestic customs fees in the country, which also held back the growth of the All-Russian market.

It should be noted that the development of internal trade was held back "cash hunger", the country continued to have a sharp lack of cash metals. Money turnover consisted mainly of small copper coins. Silver kopeck was a very large monetary unit, often chopped it into several parts, each of which made an independent turn.

In 1704, Peter I began monetary reform. Silver ruble coins began to be produced, or simply rubles, which to Peter remained only a conditioned counting unit (the ruble as coins did not exist). A silver taler was accepted for the weight unit of the ruble, although silver content in the ruble was less than in the taler. A portrait of Peter I, a double-headed eagle, a year of release and the inscription "Tsar Peter Alekseevich" was knocked out on the ruble. Kolomiets A. G. The history of the Fatherland. - M.: Beck, 2002. - p.326.

The basis of the new monetary system was the very simple and rational decimal principle: 1 ruble \u003d 10 of the grivens \u003d 100 kopecks. By the way, many Western countries came to such a system much later. Fixties were released - 50 kopecks, half defensions - 25 kopecks, fives - 5 kopecks. Later altyn was added to them - 3 kopecks and five-thousandth - 15 kopecks. The coin chasing became the strict and unconditional monopoly of the state, a ban on the removal of precious metals abroad was announced. Pushkarev S.G. Review of Russian history. - M.: Yuri, 2002. - p.161. In the same period, the success of the search for domestic silver deposits in Transbaikalia was crowned with, in the area of \u200b\u200bNerchinsk. The increase in the monetary system also contributed to the increase in exports and a positive foreign trade balance.

In Peter I, gold coins were produced: Cesar rubles and Chervonians. The first of them were often used as a military award to the lower ranks - soldiers, while the ruble hung as a medal on the neck. Chervonians were mainly serviced by foreign trade turnover and there were almost no walking countries.

Initially, the Petrovsky ruble was quite complete and equal to 8 1/3 of the spool of pure silver (1 spool \u003d 4.3g). Later, as a result of negative economic changes in the country, the ruble gradually "fucking", first up to 5 5/6, and then up to 4 spools. Kolomiets A.G. The history of homeland. - M.: Beck, 2002. - p.327.

Petrovsky transformations touched on foreign trade, which began to actively develop thanks to, first of all, to the Baltic Sea. Increased foreign trade orientation of the Russian economy contributed to the targeted policy of mercantilism conducted by the government. One of the ideologues of mercantilism was Russian thinker-economist I.T. Posochkov, which in 1724 issued a "book on scarce and wealth." In it he emphasized that the country needs to create technically advanced enterprises based on domestic raw materials so that it was possible to confidently go to the external market.

Supporters of mercantilism believed that the country should achieve an active foreign trade balance, i.e. Exceeding income from the export of goods on the cost of importing goods to the country. For example, in 1726, exporting from Russia through the main seaports - Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Riga - was 4.2 million rubles, and the import was 2.1 million.

The mandatory element of mercantilism is the establishment of rigid customs barriers to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competitors. So, in 1724, a customs tariff was established, according to which the import of such foreign goods as iron, sail, silk fabrics were installed up to 75% of their cost to stimulate their production in their country. A duty on the Dutch canvas, velvet, silver and other goods were installed up to 50%, to those products that were produced in Russia in insufficient number: woolen fabrics, painting paper, up to 10% - on copper dishes, window glass and t ..

High export duties were entrusted with raw materials needed for domestic entrepreneurs so that it does not go beyond the country. The state held mainly all foreign trade in his hands through monopoly shopping companies and sputters. The main currency used in the external turnover still remained a silver taler (Efimok). Pushkarev S. G. Overview of Russian history. - M.: Yuri, 2002. - p.160.

Notable changes occurred in the structure of foreign trade. If at the beginning of the XVIII century, agriculture and raw materials were exported, then by the mid-1720 more specific gravity It began to occupy manufacturing products: Ural iron with Demidov factories, linen canvas, ropes, canvas. Imports are still the largest volume of luxury items for members tsarist surname and noble, as well as colonial goods: tea, coffee, spices, sugar, wines. Thanks to the energetic actions of Peter, Russia from 1712 for the first time in history ceased to buy weapons in Europe.

In the first decades of the XVIII century, the geography of foreign trade Russian centers has changed. If in the XVII century, Arkhangelsk played the main role in trade with the West, then Saint Petersburg was occupied soon, and later Riga, Revel (Tallinn), Vyborg, Narva. Trading ties with Persia and India were conducted along the Volga through Astrakhan and the Caspian Sea, with China - through Kyakhta. Kolomiets A.G. The history of homeland. - M.: Beck, 2002. - p.328.

In the heritage, Peter Great from the Moscow state went out to the weakly developed primitives of the industry, exhaled and supported by the government, poorly developed trade associated with a bad device state economy. Were inherited from the Moscow state and his task - to win the exit to the sea and return the state into its natural boundaries. Peter quickly began to solve these tasks, starting the war with Sweden and deciding to lead it in a new and new means. A new regular army arises, a fleet is built. All this, of course, required enormous financial costs. The Moscow State with increasing state needs covered them with new taxes. Peter also did not alien to this old admission, but next to this I put one innovation, who did not know Moscow Rus: Peter took care not only to take everything you can take, but I thought about the payer itself - the people, about Tom, where he takes funds to pay heavy filters.

The path to raising the national welfare Peter saw in the development of trade and industry. It is difficult to say how and when the king appeared this thought, but it was probably happening during the Great Embassy when Peter clearly saw the technical lag of Russia from leading European states.

At the same time, the desire to reduce the maintenance of troops and fleet naturally suggested that it would be cheaper to produce all that is needed for the equipment and armament of the army and fleet. And since factories and factories that could do this task, there was no idea that they needed to be built, inviting knowledgeable foreigners for this and giving them into science "His subjects"how then was expressed. These thoughts were not new and are known since the time of the king Mikhail, but only a person with an iron will and an uncompresent energy could carry it out, which King Peter was.

Putting yourself the goal to arm the folk labor better folk receiving production and send it to new, more profitable fisheries in the region not yet touched by the development of the country's wealth, Peter "Fucked" All branches of folk care. During the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bthe king learned all sides of European life, including technical. Abroad, Peter learned the basics of the economic thought of that time - mercantilism. Its economic teaching mercantilism founded in two positions: the first - every nation, so as not to impoverish, must produce everything he needs, not referring to the help of someone else's labor, the labor of other peoples; The second - every nation to be bored, should export produced products as much as possible and import foreign products as little as possible.

Conscious that Russia is not only not inferior, but also surpasses other countries with an abundance of natural wealth, Peter decided that the state should take on the development of industry and trade in the country. "Our Russian state, - spoke Peter, - in front of other lands, preistently and demanded metals and minerals, which are there, which until the present time is shut-off..

Thus, realizing the importance of trade and industry and having mastered the ideas of mercantilism in the west, Peter began to reform these areas, forcing it to this subject, at least a violent method.

Industry Development Measures

Over all of Russia, the geological exploration of ore wealth and those manufactory crafts that could have been supported by major enterprises with support. According to his order throughout the country, experts of different crafts were traveled. Mountain crystal, carnelian, nitrate, peat, stone coal, which said Peter said, "This mineral, if not for us, then our descendants will be very useful to". Rumines brothers opened the plant in the Ryazan Territory for coal mining. Alien von Azmus developed peat.

Peter also attracted to the case of foreigners. In 1698, when he returned from his first overseas travel, he followed the many artisans hired by him and masters. In Amsterdam alone, he hired about 1000 people. In 1702, the Peter's Decree, invited to the industrial service to Russia in foreign workers on the conditions for them, was published. Russian residents with European courtyards Peter ordered to search and hire on the Russian service of connoisseurs of various industries and masters of all things. So, for example, the French engineer Leblon - "Direct Walking"I called him Peter - was invited to a salary of 45 thousand rubles a year at a summer apartment, with the right to go home in five years with all the acquired property, without paying any filings.

At the same time, Peter took measures to enhanced the preparation of Russian young people, sending them to study abroad.

With Peter, the number of manufactories, which became technical schools and practical schools significantly increases. With visitors, foreign masters agreed "In order for them from Rossіyski, with themselves, with themselves and craft to their skill, put at that price awards and time, how much to learn". In the disciples at the factory and the factories, people of all free estates were taken, and serfs - with the holidays from the landowner, but from the 1720s began to take both runaway peasants, but not only soldiers. Since voluntarily arrived there were few, then Peter from time to time decrees made sets of students for learning on manufactory. In 1711. "The sovereign pointed to send from the Cecristian to the monastery and from the Children to their 100 people who would have been in 15 or 20, and would be able to write to ITTi to the Master of Deli". Such sets were repeated in subsequent years.

For military needs and for the production of metals, Peter was especially needed by mountain and ironing plants. In 1719, the Olonetsk plants, where I smelled iron, lily guns and kernels, Peter ordered to score 300 students. At the Urals, the mountain schools also emerged, where they scored competent soldiers, attic and popovsky children in the disciples. In these schools, they wanted to learn not only the practical knowledge of mining, but also theories, arithmetic and geometry. Pupils paid a salary - one and a half of the flour per month and the ruble per year on the dress, and those who have a wealthy fathers or get a salary of more than 10 rubles a year, the fact that they did not give anything from the treasury, "Until the triple rule is not started.", then they were given a salary.

On the factory based in St. Petersburg, where prames, braid, cords were made, Peter determined the masters of the French masters of young people from Novgorod Posal and poor nobles. He often visited this factory and was interested in the success of students. The older of them had to be every Saturday after dinner to appear to the palace with samples of their work.

In 1714, a silk factory was founded under the leadership of some milyutin, self-taught, who studied the weaving flies. Needing good wool for the cloth factories, Peter thought about the introduction of the right sheep's techniques and ordered the rules - "Regulated, how to keep sheep on the Slash (Silesian) customer". Then in 1724, Major Cologryov, two nobles and several people of Russian sheeps were sent to Silesia, two nobles.

The leather production was long developed in Russia, but the processing methods were rather imperfect. In 1715, Petr issues a decree on this: "Friend, the yuft, which is used on shoes is quite unprofitable to eat to Noshenia, because there is a mixture and when the sputum is enough, it is relating, and the water passes; For the sake of the sake of the saber and other order, which is for the sake of the sake of Revili Masters to Moscow for teaching the case, for which all the industrialists are serving (Kozhevannikam) in all of the state, in order to leave the city of several people, they went to Moscow and studied; Some teacher gives a term of two years ". Several young people were sent to England on the leather factories.

The government not only was part of the industrial needs of the population and took care of the training of the people in the field, it was generally taken under its supervision production and consumption. With the decrees of His Majesty, it was prescribed not only which goods to produce, but also in what quantity, what kind of material, which instruments and admission, and for failure, always threatened cruel fines to the death penalty.

Peter really appreciated the forests, necessary for him for the needs of the fleet, and published the strictest wooded laws: forests, suitable for the ship business, was forbidden to chop under the fear of the death penalty.

Not pleased with the spread of one practical training technique, Peter cared for theoretical education by transferring and disseminating relevant books. The "Lexicon about Commerce" Jacques Savariov (Savariev Lexicon ") was translated and printed. True, for 24 years only 112 copies of this book were sold, but this circumstance did not scare the Tsar publisher. In the list of books printed in Peter, you can find a lot of manuals for learning in various technical knowledge. Many of these books have passed a strict edition of the sovereign itself.

On August 30, 1723, Peter was for the dinner in the Trinity Cathedral and gave here the orders of the Vice-President of the Synod, and the Feodosius, which "Three Economic on the German Dialekt books to translate into Slovenskiy tongue and, translated first of the title, to propose ones to the greatness of His Imperratskago Majesty".

Could the plants that were especially needed, i.e. Mountain and weapons, as well as cloth, linen and sailing factories were satisfied with the treasury and then passed to private entrepreneurs. The device of manufactory minor for the treasury of significance Peter willingly issued quite significant capital in the loan without interest and ordered to supply tools and workers of individuals who arranged factories at their own risk. Because of the boundaries, the masters were discharged, the manufacturers themselves received great privileges: they were released with children and masters from service, only the court of the Manufactory of the College, got rid of the filters and domestic duties, could be doseworthy to bring tools and materials from the border at home They were released from the military stand.

Creating company enterprises

Taking care of the most durable production of industrial enterprises in the sense of providing them with sufficient capital the main and negotiable, "Peter very much encouraged the company-Yeisk device factories according to the device of Western European companies. In Holland, the company's enterprises then brought a huge income to the participants, the success of the East India company in England and French for trade with America were then in all in the language. In Holland, Peter became well met with companies of those times and lived all the benefits of such a device of industry and trade. Even a year, he filed projects about the device of companies in Russia. At the heart of the company was not alien to Russian life. Another Moscow government, giving up different revenue articles on the deposit, has always given them to several persons so that everyone charged for another. The artels of Russian industrialists of the North have long been the companies who combined the funds and forces of individuals and sharing the baryrs on the settlement of shares, or the paws made by each participant in Artel. In 1699, Peter issued a decree to trade people to trade as traded in other states.

No matter how distracted by Peter the War, he continued to insist at the establishment of companies, recalling this with each other case, forcing it with force.

In decree of 1724, Peter prescribes a sample, which one should follow in its company device, the command "To teach the definite share of shareholders a seed of the Ost-India Kompanіi". According to the example of Western European governments, Peter proposes to involve wealthy, "capital" enterprises, despite their origin and position. For helping money and materials, the government has always been with great willingness, and many companies received pretty large sums to help. Loading the company's large money, often transferring ready-made manufactory to their use, the treasury became the position of the banker of a large industry and thus acquired the right to strictly follow the activities of companies. This intervention in private enterprise, the government not only "forced" their subjects to "build companies", but also strictly observed their "decent content". No reorganization, even the most petty, could not be made without the corresponding "dontociation" in the Manufactory and Berg-Collegium. From manufacturers required annually deliver samples of their products in the manufactory-collegium. The government established the form, shape, prices for the goods that were supplied to the treasury, and forbade them to sell them in retail. The government has honored the awards of serviceable manufacturers and subjected to strict recovers of non-refined. So it was written in the stations when transferring any factory in private hands: "Budi they (the company's company) by Radenіm will multiply with their profits and learn a profit in him, and for those of them, a Velikago of the Sovereign, to receive mercy, and I will not multiply and Multi-Denail, and for those who will take a fine for 1,000 rubles for them man ". Unfortunate manufacturers The government even "revealed" from the factory.

Only fragmentary information were preserved about how the company was satisfied. They entered the company not only people who could participate in personal labor, but also "wondering", i.e. Those who have given only money in order to receive a certain income on them. In the projects of those times (back in 1698), it was already about such a device of companies, in which every "particular" person, who had a certain capital, who had a certain capital, by purchasing a known number "Pigsum, or Aktsіev", I could be a member of the company. But earlier, 1757-1758 in Russia did not formed a single joint-stock company. Cases in companies were conducted "Through merchant ordinarius, according to his beneobolen, the advice, the Council, the old-fashioned jury and a few you, boric - who is kissing how to choose to choose".

Creation of new manuff

Some manufactices arising from Peter were rather large. A wide formulation of the case, excellent equipment, a large composition of the working and formulation of the technical part, was distinguished by Petrovsky factories in Olonetsk Territory, founded by Menshikov and Honor Heading.

Especially large sizes and crowded differences were also distinguished mountainous plants. 25 thousand peasants were attributed to the nine Perm plants. To manage the Permian and Ural plants, there was a whole city, named after Queen Yekaterinburg. Here, in the Urals, in the XVII century, they tried to dig something, to get out, but the copper, iron, silver did not go from different "Dikhanin" - everything was bought, mainly from the Swedes. Only with the time of Peter, this work begins here. In 1719, "Berg-Privilege" was published, according to which any right was given everywhere to seek, melting, cooking and cleaning metals and minerals, subject to the payment of "Mountain Podachi" in 1/10 of the cost of production and 32-grades in favor of the land owner where ore deposits are found. For the rattles of ore and attempt to impede the foundation, the development of the guilty threatened the confiscation of the Earth, bodily punishment and even the death penalty "is fault." In 1702, Verkhneur plants built by the state cash treasury and cities county people were given to the redemption of Nikita Demidov. But the Urals first could not compete with the Olonets plants that were closer to St. Petersburg and the place of hostilities. Only after the world was established, Peter pays more attention to the Urals and sends the Colonel Genning there, who put all the production of Olonetsk factories on his feet. By the end of the reign of Peter at all its factories, about 7 million pounds of cast iron and over 200 thousand copper poods were paid every year. The development of gold and silver deposits has also begun.

After rock factories, armory - Tula and Sestriantsky differed in extensity. These armory plants supplied guns, guns and cold weapons to the entire army and freed the treasury from the need to buy weapons abroad. In total, with Peter, more than 20 thousand guns were cast. The first rapid tools appeared. In Petrovsky factories, they even used how the driving force, the "fiery" machines - the so-called the progenitors of steam engines. 1162 workers worked in the treasury sailing factory. From a private factories, a skegoline cluster factory with comrades in Moscow, having 130 mills and 730 workers who occupied 730 workers were experientially. 740 people worked at the Kazan Sukonna Factory Miklyaev.

Workers in the era of Peter

Workers factories of Petrovsky took place from a wide variety of people's layers: runaway serfs, tramps, beggars, even criminals - they all climbed and sent "to work" to the factory. Peter could not tolerate "walking" people who were not attached to any case, ordered to grab them, without even the nightly rank, and sent it to the factory. Wing workers were very small, because generally free people in Russia were a bit. The rural population was inconspicuous: the part was in the fortress from the state and did not dare to leave the landowner, the city population was very few, and in a significant part, also turned out to be attached to the burden associated with freedom of movement, and therefore came to factory only their city . When establishing a factory, the manufacturer was given a common privilege to freely hire Russian and foreign crafts and students, "Paying them for working a worthy fee". If the manufacturer received a favorable factory, then the workers were passed along with factory buildings.

Frections were cases when for supplying factories, and especially factories, working hands, the villages and villages of peasants were attributed to factories and plants, as was still practiced in the XVII century. Such ascribed to the factory worked for her and in it by order of the owner. But in most cases, manufacturers had to look for themselves the workers by hiring. It was very difficult, and at the factory came to usually garbage of the population - all those who have nowhere to go more. Work hands lacked. The manufacturers constantly complained about the lack of workers and, above all, the fact that there are no workers. The workers were so rare and because the dressing was then the advantage of manual, and it was not always easy to learn. A skillful, who knows his work, is so appreciated, the manufacturers lured such workers each other and well-trained workers did not let go in any case. The mastery learned in the factory was obliged to not leave the trained factory of the Ten or fifteen years, looking at the persuasion. Experienced workers lived in one place and the unemployed became rare. For the "selection" of workers from one factory to another before the expiration of the urgent work was appointed by the law a very large fine with a guilty manufacturer, the worried worker returned to the previous owner and was subjected to bodily punishment.

But all this did not save the factory from the deserted. Then the Government of Peter decided that work in factories can be executed by the same way as rural works in the estates of private landowners, i.e. With the help of serfdom. In 1721, he followed a decree, which said that although before the "Klekaya people" was forbidden to buy villages, now many of them wished to start various manufactories of both companies and a one. "That for the sake of it is allowed for a reproduction of such factories, both shittyness, and the Vetkah people, to the themes of the village to buy the unfortunately by the permission of Berg and Manufactory-colleagues, Tokmo under such a Konditsi, so that the villages have always been uneaten. And in order for how a hatch pulp, like a merchandise, the villages did not sell anyone to anyone and not to lay down and do not fix any fiction at anyone and at the redemption of such villages, no one, unless it is inhaling for the necessary needs those villages and appeased Plants to sell, then such a selling allowing Berg-Collegia. And if someone is against this will go, then the ongo of all that is deprived of the universal ... " After that, all the factors quickly acquired fastened workers, and it was so liked by the manufacturers that they began to fasten the factors and free workers who worked for free hiring. In 1736, i.e. Already after Peter's death, they received it, and by decree all those master who were in factory in the factors during the publication, they should have "forever" with families to remain a strong factory. Manufacturers and Peter were already judges over their workers. Since 1736, it provided them with law.

Fortress workers did not always receive a cash salary, but only food and clothing. Workers' workers, of course, received a salary with money, we can normally monthly on the factors, and on private partly. In addition to money, Harci was also wounded. The dimensions of monetary stories and bread daches were small. The work of the workers is only better paid on the silk factories, worse - on paper, even worse - on the cloudy, and only less floated onto plain. On government mainofacters, in general, the board was higher than private.

The work in some factories was accurately and in detail by the mining regulations. In 1741, a fourteen-hour working day was established by law.

Workers in all depended from manufacturers. True, the law prescribed them "Deciduously to keep master and students and repair the award of dignity", But these rules were poorly respected. Manufacturers, having bought the village to the factory, often recorded in the workers and chasing to the factory of all "full workers", so that only old men, women and juvenile remained on Earth. Often delayed the payment of a salary workers, so they "They came to the poverty and even suffered from diseases".

Product quality

Goods produced by Russian factories did not have the height of quality and processing. Only coarse soldiers' cloth were relatively good, but all that was needed for military supplies, inclusive to the guns, but the goods are purely industrial, who were looking for themselves in the people, were bad.

Thus, most Russian factories produced, according to the reviews of merchants, a bad quality product that could not count on rapid sales, especially in the presence of foreign competition. Then Peter, to encourage its manufacturers and give their goods at least some sales, began to impose large duties into foreign fabrics. According to mercantilism learned by him, Peter was convinced that his manufacturers suffer "From the brought from the border of the goods; For example, one man opened the paint Bancan, I ordered to try her painters, and they were told that she would give way to one Venetsian, and the german was equal, and more and better: they made out of the border; Other manufacturers complain ... " Until 1724, Peter published from time to time, prohibited the importation of individual ingenic goods that began to produce into Russia, then as "manifacts" and "metal products". From time to time it was forbidden and in Russia to produce any canvas or a silk fabric to anyone, except for one thing that has just opened, of course, with a direct purpose to give her the opportunity to be on their feet and teach to their consumer production.

In 1724, a total tariff was published, strictly the patronage of its industry, part of even directly prohibitively prohibited in relation to foreign goods.

With the industry and trade, the same thing happened that with all the reforms of Peter, started with them from 1715-1719: conceived wide and boldly, they were put into practice performers and tediously. Peter himself, without having developed a generally defined plan, yes for his, complete alarm of wartime, life and not accustomed to work systematically and consistently, a lot was in a hurry and started sometimes from the end and the middle of the case, which would have to behave carefully from the basis, and therefore Separate sides of his reforms are sluggish as early flowers, and when he died - reforms stopped.

Trade development

The trading, for the best production and facilitation of a trade case, by the state, drew attention also to a very long time ago. Back in the 1690s, he was busy talking about commerce with knowledgeable ingenians and, of course, interested in commercial European companies was not less than industrial.

Decree of the Commerce-College in 1723 Peter ordered "To send the edges of children to trading people in foreign countries, so it's never less than 15 people, and when they study, taking back and on their place new, and trained here to train here, it is impossible to send it so much; What to take from all the notable cities, so that everywhere I was conducted; and in Riga and Revel send a person 20 and distribute capitalists; SIE OUROM SAICE SAINS; To the same colleagues to have to teach the commercials to certain from the noble children ".

The conquest of the sea shore, the foundation of St. Petersburg with a direct appointment to him to be a port, the teaching of mercantilism, perceived by Peter, - all this forced him to think about commerce, about its development in Russia. In the first 10 years of the XVIII century, the development of trade with the West prevented the fact that many goods were declared state monopoly and sold only through government agents. But this measure, caused by the extreme need in money, and Peter did not consider useful, and because the military alarm calmed down somewhat, he again turned to the thoughts about the companies of trading people. In July 1712, he gave an order to Senate - "Immediately sweat in a merchant business better order to do". Senate began to try to arrange a company of merchants for trade with China, but Moscow merchants "In the rags, the police barded in the company refused". On February 12, 1712, Peter ordered "To teach a colleague for the business of the case is corrected, so that there is a better state to give; To why one or two people in foreign people, whom it is necessary to pleasant, so that the truth and jealousy showed the sneezing, so that it's better to truth and jealousy to appear when it is better to arrange, because it is better to eat that they are incomprehensible to eat ours. The board was made up, produced the rules for its existence and actions. The collegium worked first in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg. With the establishment of the Commerce College, all the cases of this prototype were transferred to the new department of trade.

In 1723, Peter ordered the company to make merchants to trade with Spain. It was also assumed to arrange a company for trade with France. They were sent to the beginning of Russian government orders with goods in the ports of these states, but this is the case and the case. Trading companies were not vaccinated and began to appear in Russia not earlier than half of the XVIII century, and even then under the condition of large privileges and patronage from the treasury. Russian merchants preferred to trade independently or through clerks alone, without entering the company with others.

Since 1715, the first Russian consulates abroad arise. On April 8, 1719, Peter issued a decree on trade librelish. For the best device of river shopping ships, Peter has forbidden to build old-year ships, different doughs and stops.

The basis of Russia's commercial importance Peter saw that nature judged her to be a trading intermediary between Europe and Asia.

After taking Azov, when the Azov fleet was created, the entire trade movement of Russia was assumed to send to the Black Sea. Then the combination of waterways of Central Russia with the Black Sea with two channels was taken. One should have joined the don's tributaries and Volga Camashshina and Ilovly, and the other would approach the small Ivan Lake in the Epifansky district, the Tula province, from which the Don follows, and on the other, the Shash River, the influx of Up, flowing into OKU. But the Prutskaya failure made the leaves and abandon all hopes for mastering the Black Sea coast.

After infirmed on the Baltic coast, founding the new capital of St. Petersburg, Peter decided to connect the Baltic Sea with Caspian, using rivers and channels that suggested to build. Already in 1706, he ordered to join the River Rader with a channel with a valuable, which, forming the lake Mstino lake, comes out of him with the name of the Musta River and flows into Lake Ilmen. It was the beginning of the famous Inexian system. The main obstacle to the union of the Neva and Volga was the stormy Lake Lake, and Peter decided to bypass his unwriting waters to build bypass channel. Peter assumed to join the Volga with the Neva, a breakthrough was still a watershed between the Rivers of the Vyteagra, flowing into the Lake Onega, and the headscarf in Beloosero, and thus outlined the network implemented in the XIX century.

Simultaneously with the troubles about connecting the network of canals of the Baltic and Caspian rivers, Peter took decisive measures to ensure that the foreign trade movement has left the old habitual path to the White Sea and Arkhangelsk and took a new direction to St. Petersburg. Government measures in this direction began from 1712, but the protests of ingenic merchants, complained of the inconvenience of living in a new city, like Petersburg, a considerable danger of swimming in wartime in the Baltic Sea, the high cost of the path itself, because Danes took a duty for the passage of ships - All this forced Peter to wait with the steep translation from Europe from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg: But already in 1718, he issued a decree, allowing himself in Arkhangelsk only hemp trafficking, the whole bread trade was prescribed to St. Petersburg. Thanks to this and other measures of the same character, Petersburg has become a significant place of vacation and imported trade. In concerns about raising the commercial importance of his new capital, Peter is negotiating with its future son-in-law, the Duke of Golshtinsky, regarding the possibility of cutting a channel from a keel to the North Sea to be independent of the Danes, and, using confusion in Mecklenburg and military time, thinks strongly Near a possible entry into the projected channel. But this project was carried out much later, after Peter's death.

The subject of export from the Russian ports was predominantly raw products: fur items, honey, wax. Since the XVII century, the Russian string forest, resin, beten, sailing, knees, hemp, ropes have become especially appreciated in the West. At the same time, they went strongly to the export of cattle breeding products - leather, fat, bristles, from the time of Peter abroad, the products of mining, most accurate iron and copper, went abroad. Lyon and hemp used special demand; Bread trade was weak due to off-road and government prohibitions to let go of bread abroad.

Instead of Russian raw materials, Europe could provide us with products of its manufacturing industry. But, patronizing his factories and plants, Peter almost prohibitive duties strongly reduced the import of overseas fabrics to Russia, allowing only those that were not at all in Russia, or only those who needed Russian factories and plants (it was a policy of protectionism)

Peter gave tribute and his inherent hobby trading with the countries of the Far South, with India. He dreamed of an expedition to Madagascar, and I thought Indian trading to send through Khiva and Bukhara to Russia. In Persia was sent by the Ambassador A.P. Voloshnsky, and Peter instructed to find out if there was no river in Persia, which would flow from India through Persia and fell into the Caspian Sea. Volynsky should have bothered so that the Shah sent the whole trading of Persia to raw fools, not through the city of Turkish Sultan - Smyrna and Aleppo, but through Astrakhan. In 1715, a trade agreement was concluded with the Persia, and Astrakhansky trade was very revived. Conscious of the importance of the Caspian for its wide plans, Peter took advantage of the intervention in Persia, when there was a rebellion, the Russian merchants killed, and took the coast of the Caspian Sea from Baku and Derbent inclusive. IN Central Asia, on Amu Darya, Peter sent a military expedition under the superiors of Prince Beckovich-Cherkasi. To establish themselves, it was supposed to find the old river of the Amu Darya River and to direct its flow to the Caspian Sea, but this attempt failed: the wagon's hopping path of the desert scorched by the sun, the Russian detachment fell into an ambush, arranged by the Hivints, and was all exterminated.

Results of transformations

Thus, under Peter, the foundation of the Russian industry was found. In turnover of public labor, a lot of new productions came, i.e. Quantitatively increased and efficiently improved sources of folk welfare. This improvement was achieved by the terrible voltage of the folk forces, but only because of this tension, the country was able to endure a continuously twenty years of the war. In the future, the strengthened development of national riches led to the enrichment and economic development of Russia.

Domestic trade in Peter also lived significantly, but, in general, continued to have all the same caravan and fair character. But this side of Russia's economic life was stirred by Peter and withdrawn from that rest of the cosiness and unintentionalness, which differed in the XVII century and earlier. Distribution of commercial knowledge, the appearance of factories and factories, communication with ingenians - all this gave a new meaning and the direction of Russian trade, forcing it to be animated inside and, thus, it becomes more and more active participant in world trade, assimilate its principles and rules.

Internal activities of Peter since 1700

(continued)

Peter I measures for the development of national economy

Caring for the national economy in the activities of Peter the Great always occupied a very prominent place. Signs of such worries we notice in the XVII century. And Peter I predecessors were concerned about raising the economic welfare of Russia, stunned by the smutch. But to Peter, no results were achieved in this regard. State finances, former for Moscow Governments, the correct indicator of folk welfare, and to Peter, and at the first time of his reign were in an unsatisfactory position. Peter needed money and had to find new sources of government revenue. Caring for the replenishment of the state treasury by the permanent burden lay on it and led Peter to the thought that the country's finance would be raised only through indigenous improvements of the national economy. The path to such improvements Peter I has seen in the development of the national industry and trade. To the development of trade and industry, he sent all its economic policy. In this regard, he gave tribute to the ideas of his century, created in the West a well-known mercantile-patronage system. In the pursuit of Peter to create trade and industry in Russia and this is the new source of wealth, Peter I. Economic Measures in the XVII century. Only a few personalities (Krizanich, Ordin-Nachchokin) were dreaming under the influence of Western European life about economic reforms in Russia. The government itself, publishing a new-selling charter of 1667, expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe important value of trade in public life. But the strong need did not lend almost no practical measures to its satisfaction before the transformation time.

It is difficult to say when Petra was the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to develop industrial and trading activities in Russia. In total, it is most likely that he learned her already in the first passage journey. Already in 1699, he cared about the trading and industrial class (Burmister chambers), and in a wonderful manifesto 1702, which Peter caused foreigners to Russia, is clearly expressed already the idea of \u200b\u200ba huge meaning in the public life of trade and industry. Over time, Peter I is all definitely and energetically went to the goal set, making it one of the main tasks of his internal activities. We see a number of diverse measures of the converter, aimed at developing economic life. The presentation would take too much time, and we limit themselves with the transfer of the most important of them:

a) Peter I constantly took intelligence in order to learn better the natural wealth that Russia possessed. With it, there were many such riches: silver and other ores that caused the development of mining fishery; Seliver, peat, coal etc. So Peter created new types of industrial and trading work.

b) Peter I in every way encouraged the development of industry. He caused foreigners-technicians, put them in an excellent position in Russia, gave a lot of benefits with one indispensable condition: to teach Russian to their production. He sent Russian abroad to study different sectors of the Western Industry. And at home, in the shops, the masters had to properly train their students. The benefit of technical education and the industry, Peter I proved strongly in its decrees. Entrepreneurs he gave any benefits; By the way, the right to own land and peasants. Sometimes the government itself was the initiator in the same way of production and, founding the industrial case, put it into operation to a private person. But, creating a preferential position for industrialists, Peter I needed the entire industry established a strict supervision and followed both for the good faith of production and so that it agrees with the types of government. Such supervision was often transfered into the petty regulation of production (it was accurately determined, for example, a mandatory width of the canvas and Sukon), but he clone in general to the benefits of industry. The results of Peter's measures regarding the industry were expressed in the fact that in Russia, during Peter, more than 200 factories and factories were founded and was the beginning of many industries of production existing in our days (mining etc.).

c) Peter I encouraged with all measures Russian trade. Both in relation to industry and in relation to the trade, Peter was holding a patronage system, seeking to develop trade so that the export of goods from Russia exceeded the import of them from other countries. As Peter sought through decrees to explain the use of the fishery of fisheries, he tried so he tried to initiate and trade entrepreneurship. According to the expression of one researcher; under Peter "the throne often addressed the department", with which the monarch explained the people began public progress. The same regulation, which was attached to the industrial case, Petr was imparted to the trade case. He persistently recommended selling people to make trading companies on the Master of Western European. Buing Petersburg, he artificially distracted the goods from the Arkhangelsk port to Petersburg. Taking care that Russian merchants themselves traded abroad, Peter sought to start a Russian shopping fleet. Without hoping for the imminent trading successes of the small city class, represented by Peter "scattered chramina", he attracted to trade and other classes of the population. He argued that both the nobleman can do trade and industrial affairs without shame. Understanding the importance of ways to trade for trade, Peter was in a hurry to connect his new harbor Petersburg with the center of the state by waterways, set up (in 1711) Vyshnevolotsky Canal, and after Ladoga.

Ladoga canal breakthrough

However, Peter did not wait for the results of his trading policy. Internal trade was revived, some internal trading companies were settled, even the Russian merchant (Solovyov), who traded in Amsterdam; But in general, the case of foreign Russian trade has not changed noticeably, and the Russian export remained mainly in the hands of InroMtsev. There was no noticeable success and in trade with the East, which was very occupied by Peter. However, in the absence of sharp changes in the trading life of Russia, the revival of trade occurred in the eyes of Peter, and he did not fully threw his hopes.

Addition

Industrial and trade activities of Peter I (by lectures V. O. Klyuchevsky)

Industry and Trade in Peter I

The pillow census found many new feed payers for the treasury, increased the amount of hard labor. Measures addressed to industry and trade were aimed at lifting the quality of this labor, strengthening the productive work of the people. It was an area converter activities, After the troops, only a more converter, the most conspirable His um and character and no less military abundant results. Here he discovered and amazing clarity, and the breadth of sight, and resourceful administrativeness, and tireless energy and appeared not only by the horsepower successor of the Moscow kings, the hosts, who were able to acquire and save, but also state Worker, Master-economy, able to create new funds and let them in the national turnover. Peter's predecessors left him in this area only thoughts and timid beginnings; Peter found a plan and means for widespread business development.

Plan and techniques

One of the fruitful ideas, which begin to move in the Moscow minds of the XVII century, was the consciousness of the indigenous disadvantage, which the financial system of the Moscow state suffered. This system, elevated taxes as the needs of the treasury increases, aggravated the folk care, without helping him to become more productive. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe preliminary lift of the country's productive forces, as the necessary condition for the enrichment of the treasury, and formed the basis of the economic policy of Peter. He set himself a challenge to arm the folk labor with the best technical techniques and produces of production and introduce new fisheries to the people's turnover, turning to the country's work on the development of the country's not touched by the country. Speaking this case, he touched upon all the sectors of the national economy; It does not have left, it seems, not a single production, even the smallest, for which Peter would not donate a dressed attention: agriculture in all its industries, cattle breeding, connouncing, sheep, silverhood, gardening, crowning, winemaking, fisheries, etc. - Total He touched his hand. But most of all he spent effort on the development of the manufacturing industry, manuff, especially a mining, as the most necessary for the troops. He could not pass by useful work, no matter how modest it was to not stop, do not enter the details. In the French village, he saw a priest who worked in the kindergarten; Now with perspirations and with the practical conclusion for yourself: I will intersand my lazy rustic pops to the processing of gardens and fields so that they save the most reliable bread and the best life.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

FROM wrong

Introduction

1. State and development of the industry of Russia under Peter 1

2. Reform of the control system under Peter 1

3. Internal and foreign trade in Peter 1

4. Changes in the financial system under Peter 1

5. Military reform Peter 1.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

This abstract will consider the topic: "Russia under Petr 1".

During the reign of Peter 1, Russia has turned intogreat power with an efficient economy, a powerful army and a marine fleet, highly developed science and culture. All these achievements would very much like to see in modern Russia.

The promotion of Russia forward was rapid, decisive. Peter supported in his like-minded vigors, faith in success, he was in a hurry to do a lot to do, and no wonder the Petrovsky era is called "Russia's Russia". But all these transformations often occurred by violence, through the suffering of the people, through the steep breaking of customs, habits, psychology of people, through extremism, intolerance, unwillingness to reckon with internal conditions for reforms. The plant's plant went through the brutal struggle with the old. Despite the fact that Peter was a supporter of the Western way of development and western rationalism, he spent his reforms in Asian.

It should also be emphasized that in attempts to approach the Western European civilization, introducing all the advanced and useful, Peter forgot about the identity of Russia, about its dual Eurasian essence. He believed that all the origins of her retardation lie in Asian roots. In an effort to Europe, Peter often adopted only the external forms of progressive ideas, ignoring the inner essence of centuries-old traditions.

And yet the meaning of great changes in Russia, carried out in the era of Peter, is difficult to overestimate.

1. State and R. azvitia industry Russia under Peter 1

Undoubtedly, the determination of the young king began to start cardinal reforms influenced the failures in the war with Sweden and Turkey for entering the Baltic and Black Sea. Military failures showed primarily backwardness of domestic metallurgy. After all, until the very beginning of the XVIII century, Russia imported, mainly from Sweden, iron, copper, tin, weapons. The war in Baltic ceased these deliveries, so the development of its own metallurgical production became a strategic problem.

The government made tremendous efforts on the construction of ferrous manuffs at the expense of the treasury in the Urals and in the Olonets region. The first decade of the XVIII century can be described as a period of active state intervention in the economy and promoting private entrepreneurship. The transfer of state enterprises has become a common phenomenon, especially unprofitable, private "particular" owners, foreigners or trading and industrial companies - kumpanes. The state took care of the preparation of workers, carried out equipment supplies, sent specialists to these enterprises. For particularly important industries, various privileges were given, preferential loans, free land for the construction of new factories.

It should be emphasized that these emergency measures played a decisive role in creating a powerful material base for the army, which made it possible to defeat Sweden in the Northern War. As a result, Russia received an exit to the Baltic Sea and returned its lands that were published in the Novgorod Principality. In 1703, the city of St. Petersburg was founded, which became the new capital of Russia in 1713. Isaev I.A. The history of the state of the city of Russia: studies. For universities on specials. and the direction of jurisprudence "/ Mosk. State jurid Acad. - M.: Lawyer, 1998. - p.235.

The first manufactories appeared in Russia in the XVII century, but they did not play a prominent role in the economy at that time. It is from the XVIII century that the manufactory period begins in the national economy, since the manufacturing system has become the predominant compared with craft production. Since the XVII century, manufactory in Russia began to be called the factory - "Factory", although, as you know, the factory were based on a system of various machines and a freelance work, which in Russia at that time was almost not there.

Since there were almost no free employees in the country, then the main problem in the organization of manufactory was to ensure their hired labor force. If in the first years of the XVIII century, it was still possible to find free ("walking", runaway) people who did not fall into fortress dependence, then later, when the process of reinforcement increased, and the cheer of runaway peasants became more stringent, the number of "tentary" people sharply decreased in the country . The government increased the scale of compulsory labor when whole villages were attributed to enterprises and the village first only on the autumn-winter period, and then the com. Zuev M.N. History of Russia from ancient times until the end of the twentieth century. Tutorial. - M.: Drop, 2002. - p.218.

In addition to state and faithful, planting, or conditional, manufactory (lat. Possessio - conditional possession) began to appear. From 1721, by the decree of Peter I, it was allowed to buy fortress peasants to non-salmon (merchants rich in citizens from among artisans). In this case, the peasants were attributed to the enterprise and constituted a single whole. These peasants could no longer be sold separately, i.e. Such manufactories were bought and sold only under certain conditions. For the activities of the owners of the possession of manuff, state observation was conducted. These owners were subsequently exempted from the mandatory public service, had tax and customs privileges. Scattered manufactories continued to develop, which arose on the basis of merchant capital and tied homemade peasant production to trade and industrial capital.

In the first quarter of the XVIII century, a noticeable growth of manufactory production was observed. And if B. late XVII There were about 20 manufactories in the country in the country, in the mid-1720s - already 205 manufactories and large craft-type enterprises, among which 90 belonged to the treasury and 115 - private capital. There were especially many metallurgical enterprises: 52 - in ferrous metallurgy, 17 - in color, which were mainly in the Urals and in Tula. On the bank of the lake in 1703, a cast-iron and iron and iron plant was built, placed the city of Petrozavodsk. In addition, in the 1720s, there were 18 sawmill manufactories, 17 - powder, 15 - cloudy, 11 - leather, as well as enterprises for the production of glass, porcelain, paper, etc. Shchelovits A.Ya. Economic reform in Russia and its price. - M.: Prospekt, 2001. - p.111.

The transformation of the Urals to the largest Metallurgy Center has become a notable economic event of Russia of that time. In 1699, at the initiative of Peter, iron plants on the Neve River were built, which since 1702 were transferred to the former Tula blacksmith Nikita Demidov. Ural plants of Demidov and other entrepreneurs were at the forefront of the technical level even on European criteria. The products of metallurgical plants were high quality, it began to be taken to Europe, and soon Russia came out in the first place in Europe for the production of cast iron. If 150 thousand pounds were produced in 1700, then in 1725 there are about 800 thousand pig iron puddles (1 pood \u003d 16kg).

To ensure the metallurgical production, the raw materials in the country in every way the search for various natural fossils was encouraged. All lucky "Runes" for the opening of new deposits was relying a generous payment. In 1700, an orders was created, later renamed Berg-College, which carried out not only metallurgical production, but also geological exploration. In order to stimulate the search for natural resources, the government announced the principle of "mining freedom", according to which anyone could develop subsoil for a small fee in favor of the state or the private owner of the land plot.

In addition to major manufactories in the Russian economy, there was still a large craft sector in cities, as well as home crafts on the village as an integral part of the natural feudal estate, although these manufacturers have increasingly fall into dependence on market relations in the face of products of products. Urban and rural artisans produced fabrics, leather and felted shoes, clay dishes, saddles, breaks and other products. In the XVIII century, handicraft specialties appeared, associated with the new life brought from Europe Peter I: championships, tobackers, watchmakers, kaisones, happresses, hairdressers, rebakers, etc. Zuev M.N. History of Russia from ancient times until the end of the twentieth century. Tutorial. - M.: Drop, 2002. -

Under Peter I, an attempt was made to put a small handicraft production under state control. So, in 1722, by decree of the king, artisans were to join the workshop. The shops were elected in the shops, who were observed for product quality, for the reception procedure to the workshop organization. Pupils needed to develop a case for seven years to become an apprentice, and those, in turn, could become masters no earlier than two years later. True, these shop organizations did not have that harsh regulation for the production and sales of products, which existed in medieval Europe, and in general this system did not have such a spread as in the West.

2. Management system reform under Peter 1.

Peter I sought to conduct internal transformations in Russia to bring it to the European level. In addition to military and diplomatic problems, he deeply delve into all issues of Russian government. For 25 years - from 1700 to 1725 - they adopted almost three thousand different laws and decrees relating to the economic, civil, domesticides of the population of the population, including the management structures of the state. As well as reforms in industrial production, reforming the system of state and local governance was associated primarily with the military's military needs. In the first years of reign, the young king was occupied by these issues occasionally, in volatility. And only in the past seven or eight years of the Board, due to its efforts, the activities of all administrative institutions received a regulatory framework and was adjusted on a specific system.

Radical comprehensive reforms in the field of management were due to the need to strengthen the absolute monarchy. First of all, it was necessary to create a slim administrative vertical, fully submitted to the supreme power. It was sent to the root reorganization of the entire structure of the state administration from top to bottom. Kargalov V.V., Saveliev Yu.S., Fedorov V.A. History of Russia from ancient times until 1917. - M.:

The main object of reorganization was a Boyarskaya Duma, which constantly intervened in the affairs of Petra's predecessors and which no longer matched the regime of the absolute monarchy. In 1699 instead Boyar Duma Peter established the nearest stationery from eight proxies to help in solving public affairs, which was called by the Council of Ministers.

In 1711, he abolished this structure, creating a government senate from nine people appointed by himself. It was the highest state body with legislative, administrative and judicial authority. In January 1722, new positions of the prosecutor and the Ober-Prosecutor of the Senate were instituted for supervision of the activities of the Senate.

The head of state power was the emperor. This title Petra complained Senate in 1721 after the victorious end of the Northern War with Sweden, and Russia was proclaimed empire. From now on, Peter and his heirs began to possess an unlimited fullness of power, the right to introduce strict regulation into management, ideology, social life, culture.

Much time paid Peter I to reform an outdated ordrine system. B1717-1718 Almost all of the numerous, complex, tangled unsystematic "crowd" orders was replaced by the Board - new bodies of management. Unlike orders that, as a rule, regional competence, the collegium had national authority, which in itself created a higher level of centralization. Even the eleven colleges were created: the military of the army, the Admiralteyskaya - Fleet, the Justice College - the legislation, the manufactory-collegium - the industry, etc. Later, the Rights of the Board was endowed with Holy Synod, who led by church affairs, as well as the main magistrate, who made urban affairs. Kargalov V.V., Saveliev Yu.S., Fedorov V.A. History of Russia from ancient times until 1917. - M.:

The colleges were created in the Swedish pattern, but taking into account Russian conditions. Each of them included the president, vice-president, advisers, assistants, secretary. The President of the Board, as a rule, was Russian, and the Vice President is a foreigner. Work in the colleges was clearly organized, in contrast to the order confusion and confusion. Peter sincerely hoped that the collegial system would not carry old vices: arbitrariness, abuse, red tape, bribery. But the hopes of the king were not destined to come true, because in the conditions of an incredible strengthening of the role of bureaucracy, the scale of these vices was only growing.

In 1708-1710, the provincial reform was held, according to which the whole country was divided into eight provinces: Moscow, Ingermanland (St. Petersburg), Kiev, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov, Arkhanghelogo, Siberian. Province, in turn, shared on the counties. Administrative, judicial, police, financial functions were concentrated in the hands of the governor, and in accordance with which tax collection was collected, the recruitment in recruits, the search for runaway peasants was considered, the court cases were considered, the food forces were provided.

Subsequently, Peter has repeatedly returned to the problem of local government reorganization. In 1719, the second provincial reform was conducted, the number of provinces increased to eleven, the provinces were divided into 50 provinces that were subordinate directly to the Boards and Senate. In accordance with the reform, the authorities of the governor applied only to the province of the province of the Governor, and in the rest of the provinces the government had governors who submitted to governors on military and judicial affairs.

Simultaneously with the province was supposed to hold urban reform. Peter wanted to provide the cities of complete self-government so that they could choose burgomuses. However, unlike Western Europe, the Russian cities of the beginning of the XVIII century have not yet developed a rich and influential bourgeoisie, which could take upon themselves urban government. In 1720, the main magistrate was established in St. Petersburg, which was supposed to lead urban estates in Russia. Readings on the history of the state and the rights of Russia. / Ed. Chibiryaeva S.A. - M.: Epics, 2000.

It is worth noting that the administrative system created during Petrovsky transformation turned out to be very strong. In the main features, it remained (with some changes) until 1917. The management structure, the mechanism of power and its functions remained unshakable for almost two centuries.

Petrovsky reforms were undoubtedly aimed against the old boyars aristocracy who did not want to change and strengthen the strong centralized power. At the same time, Peter relied on the local nobility, which, being a more progressive young estate, supported the course to strengthen the absolute monarchy. In order to economic support for the nobility in 1714, Peter issued a decree on the union of alliance, according to which the final merger of two forms of feudal land ownership (timber and estates) took place into a single legal concept - "Real defective property." Both types of farms were equalized in all respects, the estate was also crowning, and not conditional economy, they could not be fragmented between the heirs. The estates were inherited only to one of the sons, as a rule, the older. The rest of the children received inheritance with money and other property, they were obliged to enter the military or civilian (civilian) service.

To this decree, the introduction of a table of ranks in 1722 was adjacent. According to this table, all positions of state and military service were divided into 14 grades ranks from the lowest - fourteenth, to the highest - first. In accordance with the table, employees of the nobility or burghers were obliged to undergo these steps to increase in office. This document introduced the principle of driers and finally eliminated the abnormal principle of locality, still unlawfully existed in the country. The most interested in the introduction of this order were nobles that could now reach the highest government officials, to really join power. Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. - M.: Knowledge, 1990. - P.72.

It is appropriate to remember that under Peter the noblemen were not the preferred estate, which it became in the second half of the 18th century. They were still servilative people who were in public service. If in the Doperer Times, the nobles after military trips were returned home, then during Peter they had to enter regular shelves from 15 years, to go through the long soldiers' service from the foundation and only after that get an officer chin and serve in the army to old age or disability. On the other hand, every soldier who served the officer received an offacarious nobility.

In addition to official service, the courtyard attacked on the nobles. Hundreds of young nobles were to learn the military or maritime case in Russia or abroad. All the noble male children were obliged to learn a diploma, a tsyfiri (arithmetic) and geometry, otherwise they were not allowed to marry. Readings on the history of the state and the rights of Russia. / Ed. Chibiryaeva S.A. - M.: Wenesna, 2000. - p.289.

A distinctive feature of Russian autocracy in Dopererovsky times was the complete merger of the church and the state. While in Western Europe, the Church was further separated from public administration, in Russia in the XVII century there was a so-called ocerved state. The king himself performed at the same time as the Supreme Ruler of the Church, and as the Head of State; Religious ideas were the main and secular life.

Peter I destroyed this tradition and spent church reform, completely subordinate the church to the state. After the death of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church of Patriarch Andrian in 1700, the patriarchy was abolished (which was restored only after February Revolution 1917). In 1721, the Holy Synod was established - a special "spiritual board" on the management of church business management. At the head of His Holiness Synod stood an Ober-Prosecutor, a secular man, as a rule from the Guards officers. All members of the Synod prescribed the king himself. The economic rights of the church were noticeably limited, its huge land plots were cut off, part of her income began to be treated in the state budget. Pushkarev S. G. Overview of Russian history. - M.: Phone, 2002. - p.158.

Starting from Peter I, the state began to intervene in religious life, followed the mandatory communion of all Orthodox. Through the Synod, the secret of confession was canceled, the priests were charged with the obligation to report to the secret office on the recognition of parishioners made during the confession if they concerned the interests of the state. The church was now obliged to obey the orders of secular power in all worldly affairs.

3. Domestic and foreign trade under Peter 1.

In order to improve trade routes, the government for the first time in the history of the country has begun to build channels. Thus, in 1703-1709, the Vyshnevolotsky Canal was built, the construction of the Mariine Water System, Ladoga (1718) of the Canal, completed shortly after Peter's death, Volga-Donskoy (1698) channel, which was completed only in 1952, began. The land of the roads were very bad, in the period of rains and the dissolve, they became impassable, which, of course, was slowed down the development of regular trade relations. In addition, there were still many domestic customs fees in the country, which also held back the growth of the All-Russian market.

Notable changes occurred in the structure of foreign trade. If at the beginning of the 18th century, the products of agriculture and raw materials were taken out at the beginning of the 18th century, then by the mid-1720s, the larger weight of the manufacturing production began to occupy: Ural iron with Demidov factories, linen canvas, ropes, canvas. In imports, there are still the largest volume of luxury items for members of the tsarist family and nobles, as well as colonial goods: tea, coffee, spices, sugar, wines. Thanks to the energetic actions of Peter, Russia from 1712 for the first time in history ceased to buy weapons in Europe.

4. Changes in the financial system under Peter 1.

Northern War with Sweden, southern trips to the Azov Sea, the construction of fleet, manuff, canals, cities constantly demanded vast government spending. The budget of Russia was critical. The task of finding all new tax revenues was delivered. Specially authorized people - prominents - sent in search of new taxation facilities. Starting from 1704, an endless series of new taxes was installed one after another: mill, bee, cellar, bath, tubular - with furnaces, chomutiny, cap, shoe, icebreaking, water-free, with splitters, carriages, borough courtyards, from beard, edible sales, The sharpening knives and other "petty all sorts of fees".

The new taxes were added government monopolies. In addition to resin, potash, rhubarb, adhesive added new: Salt, tobacco, chalk, tar, fishe fat, fat, oak coffins. Fishing became the object of sputter, the wine was sold only in government tapes.

The main income came from direct taxes, which were only subject to "high" estates. At the end of the board of Peter, many petty fees were canceled. And to increase government revenues instead of the courtyard existing since 1679, in 1718-1724, a pillow was introduced from the Audivitary Soul, which was paid not only from a working man, but also from boys, old people and even the dead, but still nosed in Audivian lists. The landowners of the peasants paid a year in favor of the treasury 74 kopecks, yes, plus another 40-50 kopecks for their landowner, and the state peasants paid per year 1 ruble 14 kopecks only in KazNU. Karamzin N. M. Traditions of the centuries. - M.: Knowledge, 1988. - p.133.

For more accurate accounting in the country began to conduct the census of the male population every 20 years. According to the results of the census, audit fairy tales were compiled (lists). During the census, the amount of serfs increased, since the former booked chores were equal to this category, which previously received freedom after the death of their owner.

In addition, the Siberian coastal peasants of the Northern regions, the peasants of Siberia, the peoples of the Middle Volga region, who had previously not paid taxes, were sustained. They were added one-bedrooms, i.e. Former seruners (Pushkari, Sagittarius), previously freed from taxes. The pillow to file was now obliged to pay also the townspeople - Posad, Messenian.

Various classes were sought to have all sorts of privileges to free themselves from paying taxes. The collection of taxes was always with great difficulty, with huge arrears, as the solvency of the population was very low. So, in 1732, arrears amounted to 15 million rubles, which twice exceeded the amount of income.

The main statement of the state budget revenues, as already mentioned, was direct taxes from the population - up to 55.5% in 1724. In addition, as in the XVII century, indirect taxes played a big role and the system of sputters for the sale of monopoly goods, as well as sputters for the construction of mills, bridges, etc. Various natural duties were distributed, such as recruit, post-caring (apartment) and underwater, in accordance with which the peasants were to provide military units that were inserted on the wave, food and fodder grain. State peasants were also obliged to carry out various types of work in favor of the state: to transport mail and allocate the subsection for exhausting, to participate in the construction of canals, harbors, roads. Karamzin N. M. Traditions of the centuries. - M.: Knowledge, 1988. - p.134.

A special role in replenishing the income of the treasury was played by manipulation with small copper coins. So, for example, the market price of one Pone of the copper was equal to 7 rubles, but from this mass at the beginning of the XVIII century, copper money was minted for 12 rubles, and by 1718 - by 40 rubles. A huge difference between the market price of copper and the denomination of copper coins led to their infinite illegal fakes - "thieves' money", increase in prices and impairment of money, impoverishing the population.

The bulk of the budget was military spending. For example, the military hikes Peter I absorbed about 80-85% of all incomes of Russia, and in 1705 they cost 96%. In the period of Petrovsky reforms systematically

the costs of the state apparatus, for the construction of St. Petersburg and the palaces around it, on various solemn events on the occasion of military victories - "Victoria", lush festivals, etc. The ever-growing budget deficit in the XVIII century has become increasingly covered by inflation, and Also state loans, especially after the death of Peter I.

For streamlining and strict centralization of the financial system in 1719-1721, higher government agencies were created: Chamber Board - to control the income of the country, the board - to manage expenses, the revision-board - to control the financial system as a whole. All this was done in contrast to the previous system, when each order had its own sources of income. Karamzin N. M. Traditions of the centuries. - M.: Knowledge, 1988. - p.135.

5. Military reform Peter 1.

One of the most significant transformations of Peter I should be called military reform, which made it possible to bring the Russian army to the European standards of that time.

At the end of the XVII century, Peter I disbanded the shooting troops not so much because of their military insolvency, how much political motifsSince the Sagittarius was supported by the opposition Peter of Power. As a result, the king was left without an army. The shelves formed in 1699-1700 under the leadership of foreign officers in battles near Narva showed a complete inability to resist the Swedes. With the help of their associates on "fun forces", Peter became vigorously for the recruitment and training of the new army. And already in 1708-1709, she showed itself at the level of the armies of any European country.

First of all, the previous principle of the formation of the army with random soldiers from the walking, hunters, dreated people, etc. was canceled. For the first time in Russia, a regular army was created on the basis of the recruitment service, which was established from 1705. In just 1725, 53 sets were held, according to which more than 280 thousand people were mobilized into the army and the fleet. Initially, it was taken to the army on one recruit from 20 yards, and since 1724 they began to be recruited in accordance with the principles laid on the basis of the Pushdroeat. Recruits passed military training, received uniforms, weapons, whereas until the XVIII century warriors - and nobles, and peasants - they should have been in full equipment. Gumilev L. N. from Russia to Russia. Essays in Russian history. - M.: Logos, 1999. - C.244.

Peter I almost did not use the principle of the hired army from among foreigners, which was widespread in Europe. He preferred national armed forces. Interestingly, in relation to recruits, the following rule was established: if the recruit was from the fortress peasants, it automatically became free, and then his children born after liberation were also free.

The Russian field army consisted of infantry, grenadier, cavalry regiments. The special attention of the emperor was used by two regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, created by Peter in Moscow in young years, during the fight for the throne, and later transformed into the palace guard. All the nobles were to bear military service from the soldiers' rank. So, by decree of 1714, it was forbidden to produce in the officers of those nobles that did not pass the soldiers in the Guards shelves, which was not far from all noble children. The most capable young nobles were sent to learn (especially the maritime) abroad.

The training of officers was carried out in military schools founded in 1698-1699, - Bombarer (artillery) and Preobrazhenskaya (infantry). By the decree of Peter in the early 1720s, 50 garrison schools were founded to prepare a non-commissioned officer. Tyomina TM Economic history of Russia: Tutorial / Ed. prof. M.N. Chepurin. -8 edition Erased. - M.: Law House "Yusticinform", 2002. - P.80.

Special attention to Peter I paid a fleet. At the end of the XVII century, ships were built in Voronezh and Arkhangelsk. At 1 704, Admiralty and shipyard were founded in St. Petersburg, where the construction of the ships of the military fleet moved. At the Admiralty shipyard where at the same time

up to 10 thousand people worked, from 1706 to 1725 about 60 major and more than 200 small ships for the Baltic Fleet were built. Sailors on the fleet were also recruited on the recruitment set. By the mid-1720, the military fleet was 48 linear ships and about 800 gallery and other vessels on which about 28 thousand crew members served. In 1701, a school of mathematical and naval sciences was founded in Moscow, located in the famous sugar tower, where the marine officers were preparing. Tyomina TM Decree. cit. - p.81.

Conclusion

It is very difficult to estimate all Peter I transformations. These reforms are very controversial in nature, they cannot be given an unequivocal assessment. The most important thing is that for the first time after the baptism of Russia, Peter I carried out an energetic attempt to bring the country to European civilization.

Peter I constantly stressed that Russia should no longer be closed from world economic processes, if it does not want to fall behind in socio-economic development and gradually fall into a severe colonial dependence on advanced Western countries, as happened to many Asian states, failing End of traditionalism. As a result, Petrovsky reforms Russia managed to take a worthy place in the system of European states. It turned into a great power with an efficient economy, a powerful army and a marine fleet, highly developed science and culture.

Conducting reforms in Russia, Peter sought to an ideal state based on equitable and rational laws, but it turned out to be utopia. In practice, a police state was created in the country without any institutions of social control.

Advanced in the West advanced technologies, scientific, military and other achievements, Peter, as it were, noticing the development of the ideas of humanism, the more not wanting their introduction to Russian soil. It was under Peter that the fortress dependence of the peasants intensified, due to which the king's reformist activity was mainly and there was almost no other sources of economic growth in the country. The reforms that lay on the shoulders of the peasants and the urban population were repeatedly the causes of major folk uprisings in Central Russia, the Volga region, in Ukraine and on Don, for example, the uprising of the Cossacks under the leadership of Kondrai Bulavin in 1707--1708, severely repressed royal authority .

Listliterature

Gumilev L.N. From Russia to Russia. Essays in Russian history. - M.: Logos, 1999. - 674c.

Zuev M.N. History of Russia from ancient times until the end of the twentieth century. Tutorial. - M.: Drop, 2002. - 896c.

Isaev I.A. The history of the state and the rights of Russia: studies. For universities on specials. and the direction "Jurisprudence" / Mosk. State jurid Acad. - M.: Lawyer, 1998. - 768c.

Karamzin N.M. Traditions of centuries. - M.: Knowledge, 1988. - 659c.

Kargalov V.V., Saveliev Yu.S., Fedorov V.A. History of Russia from ancient times until 1917. - M.: Russian Word, 2001. - 577c.

Klyuchevsky V.O. New Russian history. Lecture course. - M., 1888. - 542c.

Kolomiets A.G. The history of homeland. - M.: Beck, 2002. - 745С.

Shchiers A.Ya. Economic reform in Russia and its price. - M.: Prospekt, 2001.- 432c.

Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. - M.: Knowledge, 1990. - 304С.

Platonov S.F. Lectures in Russian history. - M.: Higher School, 2001. - 600C.

Pushkarev SG. Review of Russian history. - M.: Phone, 2002. - 642c.

Smirnov I.I. Political History of Russia. - M.: Ace-89, 1999. - 318c.

Tyomina TM Economic history of Russia: Tutorial / Ed. Prof. M.N. Chepinur.-8th ed. Erased. - M.: Law House "Yusticinform", 2002. - 416c.

Readings on the history of the state and the rights of Russia. / Ed. Chibiryaeva S.A. - M: epics, 2000. - 524c.

§ 4. TRADE

Domestic trade on the basis of the geographical separation of labor largely relied on the trade in grain. At the beginning of the XVIII century. The main grain flow was associated with Moscow and the Moscow region. On the ocean and Moscow river Grain products, hemp, hemp oil, honey, fat, skins, etc. Delivered here from the nearest black earth. Breadflow through Nizhny Novgorod and Vyshnevolotsky Canal rushed to St. Petersburg. In the central province there was a bread from the Volga region. From Ukraine to the center of the country, hemp, wool, fat and other animal products, as well as wax, Potash, Selitra were brought to the center of the country.

Domestic Trade of the Petrovskaya era, as in the XVII century, was the basis of several levels. Its lower level - rural and county troops. Where one, less often two or three times a week, the peasantry, small local merchants. And the highest level of trade is wholesale of large merchants. The main guides of her were fairs. The most important of them in the first quarter of the XVIII century. - This is Makarev Fair near the Nizhny Novgorod and Sven Fair at the walls of the Sven Monastery near Bryansk.

Of course, along with them functioned a huge network of small fair trafficking throughout Russia. However, the saturation of trading operations of certain districts was different. The most saturated was the huge region of the industrial center of Russia.

An indirect indicator of the intensity of the movement of goods can be the size of the annual amounts of customs payments, since under Peter I continued to operate an extensive network of internal customs. According to 1724-1726, from the internal provinces the greatest amount of fees (141.7 thousand rubles) had a Moscow province that far exceeded fees in the rest of the regions. In the Nizhny Novgorod province was equal to 40 thousand rubles, in the Sevsk province - 30.1 thousand rubles, in the Yaroslavl province - 27.7 thousand rubles. Next are the Novgorod province (17.5 thousand rubles), Kaluga (16.5 thousand rubles). Symbirskaya (13.8 thousand rubles). Orlovskaya (13.7 thousand rubles). Smolenskaya (12.9 thousand rubles) and Kazan (11 thousand rubles) (counting our. - L.M.). In the remaining Russian provinces, the intensity of turnover is mainly 2-3 times weaker (3-6 thousand rubles. Customs fees).

For the development of trade, Peter I is taking the construction of a number of channels that unite waterways of different river basins. So, in 1703-1708. A Vyshnevolotsky Canal was built, in the 20s. Through Ivanovo Lake, the basins of the Oki and Don rivers were connected, projects of Tikhvin and Mariinsky canals were performed, the construction of the Volga-Don Canal began. True, the last construction stalls, but a defensive line was built, which blocked the path to the raids of the Nogai Hordes on the Russian settlements of the Volga region.

A huge role in the Russian economy of the Petrovsky era began to play foreign trade. Until 1719, the port of Arkhangelsk had an annual turnover of 2 million 942 thousand rubles. (From them export 74.5%). By 1726, the turnover of the St. Petersburg port reached 3 million 953 thousand rubles. (Export of about 60%). True, Arkhangelsk turnover fell by this time about 12 times.

The traditional trading center with the countries of the East was Astrakhan. In the mid-20s. XVIII century Customs annual collection reached 47.7 thousand rubles. If you call the amount of such a collection in St. Petersburg (218.8 thousand rubles), it will become clear that the revolutions of the Astrakhan port were four times. But at the same time, 9.2 thousand rubles were paid to 44.2 thousand rubles, which is almost not inferior to the customs gathering and emphasizes the huge role of Astrakhan fisheries.

It should be noted that the increasing role of the Riga port, whose annual turnover in the mid-20s is noted. There were over 2 million rubles. (amount of customs fees 143.3 thousand rubles.). He became most important after St. Petersburg to the Center for Foreign Trade of Russia, who opened the way to the European market to the Huge South-West Region of the country. Through Western Dvina, such bulky goods (unprofitable in the land barbell), like hemp, flax, sail, skin, fat, honey, wax, grain, etc. trade route On the Dnieper was a dead end, not only because of the Dnieper thresholds, but also because of the hostility of neighboring states. However, in the left bank Ukraine there was a number of cities that had foreign bargaining through the greek traders there and local merchants (Kiev, Nezhin, Chernigov, etc.).

In the Baltic Coast, Russia began to use such ports such as Revel (customs fee of 15.7 thousand rubles), Narva (10.4 thousand rubles), Vyborg (13.9 thousand rubles).

Vegetables and trade monopolies. Foreign trade played a very significant role in the income of the treasury. Under Peter, the goods that traded only the treasury, increased markedly. It is not only caviar, fish glue, rhubarb, Smolychug, Potash, but also a hemp, seed flax and hemp, tobacco, yuft, chalk, salt, tar, burst and sauerful fat, swallow wool, bristles, fish oil and other merchants, When they could, bought off the treasury the right of trade in one or another and became monopolists. Often the king and he himself distributed such monopoly rights. So, A. D. Menshikov had a monopoly on the removal of tar, sealing skins and Arkhangelian fish products. Since 1719, the list of government goods has become quickly reduced. When the state, the state prohibited the export of bread abroad (though, trade in grain was still very small). It was forbidden to export abroad Ukrainian Selitra.

Already during the construction of large manuff Peter I, I sought to protect the young entrepreneurship, separate decrees forbade the importation from abroad any product. The ban on the import of metal needles followed immediately following the construction of the needle plant of Rummy and I. Tomilin. It was worth establishing Russian fabric production, silk products and stockings, as the immediate import of these goods from abroad was banned. In the interests of the domestic cloth industry, the export of wool was banned. A politician (coinciding with the principles of mercantilism) ended with the creation of the customs tariff of 1724. This most interesting legislative act was a very flexible tool of trading and industrial policies. He put a durable barrier from the penetration of even high-quality products of Western countries, if the domestic industry fully satisfied internal demand (the duty in this case was 75%).

This tariff, of course, did not meet the needs of the nobility interested in foreign goods, and merchants wanted other tariffs. In 1731, another tariff was adopted, which did not have such a pronounced patronage.

From the book History of Ancient Greece Author Andreev Yuri Viktorovich

4. Trade of a fairly crowded population of trade and craft policies with its diverse needs, increasingly increasing as the urban life, lack of grain and different types of raw materials for crafts, on the one hand, surplus wine and oil, reserves

From the book a brief course on Russian history Author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Xi. Trade from the undevelopability of the arts and crafts and from the predominance of the industry is initial can already be concluded which trade objects put on the market and in which herself needed: sets the products of agriculture, fur and the raw materials in general, needed

Author Kovalev Sergey Ivanovich

Trade The gradual separation of crafts from agriculture, which can be traced during the first four centuries of Roman history, is inextricably linked with the development of domestic trade. A professional craftsman usually sold its products.

From the book, the story of Rome (with illustrations) Author Kovalev Sergey Ivanovich

Trade growth of local production amid general improvement in provincial positions, transport development, increasing the safety of communication paths and so on. He led to the Epoch of the Empire to the significant revival of Italy-provincial and interprocial trading. In i century

From the book History of Russia from early XVIII to end XIX. century Author Alexander Balkhanov

§ 4. Trade Domestic trade on the basis of the geographical separation of labor largely relied on trade in grain. At the beginning of the XVIII century. The main grain flow was associated with Moscow and the Moscow region. Opening and Moscow River Grain Products, Hemp, Hemp oil,

From the book of Ireland. History of the country author Neville Peter.

Trade in the XVI century Economic development made it difficult to position the leaders of Gaelical clans. It happened because of the financial exchanges they were imposed on merchants who were trying to trade with Galic districts. Therefore, trade inside and outside Ireland (always small)

From the book "ISLUSTERS" Istorіya Ukraine " Author Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich

15. Trade of MIZ Timi, Shahko Pіdіmali Decotr Mist over Yinshі, over the Tsіlі Great District, Veliko Vazhila Trading of the І trades. On the Ukrainian land, Zak Mi Mi Vzhzh, Zadavna Yasla trading in Chorni-Caspiani Misstami, I.

From the book History of Denmark by the author Paldwan Helge

Trade of Skon's fairs, which in the XIII and XIV centuries. Represented an international market for all kinds of goods, in the XV century. Limited only by Salna trade. The Dutch passed by on their ships by purchasing grain in Prussia, primarily in Danzig; Prussian merchants

From the book of Galla Author Bruno Jean-Louis

Galya - not merchants. They do not have this spirit. They prefer to provide themselves with natural resources or robby what they themselves cannot produce. At the same time, trading networks were based in Gaul from the Neolithic Epo. First of all, for transportation to the south

From the book, the people of Maya by the author Rus Alberto

Trade of the differences in geological, orographic, hydrographic and climatic conditions between the individual areas of the Mayan region have determined a noticeable diversity of natural resources in each of them. Although to meet their elementary needs of the peoples of this

From the book, the people of Maya by the author Rus Alberto

Trade often ethnographers describe Mayan communities as completely or almost entirely isolated as if they were excluded from the life of the country. In fact, Indian Maya through trading is drawn into the regional economy and, accordingly, in national life. In the Indian markets in

Author Barshoy Nikolai

Trade "MATY UKRAINSKIY GORIV" - Kyiv, Virizshі Zmogutnіv to Rivnya Stolitzі Nab_lshohi Schіdno-eresesso, Maudsaki, put it with such an important trading hat "Z Varyag in the Greeks" Yak Dnіpro zhuzl yoga. Trade in Bula Tim Chinnik, Scho Privіv

From the book, the great Ukrainian Author Barshoy Nikolai

Trading in Miru Togo, Yak Viklikan Khmelnichchinoy, Revolutionyin Khviluvanna set aside, Vertuє to normal Wine Ukraine Trade. Externally on Baltіyskі Prostani, and headed Kenіgsberg і Danzig, _Sho Ukraine in Zhivіt Sirіvtsі in Zamina for Promislovі Virobi

From the book World History. Tom 3 century Iron Author Badak Alexander Nikolaevich

Trade Production of products specifically intended for sale in Gomerov's society was developed very weakly. True, the poems referred to some cases exchange, for example, the exchange of prisoners on bulls, weapons, wine. The subject of exchange B.

Author Kerov Valery Vsevolodovich

4. Trade 4.1. Internal trade rapidly expanded. The most important factor in the rapid growth of trade was the development of small commodity production, an increase in the agrarian specialization of districts, an increase in demand. The peasant trade in the products of crafts and

From the book a brief course of Russia's history from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century Author Kerov Valery Vsevolodovich

5. Trade in the poreform era accelerated the growth of internal and foreign trade. The market economy acquired all the big scope.5.1. Domestic trading in the 60-90s. Recently increased. The most significant became the grain market, which ensured the increased 3 times

Children and Study - Information Portal

Economic policy of Peter I. Trade History in Russia Peter 1 Trade in Water

Industry Development Measures

Creating company enterprises

Creation of new manuff

Workers in the era of Peter

Product quality

Trade development

Results of transformations

Peter I measures for the development of national economy

Industry and Trade in Peter I

Plan and techniques

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

FROM wrong

Introduction

1. State and development of the industry of Russia under Peter 1

2. Reform of the control system under Peter 1

3. Internal and foreign trade in Peter 1

4. Changes in the financial system under Peter 1

5. Military reform Peter 1.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

1. State and R. azvitia industry Russia under Peter 1

2. Management system reform under Peter 1.

3. Domestic and foreign trade under Peter 1.

4. Changes in the financial system under Peter 1.

The new taxes were added government monopolies. In addition to resin, potash, rhubarb, adhesive added new: Salt, tobacco, chalk, tar, fishe fat, fat, oak coffins. Fishing became the object of sputter, the wine was sold only in government tapes.

5. Military reform Peter 1.

One of the most significant transformations of Peter I should be called military reform, which made it possible to bring the Russian army to the European standards of that time.

Special attention to Peter I paid a fleet. At the end of the XVII century, ships were built in Voronezh and Arkhangelsk. At 1 704, Admiralty and shipyard were founded in St. Petersburg, where the construction of the ships of the military fleet moved. At the Admiralty shipyard where at the same time

Conclusion

Conducting reforms in Russia, Peter sought to an ideal state based on equitable and rational laws, but it turned out to be utopia. In practice, a police state was created in the country without any institutions of social control.

Listliterature

Gumilev L.N. From Russia to Russia. Essays in Russian history. - M.: Logos, 1999. - 674c.

Zuev M.N. History of Russia from ancient times until the end of the twentieth century. Tutorial. - M.: Drop, 2002. - 896c.

Similar documents

§ 4. TRADE