Average distance to the Sun: 108.2 km

(min 107.4 max 109)

Equator diameter: 12 103 km

Average speed around the Sun: 35.03 km / s

Period of rotation around its axis: 243 days. 00h 14 mins

(retrograde)

The period of revolution around the Sun: 224.7 days.

Satellites: None

Volume (Earth = 1): 0.857

Average density: 5.25 g / cm3

Average surface temperature: + 470 ° С

Axle tilt: 177 ° 3 "

Orbital inclination to ecliptic: 3 ° 4 "

Surface pressure (Earth = 1): 90

Atmosphere: Carbon dioxide(96%), nitrogen (3.2%), there is also oxygen and other elements

- the second in distance from the Sun and closest to the Earth planet of the solar system. It is the brightest luminary in the sky (after the Sun and Moon) both at dusk and in the morning.

People knew about the existence of Venus from time immemorial, but for the first time Galileo observed the phases of this planet with the help of a telescope. The first telescope observers noted in their drawings high mountains, it seemed to them that the mountains separate the bright part of the planet from the dark one. In fact, it was about a phenomenon caused by atmospheric turbulence. The fact is that it is impossible to consider the protruding parts of the relief of Venus due to the dense and illuminated atmosphere. It is impossible to see the details through a telescope; only clouds are visible. For several centuries, there have been a large number of theories about the surface of Venus. Theories were created in the absence of accurate data about this planet. Some scholars have argued that the conditions the environment the planets are similar to the Earth. Others, even after receiving information about the temperature regime of the planet, namely that the temperature of Venus is much higher than that of Earth, considered it possible for the existence of a humid tropical jungle on its surface.

Rotation around its own axis

Among all the planets that make up the solar system, Venus is the only one, with the exception of Uranus, which rotates on its axis in the direction from east to west. As a rule, celestial bodies revolve around the Sun in the same direction as around their own axis - from west to east.
Venus is characterized by an unusual combination of directions and periods of rotation and revolution around the Sun. Astronomers called Venus's “wrong” motion “retrograde”. The low speed of rotation is slightly higher than the speed of revolution around the Sun. The period of rotation of Venus is 243 days, for the same, that would pass in a circular orbit around the Sun, Venus spends 225 days.
On Earth, the change of day and night is determined by the rotation of the planet around its axis; on Venus, the period of the Sun's stay above the horizon depends on the duration of the rotation around the Sun.

Surface of Venus

There is a possibility that after the formation of Venus, its surface was covered with a large amount of water. Over time, a process began, as a result of which, on the one hand, the seas evaporate, on the other, the release of carbon dioxide, which is part of the rocks, into the atmosphere. Greenhouse effect leads to an increase in temperature and increased evaporation of water. Over time, water disappears from the surface of Venus, most of the carbon anhydrite passes into the atmosphere.

The surface of Venus is a rocky desert, illuminated by a yellowish light, with a predominance of orange and brown relief tones. On the surface there are undulating plains and sparse mountains. The presence of some depressions suggests the existence of prehistoric oceans on the planet.

Interplanetary stations recorded traces of a relatively recent volcanic activity... Secondly, according to the nature of the reflection of waves with the help of radar, it can be concluded that there are matte surface areas, apparently, this is lava that has recently come out of the depths. The dense atmosphere of the planet contributes to rapid erosion, ferrous sulfate actively reflects the echo of the radar.

The rocks of Venus are similar in composition to terrestrial basalt rocks. The morphology of the landscape observed on the planet, craters formed as a result of volcanic eruptions and meteorite bombardments, various tectonic phenomena indicate a very complex and active geological past.

Continents

By the nature of the elevations in the northern hemisphere and south of the equator in relation to the average level of the planet's surface, scientists have concluded that there are so-called continents. They were called the Istar Mainland and the Aphrodite Mainland. The first is a space slightly smaller than the United States of America, on which the highest peaks of the planet, the Maxwell Mountains, are located; their height reaches 11 km. The mainland of Aphrodite is larger than Africa. There is Mount Maat - this is a volcano 8 km high, from which lava erupted in the recent past.

This continent has a complex system of huge canyons of tectonic origin. Their length sometimes reaches hundreds of kilometers, a depth of 2-4 km, and a width of up to 280 km.

Internal structure Venus

The structure of Venus, just like the Earth, includes the crust, mantle and core. The crust is about 20 km thick, the mantle is molten material and extends for 2800 km. The radius of the iron-containing core is approximately 3200 km. In principle, such a nucleus should create a magnetic field, but it is almost not expressed.

White arc in the atmosphere of Venus, which was observed for four days by the Akatsuki probe

JAXA / Taguchi et. al./Nature Geoscience, 2016

Venus's speed of rotation around its axis changes when its dense atmosphere interacts with mountain ranges on the surface, according to the journal Nature geoscience... As a result, in one Venusian day, its duration can increase by two minutes.

Venus rotates on its axis extremely slowly: one day on the planet lasts about the same as a year - about 243 Earth days. However, its atmosphere moves much faster than the surface - a dense layer of clouds takes only 4 days to complete a revolution around the planet. The reasons for this phenomenon, called "super rotation", have not yet been explained. Another thing is also unknown: despite the fact that the wind speed in the upper atmosphere reaches 350 kilometers per hour, stable structures have been repeatedly observed in the planet's atmosphere. The most famous of these is the so-called "Venus Smile" - an arc-shaped formation that was recorded by the Akatsuki probe for four days. According to scientists, it is due to atmospheric gravitational waves (not to be confused with space-time oscillations, LIGO), which can be observed when wind flows around mountain ranges. Astronomers are now claiming that the interaction of mountains and atmosphere on Venus could also lengthen the day.

Scientists led by Thomas Navarro of the University of California conducted computer simulation general atmospheric circulation of Venus to determine how unusual structures are born in its gas envelope. In their model, the researchers took into account all known physical phenomena that are observed in the planet's atmosphere, including convection and radiative transfer.

Simulations have shown that gravitational waves tend to appear around noon and quickly disappear at sunset. The only exception was the Beta region, a volcanic upland about 2,500 kilometers in size, where waves occurred early in the morning, which is consistent with observations. When the sun rises, the planet's temperature rises by two kelvin, which reduces the stability of the atmosphere. As a result, the stream at the foot of the mountains can rise high enough to cross the ridge. Due to the fact that a restoring force (in this case, gravity) acts on the elementary volume of air that has moved upward, gravitational waves are formed in the gas envelope of the planet. Towards evening, the stability of the atmosphere increases, and when the sun sets, the "air" flow at the foot of the mountains is blocked and gravitational waves disappear.

Gravitational waves have also been shown to be able to spin the planet thanks to the fluctuations in atmospheric pressure they create. As a result of their influence, the duration of a Venusian day can increase by 2 minutes in 243 Earth days. This explains why the Magellan and Venus Express probes, sent with a difference of 16 years, showed different data - the difference between the results obtained during the two missions was 7 minutes.

In the future, astronomers hope to make their model more accurate and take into account the influence of the Sun on the planet's rotation rate. In addition, they hope to better understand the processes taking place in the planet's atmosphere.

Christina Ulasovich

News from our hot neighbor. The researchers report that the speed of rotation of Venus around its axis changes, depending on the time of day. This is due to the mutual influence of the thick atmosphere of Venus with its rapid currents with mountains on the surface of the planet. These findings are based on a study of a phenomenon that astronomers reported last year: Temporal wave structures are traced in the atmosphere of Venus. The most recent results support the assumption that in this case we are talking about an atmospheric wave, which is caused by a mountain formation.

"Nude" Venus. This image shows a surface that is always and reliably hidden from view by dense clouds Photo NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech

She is never shown naked: the view of the surface of Venus is always hidden by a thick veil of clouds of sulfuric acid. The energy of the sun's rays accelerates this layer to high speeds. And it revolves around the entire planet in just four days. And this despite the fact that Venus itself rotates around its axis very slowly: for one such complete revolution, it needs 243 Earth days. True, there are surprisingly effective ambiguities regarding the speed of its rotation around its own axis. Different measurements showed slightly different results. And so a group of researchers led by Thomas Navarro from the University of California at Los Angeles found an explanation for such discrepancies.

Shock waves appear in the atmosphere of Venus

The explanation is based on a study of a remarkable structure in Venus's "fur coat" that astronomers discovered last year in images of the Japanese Akatsuki Venus probe. space agency JAXA. A temporary structure appears in the upper atmosphere of Venus, stretching for about 10 thousand kilometers from north to south. Scientists see the reason for it in the interaction of the atmosphere with the surface of the planet.

In this case, the most unusual thing was that the structure does not spread further under the influence of winds, but arises only over a certain area of ​​the surface. Analysis and evaluation of the known structures of Venus show that the center of this arcuate formation is constantly hovering over the mountain formation. Therefore, astrophysicists have suggested that this volatile formation is an atmospheric wave that occurs when masses of gas rise above the mountain topography.

Atmospheric waves with effect

To test this hypothesis and show possible effects interactions, Navarro and his colleagues modeled possible circulations in the Venusian atmosphere. And the result showed that the arcuate structure can indeed be explained by atmospheric waves. Models have shown that they are formed at the appropriate intensity of solar radiation over mountain formations - they appear in the light of the "afternoon" Sun and disappear again at dusk.

In addition, within the framework of the simulation, scientists have found that these waves are capable of causing significant fluctuations in atmospheric pressure. And they, as the models show, are able to change the speed of rotation of Venus around its axis, depending on the time of day.

According to the researchers, the effect, although relatively small, is clearly visible. This means that the interaction between a solid planet and its atmosphere can, albeit in part, explain the discrepancy between measurements of the speed of rotation of Venus around its axis, Navarro and his group believe.

uncle_Serg

"Catastrophic" craters without planetary explosions
Constant use of the combination"Catastrophic craters" could create a false impression that I am a supporter of the theory of "planetary explosions" in ancient times (including the hypothesis of the death of the planet Phaethon). So, my like-minded Nikkro wrote the following:
“Generally speaking, the Artifact Mechanism did not really stand on ceremony with the planets, and with satellites too, it is enough to look at the photos of the largest impact craters. Everything took place at the ultimate strength of the planets, just a little more, and they could fly to smithereens (like the hypothetical planet Phaeton). In any case, as it follows from this, the most important task of the Mechanism was the task of "polishing" the orbits of the celestial bodies of the solar system, and the damage caused by them was not taken into account.
For example, Venus and Mars have changed a lot as a result of these operations, and, from my point of view, not in better side... It is good that the Earth is more fortunate in this regard ”.(Note: "Artifact Mechanism" is what Nikkro and I call the ancient planet-forming mechanism).
I used the word "catastrophic" to mean "destructive, having an enormous effect on the surface condition." Many impact craters really look like classic impact craters with a pronounced single annular shaft with a hill in the center. But I never thought that such a collision was a consequence of the explosions of planets in the solar system, followed by a "random" fall of debris on planets and satellites.
Purely theoretically, there is nothing "criminal" about the hypothesis of planetary explosions. But when researchers relish "planetary billiards" and describe in detail how the explosion of a planet (for example, Phaeton) becomes a real shock for the entire solar system, I cannot agree with this interpretation.
When bodies of gigantic masses collide, in addition to surface damage (there is no point in denying them - they are clearly visible in photographs), the angular momentum of the planet (satellite, asteroid) should also change.

Mercury was recognized as a space donor

“Mercury could have been noticeably larger before some of its substance" spilled out "on Earth and Venus after collision with a large celestial body, suggest employees of the University of Burne. They tested a hypothetical scenario using computer simulations and found that the collision should have involved "Protomercurius", the mass of which was 2.25 times the mass of the current planet, and "Planetesimal", that is, a giant asteroid half the size of modern Mercury... The site "Details" informs about it.

The hypothesis was supposed to explain the anomalous density of Mercury: it is known that it is noticeably greater than that of other "hard" planets, which implies that the heavy metal core is apparently surrounded by a thin mantle and crust. If the "collisional" version is correct, then after the cataclysm a noticeable part of the substance, consisting mainly of silicates, should have left the planet ...

Burne does not claim that this version is the only possible, but hopes that it will be confirmed by the probe data. As you know, in 2011, NASA's Messenger probe will visit the planet, which will build a map of the distribution of minerals on the planet's surface. " (http://itnews.com.ua/21194.html )

“There are huge chasms on the surface of Mercury, some up to hundreds of kilometers long and up to three kilometers deep. One of the biggest features on the surface of Mercury - Caloris pool... Its diameter is approximately 1300 km. It looks like large pools on the moon. Like moon pools , its appearance may have been caused by a very large collision in the early history of the solar system». http://lenta.ru/articles/2004/08/02/mercury/

“The Caloris Basin is clearly an extensive percussive formation. At the end of the crater epoch, approximately 3-4 billion years ago, huge asteroid - possibly the largest ever to hit the surface of Mercury - hit the planet". Unlike previous impacts, which only covered the surface of Mercury with "pockmarks", this violent collision caused the mantle to burst to the very molten bowels of the planet. A huge mass of lava poured from there and flooded a giant crater. Then the lava froze and solidified, but the "waves" in the sea of ​​molten rock survived forever.
The impact that shook the planet and led to the formation of the Caloris Basin appears to have a significant impact on several other regions of Mercury. Diametrically opposite the Caloris Basin(i.e. exactly on the opposite side of the planet from it) there is an undulating area of ​​unusual appearance... This area is covered with thousands of closely spaced blocky hills 0.25- 2 km ... It is natural to assume that the powerful seismic waves generated by the impact that formed the Caloris Basin, passing over the planet, focused on the other side of it. The ground vibrated and shook with such force that thousands of mountains more than a kilometer high rose in literally a matter of seconds. This, apparently, was the most catastrophic event in the entire history of the planet. "("Mercury - spacecraft research",http://artefact.aecru.org/wiki/348/86 ). Photo: Caloris Pool. Photo of "Mariner-10". http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03102

What are we seeing after a series of all these catastrophic collisions? The deviation of the Mercury axis from the perpendicular to the plane of its revolution around the Sun (axial deviation) is 0.1 degrees! Not to mention the surprising resonance mentioned at the beginning of the article:

« The movement of Mercury is coordinated with the movement of the Earth... From time to time, Mercury is in the lower conjunction with the Earth. This is the position when the Earth and Mercury are on the same side of the Sun, lining up with it on the same straight line.

The lower conjunction repeats every 116 days, which coincides with the time of two full revolutions of Mercury and, meeting with the Earth, Mercury always faces it with the same side. But what kind of force makes Mercury equal not with the Sun, but with the Earth. Or is it an accident? » (M.Karpenko. "Intelligent Universe". http://karpenko-maksim.viv.ru/cont/univers/28.html ).

For all the exoticism of the situation, Mercury, "aligning with the Earth", rotates (albeit very slowly), still in the same direction as most of the planets of the solar system. For example, Venus, in order to achieve a similar resonance with the Earth, would have to rotate also very slow, but reversed... The most striking thing is that Venus just rotates like that.

Reverse rotation of Venus

Need explanation and incomprehensibly abnormal rotation of Venus:

“In the 80s. XIX century. the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli found that Venus rotates much more slowly. Then he suggested that the planet is facing the Sun on one side, like the Moon is to the Earth, and, therefore, its period of rotation is equal to the period of revolution around the Sun - 225 days. The same point of view was expressed with regard to Mercury. But in both cases, this conclusion turned out to be incorrect. Only in the 60s. XX century, the use of radar allowed American and Soviet astronomers to prove that the rotation of Venus is the opposite, that is, it rotates in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the Earth, Mars, Jupiter and other planets. In 1970, two groups of American scientists on observations for 1962-1969. accurately determined that the period of rotation of Venus is equal to 243 days. Soviet radiophysicists also gained close importance. The rotation around the axis and the orbital motion of the planet is due to the apparent movement of the Sun across its sky. Knowing the periods of rotation and revolution, it is easy to calculate the duration of a solar day on Venus. It turns out that they are 117 times longer than Earth's, and the Venusian year consists of less than two such days.

Now let's assume that we observe Venus in the upper conjunction, that is, when the Sun is located between the Earth and Venus. This configuration will be repeated in 585 Earth days: being in other points of their orbits, the planets will occupy the same position relative to each other and the Sun. During this time, exactly five local solar days will pass on Venus (585 = 117 x 5). And this means that it will be turned to the Sun (and, therefore, to the Earth) by the same side as at the moment of the previous conjunction. This mutual motion of the planets is called resonant; it is apparently caused by the long-term effect of the Earth's gravitational field on Venus. That is why astronomers of the past and the beginning of this century believed that Venus is always facing the Sun on one side. " http://planets2001.narod.ru/venvr.html

“The direction of rotation of Venus around its axis is the opposite, that is, opposite to the direction of its revolution around the Sun. For all other planets (excluding Uranus), including our Earth, the direction of rotation is direct, that is, it coincides with the direction of rotation of the planet around the Sun ...
It is interesting to note that the period of rotation of Venus is very close to the period of the so-called resonant rotation of the planet relative to the Earth, equal to 243.16 Earth days. With a resonant rotation between each lower and upper conjunction, Venus makes exactly one revolution relative to the Earth, and therefore in conjunction it faces the Earth with the same side. " (AD Kuzmin. "Planet Venus", p. 38).Venusno way could not form from a protoplanetary cloud, having reverse rotation, - therefore, she changed the direction of rotation later ... This is not to say that scientists did not try to come up with anything to explain this phenomenon. But their models turned out to be confusing and contradictory:
“Based on a systematic analysis of the facts related to this issue, we state that the orientation of Venus to the Earth is always the same side in the epoch of the lower conjunction, and also its retrograde rotation is a consequence of the law of gravitation acting between the Earth and "the displacement of the center of the Venus figure relative to the center of mass by 1.5 km towards the Earth" ". http://muz1.narod.ru/povenvrobr.htm . «… During the lower conjunction (ie when the distance between Venus and the Earth is minimal) Venus is always turned to the Earth by the same side ...
Mercury also has this feature ... If the slow rotation of Mercury can still be explained by the action of solar tides, then the same the explanation for Venus faces significant difficulties... It is hypothesized that Venus was slowed down by Mercury, once its satellite ...
Just as in the case of the Earth-Moon system, at the beginning the present two inner planets formed a very close pair with fast axial rotation. Due to the tides, the distance between the planets increased, and axial rotation slowed down. When the semi-major axis of the orbit has reached approx. 500 thousand km, this pair "exploded", i.e. the planets have ceased to be gravitationally bound ... The rupture of the "Earth - Moon" pair did not occur due to the relatively small mass of the Moon and the greater distance to the Sun. As a trace of these long-past events, there remained a significant eccentricity of the orbit of Mercury and common orientation of Venus and Mercury in the lower conjunction... This hypothesis also explains the absence of satellites in Venus and Mercury and the complex relief of the surface of Venus, which can be explained by the deformation of its crust by powerful tidal forces from the rather massive Mercury. " (I. Shklovsky. "Universe, Life, Mind". 6th ed., 1987, p. 181).“Not so long ago, on the pages of the scientific press, the question of whether was Mercury a satellite of Venus in the past then going under the influence of a powerful gravitational attraction The sun orbits around it. If Mercury really was a satellite of Venus before, then even earlier it had to go into the orbit of Venus from the orbit around the Sun, located between the orbits of Venus and the Earth. Having a greater relative deceleration than Venus, Mercury could come close to her and go into her orbit, while changing the forward direction of rotation for the opposite, Mercury could not only stop the slow and forward axial rotation of Venus under the influence of tidal friction, but also make it slow rotate in reverse direction... Thus, Mercury automatically changed the direction of its circulation relative to Venus to a straight line, and Venus approached the Sun. As a result of the capture by the Sun, Mercury returned to the circumsolar orbit, being ahead of Venus. However, this raises a number of questions that need to be resolved. Question one: why did Mercury manage to force Venus to rotate in the opposite direction, and Charon failed to force Pluto to rotate in the opposite direction? After all, the ratio of their masses is approximately the same - 15: 1. This question can still be answered somehow, for example, by assuming that Venus had another large satellite like the moon which, approaching under the influence of tidal friction(as they are now approaching their planets Phobos and Triton) to the surface of Venus, collapsed on it and, having transferred its angular momentum to Venus, made it rotate in the opposite direction, since this hypothetical satellite revolved around Venus in the opposite direction.
But a second, more serious question arises: if Mercury was a satellite of Venus, it should not have moved away from Venus, like the Moon from Earth, but approaching it, since, firstly, Venus rotates slowly and its rotation period would be less than the period of revolution Mercury, secondly, Venus rotates in the opposite direction. However, here you can find the answer, for example, assuming that the second moon, having fallen on the surface of Venus, made it rotate rapidly in the opposite direction, so that the period of rotation of Venus became less than the period of revolution of Mercury, which, as a result, began to move away from it faster and, having gone beyond the sphere of action of Venus, moved into a near-solar orbit ... " (MV Grusha. Abstract "The Origin and Development of the Solar System"). http://artefact.aecru.org/wiki/348/81

Little convincing. Yet again and again, scientists have resorted to their favorite "catastrophic" scenarios:

“The long-known phenomenon - the absence of a natural satellite on the planet Venus, is explained in their own way by young scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). “The model presented last Monday at the Division for Planetary Sciences in Pasadena by Alex Alemi and Caltech collaborator David Stevenson suggests Venus once had a moon, but it shattered. In the solar system there is another planet without a satellite - Mercury (once a version was put forward that he is former satellite Venus). And he, like Venus, rotates slowly, and this fact, as well as the absence of a magnetic field from Venus and the extremely weak magnetic field of Mercury, were considered the main explanation for the mysterious phenomenon that Californian planetary scientists drew attention to. Venus makes a complete revolution around its axis in 243 Earth days, but the point, according to the authors of the model, is not only this. Unlike Earth and other planets, Venus spins clockwise when viewed from north pole planets. And this may be evidence that it has undergone not one, but two strong collisions - the first knocked the satellite out of it, and the second damaged the previously knocked out satellite.
On the idea of ​​Alemi and Stevenson, from the first blow, Venus spun counterclockwise, and the piece knocked out of it became a satellite, just as our Moon was formed from the collision of the Earth with a celestial body the size of Mars. The second blow returned everything to its place, and Venus began to spin clockwise, as it is now... However, at the same time, solar gravity made its contribution to the slowing down of the rotation of Venus and even to the reversal of the direction of its motion. This reversal, in turn, influenced the gravitational interactions between the satellite and the planet, as a result of which the satellite began to move, as it were, inward, i.e. approach the planet with an inevitable collision with it. The second collision, too, could have created a satellite or not, says ScientificAmerican.com, which reported on the Alemi-Stevenson model. And this hypothetical satellite, if it did arise, could be blown to pieces by the first satellite falling on the planet. According to Stevenson, their model can be tested by looking at the isotopic traces in the Venusian rock - their exoticism can be regarded as evidence of a collision with a foreign celestial body. " ("Why Doesn" t Venus Have a Moon? "http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/4353026.html ).

It is clear why the authors of the hypothesis needed such a complex scenario. Indeed, the first collision should have resulted in the disordered rotation of Venus, and only the second "impact" was able to give it its current rotation. Another thing is that in order to achieve resonance with the Earth, the force, direction and angle of impacts had to be calculated so accurately that Alemi and Stevenson were resting. How much "filigree" tuning of the resonant rotation of Venus relative to the Earth is possible, proceeding from random factors - judge for yourself.

Whatever cataclysms and "planetary explosions" shake the solar system in the past, I want to state: without careful and subtle adjustment at the same time for two planets of the solar system (Venus and Mercury), such a resonance will not "tune" in any way. And the fact that such an adjustment is carried out by a powerful and, most importantly, reasonable force is obvious to me.

As for the practically "zero" axial deviation of Mercury, it led to a very interesting result.

Unusually high reflection of radio waves by the polar regions of Mercury

“Sounding of Mercury by radars from the Earth showed unusually high reflection of radio waves by the polar regions of Mercury... What is it, ice, as the popular explanation says? Nobody knows.
But where does the ice come from on the planet closest to the Sun, where the temperature reaches 400 degrees Celsius during the day at the equator? The fact is that in the region of the poles, in craters, where the sun's rays never hit the temperature - 200... And there could well have survived ice brought in by comets. " (skyer.ru/planets/mercury/articles/mercu ry_transit.htm).

“Radar studies of the planet's circumpolar regions have shown the presence of a highly reflective radio wave matter, the most likely candidate for which is ordinary water ice. Coming to the surface of Mercury when comets hit it, water evaporates and travels around the planet until it freezes in the polar regions at the bottom of deep craters, where the Sun never looks, and where ice can persist almost indefinitely. " ("Mercury. physical characteristics". athens.kiev.ua/pages/solarsystem/korchin skiy / Mercuri / m% 20fh.htm).

“It would seem that talking about the possibility of ice existence on Mercury is at least absurd. But in 1992, during radar observations from the Earth near the north and south poles of the planet, areas were first discovered that very strongly reflect radio waves. It was these data that were interpreted as evidence of the presence of ice in the near-surface Mercurian layer. Radar made from the Arecibo radio observatory located on the island of Puerto Rico, as well as from the NASA Deep Space Communications Center in Goldstone, California, revealed about 20 rounded spots with a diameter of several tens of kilometers, with an increased radio reflection... Presumably, these are craters, into which, due to their close location to the poles of the planet, the sun's rays fall only in passing or do not fall at all. Such craters, called permanently shaded, are also found on the Moon; in them, during measurements from satellites, the presence of a certain amount of water ice... Calculations have shown that in the depressions of constantly shaded craters at the poles of Mercury, it can be cold enough (–175 ° С) for ice to exist there for a long time. Even in flat areas near the poles, the calculated daytime temperature does not exceed –105 ° С. There are still no direct measurements of the surface temperature of the polar regions of the planet.

Despite observations and calculations, the existence of ice on the surface of Mercury or at a shallow depth beneath it has not yet received unambiguous proof, since stone rocks containing compounds of metals with sulfur also have an increased radio reflection, and possible metal condensates on the planet's surface, for example sodium ions, deposited on it as a result of the constant "bombardment" of Mercury by particles of the solar wind.

But here the question arises: why is the distribution of areas that strongly reflect radio signals, precisely confined to the polar regions of Mercury? Maybe the rest of the area is sheltered from the solar wind magnetic field planets? Hopes for clarification of the riddle of ice in the kingdom of heat are associated only with the flight to Mercury of new automatic space stations equipped with measuring instruments to determine chemical composition surface of the planet ". ("Around the world", No. 12 (2759), December 2003. vokrugsveta.ru/publishing/vs/archives/?i tem_id = 625). Photo of the south pole of Mercury. Photo of "Mariner-10". http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02941

It's not even the very fact of the existence of ice. Obviously, the poles of Mercury are an ideal place for the possible home of artifacts that are sensitive to high temperatures. If ice has been preserved on the planet for many millions of years, then could the active elements of the "Artifact Mechanism" remain there?

I guess this is what it is one of the reasons painful for Mercury "polishing" of its orbit with the ancient mechanism of planetary formation. If the axial deviation of the planet were greater than 0.1 degrees, it would be inevitable seasonal fluctuations temperatures in the protected areas of Mercury, and the "protected areas" could not be preserved for millions of years. No other planet in the solar system has such a strict perpendicular to the axis of rotation to the orbital plane. Think, it is at the poles of Mercury that the active elements of the "Artifact Mechanism" can be found... The authors of the article in the magazine "Around the World" pointed out not in vain that not only ice, but also metal has an increased radio reflection. Well, let's wait for answers until 2011.

Second reason changes in the orbit of Mercury, like Venus, was Orientation to Earth in Bottom Connection... It would be interesting to know what relief details are in the center of the disk of these planets during the lower conjunction with the Earth. These objects may be hiding Forerunner artifacts ( conditional name creators ancient mechanism the formation of planets), left by them in ancient times to observe (perhaps not only) the Earth.
("The Mechanism of Artificial Intervention in the Formation of the Solar System". Internet research results "An artifact named" Solar System ",http: //artefact.aecr u.org/wiki/393/116 ). Photo of Venus. http://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venus2.jpg

Light stripes near the South Pole of Mercury

"A field of bright rays-created by ejecta from a crater-radiating to the north (top) from off camera (lower right) is seen in this view of Mercury taken 1975, September 21 by" Mariner 10 ".Source of the rays is a large new crater to the south, near Mercury "s South Pole. "Mariner 10" was about 48,000 kilometers (30,000 miles) from Mercury when the picture (FDS 166749) was taken at 2:01 p.m. PDT, just three minutes after the spacecraft was closest to the planet. Largest crater in this picture is 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter. "

Venus is the second planet in the distance from the Sun (the second planet of the solar system).

Venus belongs to the planets terrestrial group and is named after the ancient Roman goddess of love and beauty. Venus has no natural satellites. Has a dense atmosphere.

Venus has been known to humans since ancient times.

Venus's neighbors are Mercury and Earth.

The structure of Venus is a subject of controversy. The most likely is: an iron core with a mass of 25% of the mass of the planet, the mantle (extending 3300 kilometers into the interior of the planet) and crust 16 kilometers thick.

A significant part of the surface of Venus (90%) is covered with solidified basalt lava. It contains vast hills, the largest of which are comparable in size to terrestrial continents, mountains and tens of thousands of volcanoes. Impact craters on Venus are practically absent.

Venus has no magnetic field.

Venus is the third brightest object in the earth's sky after the Sun and the Moon.

Orbit of Venus

The average distance from Venus to the Sun is just under 108 million kilometers (0.72 astronomical units).

Perihelion (orbital point closest to the Sun): 107.5 million kilometers (0.718 astronomical units).

Aphelios (orbital point farthest from the Sun): 108.9 million kilometers (0.728 astronomical units).

The average speed of movement of Venus in orbit is 35 kilometers per second.

The planet makes one revolution around the Sun in 224.7 Earth days.

The length of a day on Venus is 243 terrestrial.

The distance from Venus to Earth ranges from 38 to 261 million kilometers.

The direction of rotation of Venus is opposite to the direction of rotation of all (except for Uranus) planets in the solar system.