Clinical psychological aspects of stress problem. Physiological aspects of stress and its consequences. Appearance. Psychological consequences of stress

With any violation of the balance of the "man-environment", the lack of mental or physical resources of the individual to meet current needs or mismatch of the system itself is an alarm source. Anxiety, designated as:

Anxiety can play a protective and motivational role comparable to the role of pain. With the emergence of anxiety, the increase in behavioral activity is binding, changing the nature of the behavior or the inclusion of intraxicihic adaptation mechanisms. But anxiety can not only stimulate activity, but also contribute to the destruction of insufficiently adaptive behavioral stereotypes, replacing them more adequate forms of behavior.

Unlike the alarm pain is a danger signal that has not yet been implemented. The prediction of this situation is probabilistic, and ultimately depends on the characteristics of the individual. In this case, the personal factor plays a often decisive role, and in this case the anxiety intensity reflects rather individual characteristics Subject than the real significance of the threat.

Professor Berezin defined an alarming row, which represents a significant element of the process of mental adaptation:

1) the feeling of internal tension - does not have a pronounced shade of the threat, serves as a signal of its approximation, creating painful spiritual discomfort;

3) Associate itself - the central element of the series under consideration. Manifested by a feeling of an indefinite threat. A characteristic feature: the inability to determine the nature of the threat, to predict the time of its occurrence. Often there is inadequate logical processing, as a result of which, due to the lack of facts, the wrong conclusion is issued;

4) Fear is anxiety specified on a specific object. Although the objects with which the anxiety binds may not be its reason, the subject is an idea that the alarm can be eliminated with certain actions;

5) the feeling of the inevitability of the impending catastrophe, the increase in the intensity of anxiety disorders leads the subject to the submission of the impossibility of preventing the upcoming event;

This is a relatively lightweight method to cope with increasing feelings of anger, rage and anger in the case when affectively charged reactions cannot be directed to a partner or a group of partners who caused these feelings, or due to the well-known subject of their own weakness and the impossibility of defending themselves, or by existing.

In my work, I talked about the existence of the law of attraction. I told how our thoughts strongly affect our lives! She told and showed how to control thoughts with emotions. Revealed the mechanism of work of the law of attraction. The examples showed how to use the law of attraction for financial well-being, for confusing.

Phenomena, which are called protection, have many useful features. They appear as a healthy, creative adaptation and continue to act throughout life. In cases where their action is aimed at protecting its own "I" from any threat, to avoid conflict situations, they can be considered as "protection", and.

3.2 .

The emergence of stress in a certain situation may occur by subjective reasonsassociated with the peculiarities of this person.

In general, since individuals are not similar to each other, a lot depends on the personality factor. For example, in the human environment system, the level of emotional tension increases as the differences between the conditions increase in which the mechanisms of the subject are formed, and the newly created. Thus, those or other conditions cause emotional stress not by virtue of their absolute stiffness, but as a result of the inconsistency of these conditions of the emotional mechanism of the individual.

Feeling of an indefinite threat;

Feeling of diffuse fear and alarming expectation;

it is the most highly active mechanism of mental stress. This follows from the already mentioned sensation of the threat, which, in turn, is a central anxiety element and causes it biological significance As a signal of disadvantage and danger.

Anxiety, intensity and duration inadequate situations, prevents the formation of adaptation behavior, leads to a violation of behavioral integration and universal disorganization of human psyche. Thus, anxiety underlies the basis of any changes in mental state and behavior due to mental stress.

2) hyperestsemical reactions - anxiety increases, previously neutral incentives acquire a negative color, irritability increases;

6) Anxious and childish excitement - the disorganization caused by the alarm reaches the maximum, and the possibility of targeted activities disappears.

Anxiety, despite the abundance of various semantic formulations, is a single phenomenon and serves as a bond mechanism of emotional stress. With any violation of balance in the system of "man-environment" system, it activates adaptation mechanisms, and at the same time, with significant intensity, it is based on the development of adaptation violations. An increase in the level of anxiety determines the inclusion or enhancement of the mechanisms of intrapsihic adaptation. These mechanisms can contribute to effective mental adaptation, providing anxiety reduction, and if they are inadequate, they are reflected in the type of adaptation violations that correspond to the nature of the border psychopathological phenomena.

The effectiveness of mental adaptation is really dependent on the organization of microsococial interaction. For conflict situations In the family or production sector, difficulties in building informal communication, the disorder of mechanical adaptation was noted much more often than with effective social cooperation. Also, the analysis of the factors of a certain environment or environment is directly related to the adaptation, the assessment of personal qualities of others as the factors of attracting in the overwhelming majority were combined with effective mental adaptation, and the assessment of the same qualities as the factors of repulsive - with its disorders.

But not only the analysis of factors ambient Determines the level of adaptation and emotional tension. It is also necessary to take into account the individual qualities, the state of the immediate environment and the characteristics of the group in which the micro-social interaction is carried out.

The phenomenon of stress was opened by the Canadian physiologist G. Selre in 1936 to denote the non-specific reaction of the body ("general adaptation syndrome") in response to any adverse effect.

Initially, Selre paid focus on the biological and physiological aspects of the problem of stress. The traditional was the understanding of stress as a physiological reaction of endocrine glands controlled by the pituitary gland, on the action of various negative factors.

Hans Selre, the founder of Western teaching on stress and nervous disorders, determined the following stages of stress as a process:

1. Direct reaction to the impact (alarm stage);

2. The most effective adaptation (resistance stage);

3. Violation of the adaptation process (exposure stage).

IN wide sense These stages are characteristic of any adaptation process.

The first stage is a stage of anxiety (within 48 hours after the start of exposure), during which the body resistance decreases ("shock phase"), and then protective mechanisms include, the body's adaptation resources are mobilized. At this stage, a person is in a state of tension and alertness. Physically, a person feels very good, dwells in a raised mood. However, in this phase, there are often diseases that relate to the category of so-called "psychosomatic". For large power Impact The reaction of anxiety can end the death of the body. But if the body transfers this stage of the syndrome, then the second stage comes.

The second stage is the stage of resistance, or resistance (begins 48 hours after the damaging action), when the body functioning is achieved by the voltage of the systems to the new conditions. At this stage, balanced spending of adaptation capabilities is carried out. A person develops optimal energy, adapting to changing circumstances. He, as it were, "worked" and is ready for more or less long-term effort to overcome difficulties. If the damaging effect was not so strong, G. Selre notes, then the resistance of the body increases, and in a later period of the second stage, the form and functions of the organs are practically returned to the norm. But if the action of the damaging agent continues further, then after this stage, the body loses its resistance, which leads to the third stage.

The third stage is the exposure stage in which the inconsistency of protective mechanisms is revealed and the violation of the consistency of life functions is increasing. At the stage of depletion, the energy is exhausted, physiological and psychological protection are broken. A person has no more opportunity to defend themselves. Unlike the first stage when stressful condition The body leads to the disclosure of adaptation reserves and resources, the state of the third stage is more like a "call call", which can only come from outside - either as support or in the form of elimination of the stressor. In the absence of "help" occurs the death of the body.

Mental manifestations of the syndrome described by the city of Selre, the name "Emotional stress" was assigned. The content of this term includes primary emotional mental reactions arising from critical psychological impacts, and emotional-psychological syndromes generated by injuries, and affective reactions in stress, and physiological mechanisms underlying them.

For the city of Selre, there are two types of stress: Estrass and Distress. Eustess mobilizes, activates the internal reserves of a person, improves the flow of mental and physiological functions. Distress is a destructive process, disorganizing behavior.

Psychological stress has a special meaning for a person, since many events lead to stress in humans not because of their objective features, but because a particular person perceives the event as a source of stress. This implies an important principle of overcoming psychological stresses: it is easier to change the representation of a person about the world than the world itself.

What could be the source of stress:

* Injury or crisis situation

* Small daily troubles

* Conflicts or communication with unpleasant people

* Obstacles that do not give you the opportunity to achieve your goals

* Feeling of constant pressure

* Sultious dreams or too high requirements

* Constant accusation, ukore himself in the fact that you have not achieved something or missed something

* Accusation of yourself in all the bad things that happened, even if it happened not in your fault

* Strong positive emotions

* Quarrels with people and especially with relatives (also to stress can be given to a quarrel in the family)

* Moving from one country to another

* Older people and children

* People with understated self-esteem

* People abusing alcohol

* People, with genetic location for stress

Psychological aspects of stress

Psychological reaction of a person for stress

On the experiences associated with the psychological aspect of stress, it is not always said simply "I stress". Much more often describe this condition due to emotions such as: anger, rage, anxiety, wine, shame, jealousy. Thus, the experience associated with stress is undoubtedly an emotional experience. Most psychologists share emotional experiences into two types: pleasant, or positive emotions and unpleasant, or negative emotions.

The study of psychological reactions to stress is devoted to a large number of studies, although many of them do not have this specific name. You should specify several clearly defined areas in which research was conducted. When studying animal researchers, behavioral components of emotions were interested, (especially negative, such as fear), the impact on the behavior of punishment and behavior in conflict situations. In studies conducted on people, interest was concentrated on clinical, industrial and military situations. When studying clinical situations, the focus was on the etiology of nerve disorders and preceding changes in mental state. When considering production or military situations, interest was also focused on the study of the state of the individual, its activities were studied in more detail in extreme conditions. The main problem in the understanding of human psychological reactions to stress concerns his ability to cope with the stressful situation. As a result of all these studies, several different models were developed to explain the psychological reactions to stress, each of which more or less corresponds to its specific conditions, but only partially adequate as a general model. None of the existing models can provide a complete explanation of stress. The experience of stress in humans is considered as a reason that causes a violation of psychological equilibrium, which leads to mechanisms aimed at the weakening of this violation. These are mechanisms for overcoming stress that are part of behavior. If a normal overcoming response does not succeed in weakening or overcoming stress, this can lead to disorganization of behavior. If the duration and stress stability is stronger, it can lead to a collapse of behavior. The concept of overcoming many is obliged by the works of Lazarus, "overcoming," he writes, "it's best to consider a form of solving a problem, the purpose of which is the well-being of a person, while a person is not entirely clear what to do." This is especially true difficult situationswhich are perceived as stressful. By overcoming a person makes an attempt to master the situation. According to Lazarus, overcoming includes two processes, one is the direct motor reaction, and the other is temporary relief.

The direct motor reaction relates to real behavior aimed at changing human relationships with the environment. It has forms in the form: Preparation for protection against harmful effects, aggression, avoidance and passivity. Under the concept of "avoidance", Lazarus implies the removal of itself from a really existing danger or threat. Preparing for protection against harmful effects is the form of true behavior of avoidance, in which a person can take certain actions in relation to danger. The student reactions on the exams are a good example of preparing for protection against harmful effects. As exams usually correspond to a clearly established form, students have months to prepare for them. As the danger approaches (failure in exams with all the consequences arising from here), an increasing number of students begins to engage intensively, constantly increasing the time of classes and the depth of study of the material. Aggression, apparently, often accompanies stress, but does not always have an adequate and, therefore, an effective form of overcoming. It is expressed in the identity attack on the source of problems, which can be perceived or as a specific person, a group of people, or organization. Destruction or at least partial defeat of the source causing a problem can save a person from danger or reduce experiences related to stress. A person can attack his wife, whereas the true source of his problems is his immediate boss at work. However, his wife can be a more vulnerable goal with a smaller ability to counter. In order for such an indirect attack to become an effective form of overcoming, a person must perceive his wife as a source of harm in its stressful situation. If it is obvious that this is an incorrect perception, then in the future there may be a sense of guilt, which will further strengthen the experience of stress. The dispute between the neighbors, which led to the verbal insults of each other in an obvious outbreak of rage, accompanied by the corresponding pose and swinging his hands. This event can be analyzed as follows: The goal is a specific individual, the nature of aggression - verbal insults with the appropriate behavior, emotion - anger. Such behavior can resolve the dispute from the position of the strongest and eliminate the source of stress or increase respect for himself (in connection with the victory) and thereby weaken the experience of stress.

The flight is the third form of the immediate motor reaction, just as anger is often designated as an emotional correlate of aggression, and fear is associated with the concept of flight. Cases when soldiers run from the battlefield or desert, can serve as an example of flight from fear. Lazarus considers aggression and escape as a reaction to stress. The fourth form is passivity. This is a fading as a direct reaction to the impact of stress. Passivity can also be considered as a long-term reaction to chronic stress experience. This can be associated with depression and a feeling of hopelessness. Depression is a common clinical reaction to a long-term impact of strong chronic stress. This is one of the forms of relative passivity expressed, obviously, in the emergency slowdensing and lethargy of reactions to any stimuli [Cyt.6; p.103] "Some situations causing may not leave any hope that we can ease stress or eliminate valid harm. It is probably due to the lack of, any obvious ways to overcome, a person will not develop his desire to cope with difficulties and will completely lose the ability to do this, "Lazarus considers - passivity can be the result of an explicit hopeless situation."

"Not yet decided," Coke believes - what kind of hopelessness is the absence of the possibility of overcoming or one of the forms of overcoming stress, a parallel reaction of fading or, possibly, death simulation. "

Overcoming can be expressed not in the form of a direct motor reaction, but in the form of temporary relief. Temporary relief is expressed in mitigating suffering related to the experience of stress, and in reducing psycho-physiological influences. Temporary relief can be achieved in several ways. According to Lazarus, two, symptomatic and intrapsychic. The first method includes the use of alcohol, tranquilizers and sedatives, muscle relaxation training and other methods aimed at improving physical condition man. The intrapsychological method of temporary relief is considered in terms of cognitive protection mechanisms. The description of these mechanisms is largely due to the development of psychoanalysis. Freud used the expression "Protective Mechanisms" to designate an unconscious psychological mechanism, with which a person can mislead himself regarding the presence of a threat or external danger. The meaning of this "protection" is that the perception of the threat of danger is reduced, and not the threat itself. The intraxichesk temporary relief in Lazarus is considered from the point of view of these mechanisms, and are called: identification, movement, suppression, denial, reaction formation, projection and intellectualization. The movement of aggressiveness can be observed, for example, when a person holds back its aggressive behavior aimed at a stronger enemy, and exhibits aggression towards another less strong. (In the case when the husband exists aggression to his wife, although the boss is to blame). When negative, a person overcomes the threat or danger, simply denying that it exists. The negation is usually considered closely associated with the suppression that the suppression involves the denial of the internal threatening pulses. For denial to be effective, it may be necessary to create complex cognitive mechanisms for the perception of information making a false denial. For example, a doctor who informs the patient with a heavy heart attack, about the severity and seriousness of his illness, from the point of negation can be discredited in the eyes of the patient, and the doctor's information will not be taken. Intellectualization is a way of protection in which a person can respond to a threatening situation impassively, assessing it analytically as an object for improvement or an interesting phenomenon. Professional - a doctor, psychologist or nurse for this reason do not like to treat those who are emotionally close. In such a situation, it is difficult to maintain inconsistency.

In the period from 1971 to 1977, in the laboratory of clinical studies of stress in Stockholm Levi and Kogan developed a view of Sellega for stress and developed a theoretical model for describing psychological factors as intermediaries in the emergence of physical illness.

Their main hypothesis is that psychosocial situations may cause a number of such disorders. The Levi and Kogan suggest that in most cases the changes in the conditions of existence cause a physiological stress reaction that prepares a person to actively physically counter the stressor. Levi and Kogan represent this process on the diagram in the form of a flowchart. External influences defined as psychosocial incentives are intertwined with genetic factors and with environmental influence. These individual factors of Levi and Kogan are called a "psychobiological program." Together, psychosocial incentives and a psychobiological program determine the response to stress, which, in turn, can cause a preceding condition, and then the disease itself.

More studies of V. Kennon (1927-1929) showed that the body seeks to ensure the constancy of its internal environment, the constancy of the levels of operation of its systems, when new conditions arise, there is a restructuring, which is restored by the transformation chain, but on a different level. New conditions can be determined not only by physical irritants, but also psychological techniques.

According to Schmidt, a few moments are drawn in the scheme:

· In itself, psychological stress leads to symptoms of tension, it has an adaptive character and can be advisable. Macrons can impede anxiety, which cause muscles, changing the skill developed. This determines preventive measures in this period: reduction of anxiety and prevention of changes in muscle tone;

· Only at the subsequent stages, namely, from the appearance of disintegration, negative symptoms are revealed, in which mental disorders are always noted;

· Development of negative symptoms has a certain translation. Between the normal adaptation reaction of the voltage and the formation of neurosis or pronounced psychosomatic diseases, intermediate, temporal states of functional disorders (including mental) are found;

As the role of mental stress is strengthened, it is not doubtful that in studies it is necessary to combine the methods of medical, psychosociological, clinical, for mental stress - this is a complex problem.

Psychological aspects of stress

Chapter 1. Scientific explanation stress with. 3.

Chapter 2. Psychological reaction of a person for stress with. nine

Chapter 3. Adaptation of a person to stressful situations from. 20-23.

Before sit down and write this work, I thought for a long time, what I know about stress.

I. Borodin believes that "stress is the engine of progress, there is an assumption that our monkey-like ancestors lived in the upper tar of the rainforest and almost did not have enemies. But the forests began to give way to Savannah, and the Presenter had to face many dangers. And stress was at every step. " "And to survive - the scientist says - future people went along the way to create a nonspecific device - they acquired intellect." "Alas - notes Borodin - the addition of stress is only intensified. Animals react only to immediate danger, they are unable to predict. And the person adds the fun to the momentary stress ". [Cyt.12; p.8]

this is a prompting or forcing force.

this is an effort or high energy cost.

this is the forces affecting the body.

The main scientific approaches to the problem of determining stress were discussed different authors, such as Lazarus, Anklee and Trumbell, Levin and Scotch, Coke and others. The first approach treats stress as a dependent variable, determining it as an answer of the body to a disturbing or harmful environment (see Fig. 1). The second approach interprets stress from the point of view of stimulating the effects of this disturbing or harmful environment and thus usually considers stress by an independent variable (see Fig. 2). The third approach considers stress as a response to the absence of "compliance" between the person and the environment. In this form, stress is studied in terms of the impact of the preceding factors and their consequences. With all three approaches, the word "medium" is used in the broadest sense and refers to both the internal and to outer peace Personality, to her physical and psychosocial surround.

1.1 Common Adaptation Selle Syndrome

Special attention to stress manifested after the work of Hans Selre. Selle was most interested in the physiological mechanism of stress. And this led to the close association between the model based on the responses of the body.

About a circling medium personality

With tymul reaction

Figure 1. Stress model based on reactions. Selle. [taken from 6; p.18]

Environmental personality

Figure 2. Laman stress model. [taken from 6; p.17]

In the concept of sellers about stress there are three main provisions. In the first, he believes that the physiological response to stress does not depend on the nature of the stressor, as well as on the type of animal. Secondly, this protective reaction with the continuing or repeating action of the stressor passes through three certain stages, which he called the "general adaptation syndrome". Third that a protective reaction, if it is strong and long, can go into a disease, the so-called "adaptation disease". The disease will be the price that the body will pay for the struggle with the factors causing stress. Impact (stressors) can be the most different, but regardless of its same type of changes providing a device. The leading link in this chain of adaptation delegel is an endocrine-humoral system. The total adaptation syndrome has (for deck) three stages (see Fig.3):

Reaction Stage Resistance Stage of Exhalation

Figure 3. General adaptation Selle syndrome. [taken from 6; p.20]

Mason data (1971) suggest that some harmful physical conditions do not cause a general adaptation syndrome. The author meant physical exertion, starvation and heat. [Cyt.6; p.21]

"Important issues in determining stress-based stimuli is the following: what conditions can be taken for stress and what are their general characteristics? The same questions have to answer and with regard to the stress reaction, when the definition of stress is used, based on response, "T. Cox notes.

1.2 Model of transactional analysis T. Coke.

Coke and his colleagues believe that stress can be most accurately described as part of the complex and dynamic system human and environmental interaction (see Fig.4). [Cyt.6; p.32] In this system, you can define five stages. The first stage is represented by the source of the requirements for man, and is part of its surrounding environment. A person has psychological and physiological needs, their satisfaction is important for him, and this defines his behavior. These needs are combined into a general internal requirement. Awareness by a person of this requirement and his own ability to cope with them make up the second stage. If the situation requires too much from a person, and it does not imagine the limits of its capabilities, it will work without being exposed to stress, until it becomes clear that he is not able to cope with such a situation. Then he will understand that there is no equilibrium between the requirement and the possibility of equilibrium, and fall into a state of stress. Psychophysiological changes can be considered as the third stage of this model and are a reaction to stress. Response reactions to stress are sometimes considered the final link of the stressful process, they should be considered as affordable ways to cope with the stressful situation; The fourth stage, most important, which is often ignored, concerns the consequences of the response of countering stress. The fifth stage is feedback, which is noted in all other stress stages and which is effective in forming the outcome of each of these stages. [Cyt.6; p.33]

Psychological stress is a consequence of strong nervous overvoltage, which was caused by any experience. Any emotions, both positive and negative, lead to such a reaction of the body, since they are accompanied by special physiological processes, for example, the emission of substances in the blood affecting the work of the internal organs.

Features of psychological stress

Psychological stress differs from the biological number of features, among which the following can be distinguished:

It is started both with actual and probable events whose occurrence of which is feared. Man, unlike animal, is able to react not only to the current in this moment danger, but also on her threat, or a reminder of it;
The expense of the participation of a subject in the impact on the problem to neutralize it is of great importance. With an active life position or awareness that a predominantly sympathetic department can be affected by a stress factor, and the passivity of the subject in the current situation leads to the predominance of parasympathetic reactions.

Another feature of the psychological stress is the method of its measurement, which is directed to the assessment not indirect indicators (Stressors, manifestations of depression and anxiety, frustrations), and directly describes the state of a person who is worried about the situation. This is a special scale of psychological stress PSM-25, which allows the measurement of stressful sensations by emotional, behavioral and somatic features.

Psychological mechanisms of stress

Since stress is an adaptation reaction, many systems of the body take part in it. There are two groups of stress mechanisms: physiological (humoral and nervous) and psychological.

Subconscious plants arising in response to the action of the stressor belong to psychological mechanisms of stress. They protect the psyche of a person from the destructive impact of negative factors. These include:

Suppression. This is the main mechanism that underlies many others and represents the displacement of feelings and memories into the subconscious, as a result of which a person gradually forgets about the unpleasant situation. However, this mechanism is not always useful, for example, it often leads to the forgetting of the data earlier promises;
Projection. When a person is dissatisfied with his own actions or thoughts, he projects them on the surrounding people, attributing to them similar actions. Otherwise, this is a mechanism of self-excursion;
Regression. This is an attempt to escape from reality when it becomes helpless, indifferent, cannot make logical conclusions and make any decision. It is possible that the pose of an embryo, characteristic of a person at the moment of strong experience, is explained by this psychological mechanism of stress;
Rationalization. This is another way of self-defense, which is to find the culprit of the situation. Rationalization leads to the inability of a person to analyze mistakes and charges of neighbors, spouse, chief or teacher;
Sublimation. This is the most favorable stress reaction, effective both on the subconscious level and in real life. Sublimation lies in the transformation of unacceptable behavior (for example, aggression) into the framework of socially permissible (boxing, professional competitions, sports games).

As can be seen, psychological mechanisms of stress are not always harmless and sometimes do not allow to correctly assess the situation. Moreover, they sometimes harm relations with others, thereby exacerbating the stressful impact of the problem of the body.

Psychological consequences of stress

Estimation and negative emotions caused by psychological stress are very dangerous, as they lead to the formation of fascinated excitation foci in the brain, and this, in turn, contributes to the development of psychosomatic, neuropsychiatric and other diseases.

The psychological consequences of stress include:

Anxiety and anxiety;
Worsening memory;
Decline;
Excessive emotionality for minor reasons;
Periods of depression;
Anger attacks;
Hot tempering and irritability;
Constant sensation of dissatisfaction;
Capriciousness;
Depression and depression;
Subjective feeling of overload;
Loss of interest and apathy.

As a result, a person often tries to artificially compensate for the feeling of inner dissatisfaction: it begins to use drugs and alcohol, overeating, more often smoke, changes his sexual behavior, performs thoughtless and impulsive acts, fond of gambling and so on.

If a person has listed psychological consequences of stress (at least half of them), it is necessary to carefully analyze its condition and the current situation, and if the diagnosis is confirmed, immediately proceed to treatment using existing methods.

Removing psychological stress

In assessing the scale of psychological stress, an integral (final) indicator of mental tension, or PPNs is important. If it is 100 - 154 points, they talk about the average stress level, when the PNF is more than 155 points - it is high level. It indicates mental discomfort and state of deadaption. In this case great importance Acquires the removal of psychological stress and emotional tension.

To activate, and then release emotions, you need a deeper breathing: inhale must be accompanied by a slow exhalation. It should be paid attention to the sensations that occur in the body.

The following exercise helps to calm down quickly: make a slow breath through the nose, then delay breathing for 1-2 seconds and slowly exhausted through the mouth. The face and body should be relaxed. You can shake your hands and legs to get rid of excessive voltage.

In the removal of psychological stress and its prevention, friends and loved ones are provided, allowing a person to speak out and throw out the accumulated emotions out. No less efficient and effective means of dealing with nervous tension - Maintaining a personal diary.

Very well relieves stress any motor activity: sports, household goods, hiking or morning jogging. The physical exercises and the management of the economy distract from the negative situation, directing thoughts into a more pleasant line.

Another way to get rid of psychological stress is creativity, as well as music, singing or dancing. Creativity allows you to distract, music affects emotional conditionDancing help relieve an excess tension, and singing is a means of self-expression and a natural respiratory regulator.

Finding into stressful situations, it is necessary to leave the winner of them, who overcame another obstacle to the difficult path of self-development.

A modern person is less and less faced with natural biological stressors that require immediate action, and more and more is the pressure of psychological factors caused by civilization, which it cannot respond by conventional methods inherent in nature. Nevertheless, the stress of modern life, being psychosocial in essence, is implemented through well-defined biological mechanisms affecting the unchanged biological essence of a person. Thust to understand the role of stress in aging and diseases, it is important to consider the nature of stress as a complex biological phenomenon.

In the realization of various phases of stress reaction in the body, many regulatory systems are involved - the central nervous system, the vegetative nervous system and the neuro-endocrine regulation system. As part of the stress reaction (especially with long-acting, chronic, negative signals social environment) A special role is owned by the hypothalamic-pituitary-corticoid axis (GGO).

The hypothalamic zone of the brain is the main regulator of metabolic processes, saturated with accumulations of neurosecrete cells. As part of the limbic system, the hypothalamus is closely interacting with the prefrontal brain bark, a limbic system, sensory information centers and stem structures, thereby participating in the integration of emotional reactions, the scope of decision-making and neuro-endocrine regulation of metabolism and various types of behavior. Neurons of the hypothalamus not only have extensive incoming and outgoing connections within the brain structures, but also are a collector of information about all internal processes in the body through receptors to hormones, metabolites and other physiologically active molecules.

Under the influence of external negative stimuli (that is, stressful signals) or internal experiences (that is, emotional reactions that are associated, for example, with frustration or expectation of an unpleasant event), mediated by the above-mentioned brain structures, the next chain of events is launched:

activation (most likely, as a consequence of an incoming neural electrical signal) of the C-FOS protoncogencogen, encoded by the FOS genome (from among immediate early genes, which are transcriptional factors);

c-FOS protooncogencogen activates the expression of the CRH gene;

the CRH gene activates the secretion of polypeptide hypothalamus hypothalmus cells, known as corticotropine-release hormone (CRG, CRH) or corticoliberine;

The CRG through the intercellular spaces migrates to the front pituitary, where it stimulates the products with melanotrofas cells of Popionelanocortin (PM) - a large polypeptide, which is a predecessor of a number of regulators: adreno-cortico-trop hormone (ACTH), endorphine, lipotropins and melanotrophins (a certain role in the regulation of emissions ACTH also play hormones of the rear lobe of the pituitary gland - oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin, especially in chronic stress) [Increasing the concentration of ACTH in blood under the feedback mechanism through the hypothalamus receptors inhibits the further synthesis of the KRG];

ACTG through the appropriate receptors of adrenal cortex cells induces an increase in blood cortisol level (and on the principle of negative feedback inhibits the secretion of the KRG);

free cortisol (an increase in cortisol concentration is hazardous for the body, so in first its excess amounts are binding to serum proteins) easily penetrates through plasma membranes and barriers and binds to a specific receptor protein, which is represented in all types of tissues and cells, including nervous fabric;

the complex of cortisol with a receptor protein (which is a transcription factor) activates a number of genes, which, in turn, stimulate the formation of new proteins-enzymes, bioregulators and modulators various systems organism, including the immune system; Significant metabolic restructuring occur in various tissues, especially in muscles, adipose tissue, bones and in the liver:

cortisol has several very important points of application directly in the brain (the structure of the limbic system):

■ Hippocampus: in physiological conditions in this structure, cortisol, the potentiation effects of catecholamines, ensures memorization of emotionally important information, including the events that should be avoided; Cell elements of the hippocampus in the process of forming of memory are used glutamanthergic mechanisms associated with over-excitation, as a result of which themselves are easily damaged during stress, hypoxia and neuroinoxications; Numerous experimental studies and neurovalization data in humans show that under conditions of chronic stress, elevated cortisol concentrations have a direct neurotoxic effect on the neurons of the hippocampus; As a result, due to the death of neurons, the volume of the hippocampus decreases, and this causes cognitive violations, in particular the weakening of autobiographical memory, because of which the individual is believed to lose the ability to generate successful strategies of cooping with distressed situations; Thus, the cortisol, which, at the normative stress level, ensures the formation of behavioral reactions responsible for the ability to avoid danger or successfully cope with them, in chronic or severe damaging stress (distress) impair functioning and weakens adaptability to life difficulties;
■ Amigdala (Almond): Serves the role of an emotion regulator as alertness, fear, anxiety, rage, aggression; By virtue of this, Amigdala participates in the implementation of behavioral reactions associated with response to the danger, social dominance, or vice versa, the subordination, which is associated with the manifestation (or suppression) of aggression; With regulatory signals of the medium, these reactions perform important social functions, supporting the status of an individual and providing social functioning, however, in chronic stress, the hyperactivation of amygdala generates constant anxiety, panic attacks and contributes to the development of depression;

it should be borne in mind that the Hippocker, Amigdala, and other structure of the limbic system, as well as the front cortex, have neural projections in the hypothalamus and participate in the "launch" of GGO in stressful situations of the "psychological" nature (related to experiences due to social Interactions, not with a direct physical threat);

in the stress reaction, the corticoliberine (corticotropin-release-minion [KRG]) contributes its contribution, which not only stimulates the EUTG emission in the hypothalamus - pituitary system, but also is synthesized in various brain departments - the Core, Amigdale and the trunk; Neurons of different structures producing corticoliberin have connections with the hypothaminus paraventricular core (the main source of the KRG) and stem formations (which are the main sources of norepinephrine and serotonin and have projections in the prefrontal bark):

by virtue of this, the CRG in stress stimulates neuro-endocrine reactions through GGO, emotional reactions of fear and anxiety through amygdala, cognitive and behavioral reactions of voltage through cortical neurons and vegetative reactions through stem structures; It also contributes to the development of sleep violations and depression, affecting the serotonin system.

All listed mechanisms are largely explained why chronic or severe damaging stress (distress) is accompanied by anxiety, voltage, depressed mood, that is, the most important prerequisites for depression (the most common consequences of chronic stress). Usually these changes are transient and in most cases are replaced by the restoration of the sustainable mood. At the same time, some individuals (approximately 10% of the female part of the population and 3% men's), the result of stress becomes clinical depression, about the same number of persons after severe traumatic events develop post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), a significant number of persons with The time develops various addictions. Thus, the negative impact of stress covers large contingents, but mental health disorders are formed only in the most vulnerable part of the population. Also, chronic stress leads the body to a particular chronic disease, affecting the endocrine system, cardiovascular system, renal fabric, liver, muscle or bone skeleton. In other words, chronic or severe damaging stress gradually destroys physical health, affecting the likelihood of malignant tumors.

IN last years There is a lot of evidence on experimental models and on clinical material (with very good coherence of manifestations in rodents, primates and people), that a variety of stressful situations and negative life events of the early development period cause long-term anatomical and functional disorders in various brain structures. At the same time, special attention was paid to the time factor - the period during which the damaging stress effect was applied. Based on this significant array of information, generalized relatively recently in a number of reviews, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Prenatal negative impacts possess the strongest damaging effect. If the mother during pregnancy experienced strong stress, intensive alarm or depression, or received glucocorticoids, it could lead to a decrease in the weight and sizes of the body of the fetus at birth, a decrease in the size of the hippocampus, cellular disorders in the brain. In the subsequent history of life, numerous mental health disorders, including depression, addiction, disturbing disorders, asocial manifestations, hyperactivity syndrome and attention deficiency can occur with a high probability. All this is associated with multiple disorders of cellular mechanisms in the brain and the preferably lesion of hippocampus, dopaminergic structures of the mesolimbic system and amygdala.

Early postnatal stress is associated primarily with dysfunctional mother-child relationships, violations of the mechanisms of attachment of the child to the mother. Numerous observations of rodents and primates convincingly showed that the lack of maternal heat and care leads to negative programming of the GGO brain, and the hypothalamic region is actively involved in this process. As a result, along with impaired affective sphere and behavioral disorders, metabolic dysfunction, diabetes, violations of food behavior (anorexia or bulimia) can appear. One of the features of stress in this period of life is the formation of not only readiness to continuously increase the activity of GGO, but also the opposite phenomenon - hypocorticosis (that is, a consistently low level of cortisol), the signs of which may be an "inhibited child" syndrome, depression and obesity ( Apparently, hypocorticosis is caused by the hyperactivity of the feedback mechanism due to the increased sensitivity of the central receptors to the cortisol).

Stress in the adolescence has its own characteristics. It is in this period that all psychopathology and behavioral disorders caused by hormonal negative environmental programming, which took place in the prenatal and early pedestal development period, are most pronounced. These disorders arise in response to a stressful episode in the life of a teenager, while the high reactivity of GGOs and conjugate systems is accompanied by such individuals with changes in the structures of the frontal cortex, a decrease in the size of the belt is stung, as well as a decrease in the size of the hippocampus. As a result, symptomatics shifts towards personal disorders, asocialism, conflict, disorders of overcoming skills vital difficulties and tendency to self-injury (suicidality).

It should be noted that negative trends in victims of early injury are observed up to mature and late age, and not limited to the period of mature. In the elderly, this is manifested in braking neurogenesis (due to stem cell elements) in the hippocampus and early weakening of cognitive functions. Thus, the stress of early life periods is responsible for violations of memory in the elderly. Perhaps it is in connection with this a general somatic health and high muscle activity after 45 years associated with more efficient products of stem cells, prevents this.

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Stress is the condition of the human body, arising in the action of emergency and pathological stimuli and leading to the tense activities of non-specific adaptation mechanisms of the body. The term "stress" introduced into medicine in 1936. Selre, which determined stress as a state of the body arising from any requirements to it.

The compensatory capabilities of the human body, allowing it to adapt to changes in the outer and interior environment, large. The conditions necessary for the formation of a full adaptation are: the optimal state of adaptation mechanisms (human health), the intensity and duration of the exposure to the irritants of the external and internal environment of the body and the time required for the formation of the adaptation process.

The mechanisms carrying out the adaptation of the body include changes in the activities of the heart, breathing apparatus, metabolism and the immune system. In the formation of adaptation mechanisms, a huge role belongs to the nervous system and endocrine organs (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, etc.).

Stress reactions may occur under the influence of a wide variety of stimuli (injuries, burns, diseases, etc.), as well as with emotional impact - emotional stress. The state of stress in a majority of the population provoke or cause numerous adverse environmental factors. The conditions of life and habits that have formed in large groups of people are non-optimal to preserve health. All the increasing flow of information obtained by the individual is becoming environmentally dangerous, or besides it.

Often there are situations of information stress. Pop music imposed in the mornings in the morning violates the natural rhythm of entry into the working condition of the body, especially in people of middle and old age. High-speed, emotional rhythm of modern life, especially in cities, creates a load for the functioning of the main centers nervous system. Different stimuli give stress their features caused by the occurrence of specific reactions to high-quality various impacts.

Scientific and technical progress Creates all new stressful situations: high rates of life, information overload, overvoltage with nervous responsible work, mental overload, fatigue from monotonous monotonous operation. Scientific and technical progress in highly developed countries led to an increase in swelling Intellectual Labor. The nature of the workers as a result of the wide implementation of the mechanization and automation of production processes has changed. Workers are increasingly servicing machines and mechanisms, doing not physical, but intellectual labor. In the increased flow of information blew not only scientists.

Since the invention of typography until 1945, i.e. For 500 years, about 30 million different books were published in the world, the same number of books was published over the next 25 years. Complicated and increased volume curriculum Schools and universities increased training load. The amount of time that is dedicated to watching television programs and movies has sharply increased. Many of them, especially with sowers of horrors, violence and murders, cause the strongest, negative emotional reactions, accompanied by a sharp increase in the blood content of adrenaline (palpitations, an increase in blood pressure).

The occurrence and nature of stress is largely determined by the reactivity of the organism itself, which, in turn, depends on the functional state of physiological systems, hereditary properties of the body, previously suffered diseases, from age and other factors.

Modern life is full of external stressful stimuli, which cannot be avoided. The city generates noise and air pollution along with high speeds, piling, crime and rudeness. In order for any stressful stimulus, such as noise, it becomes harmful to him, it is not necessary to be loud. The stress effect occurs with any repetitive uncontrollable noise.

Emotional stress

Emotional stress (excitement, excitation, tension) is a subjective state of a pronounced psycho-emotional experience of a person (pleasure or displeasure, joy, fear, anger, etc.) conflict life situationswho are acute or long limit the satisfaction of its social and biological needs.

Responsible reactions of the body on emotions depend on behavioral reactions, psychological features and educating a person. The complexity of this problem is that, in contrast to the savage, a civilized person is obliged to restrain his emotions, i.e. Stay weathered, calm. Such a person seeks to repay the fire in the body, i.e. To restore somatic manifestations, motor responses and speech reactions. And then the conflict is manifested: the effort of the will person suppresses the motor reactions. As a result, the vegetative storm fell on the heart and vessels. The smaller the body's workout to limit loads, including psycho-emotional, the more increases the state of maximum mobilization. of cardio-vascular system. It is important to emphasize that the individual features of a person, his adaptive opportunities to resist stressful situations very different. So, in particular, the psychological and behavioral types of responses of the organism are distinguished.

Emotions arise due to the primary activation of the specialized structures of the brain. The excitation of some structures causes positive emotions that the body seeks to strengthen, extend or repeat. Activation of other structures is accompanied by the emergence of negative emotions that the body seeks to eliminate or weaken.

The biological importance of emotions is determined by their estimated function, as a result of which the body seeks to respond in advance and quickly to environmental changes, mobilize the energy resources necessary for actions aimed at meeting the immediate needs.

Emotions are based on the process of acquiring individual life experience (learning), contributing to the creation, consolidation and preservation of biologically expedient forms of behavior. Emotions are a means of improving the reliability and expansion of the adaptive capabilities of the body, as well as one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation of mental activity and behavior. The emotions of the person are mostly socially due. They, as well as the actions of a person, are due to the norms of morality and law. Higher forms Emotions arise on the basis of social (moral) and spiritual (aesthetic, intellectual) needs.

Emotional excitations are built on the basis of specific neurochemical mechanisms (neurotransmitters). The peripheral components of emotions are divided into arbitrarily controlled (movement, muscle muscular activity, speech function, breathing) and unmanaged (heart activity, smooth muscles of vessels, bronchi, intestines and endocrine glands).

Of all stresses, it should be especially distinguished by those that cause negative emotions. "Among the influences that shortening life, fear, sadness, foolishness, despondency, longing, envy," wrote in the XVIII century. HF Gufelland. Indeed, sadness, fear, longing to oppress mental activity, muscle activity, inhibit any response of the body. Anger, rage, hatred, on the contrary, increase energy supply, stimulate the activity of muscle receptors, central nervous and cardiovascular systems.

Positive emotions include joy, hope, etc., which bring health, strength, efficiency. "Merry people always recover" (Ambruz Pare). As noted by N.I. Pies, wounds from winning soldiers heal faster than those defeated. Positive emotion is proportional to the magnitude of the stated status. Positive, emotions are especially important for the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Adrenaline, a person's flooding organism during stress causes a whole cascade of reactions: blood pressure is rising, muscles are tightened, breathing becomes superficial and fast, the brain is on top of the vigilance, and the feelings are exacerbated to the limit. It is said that Julius Caesar chose those soldiers who were blossom, and not pale with a sudden stress. It turns out that in the reaction of fear in the human body, the allocation of adrenaline increases, which causes the narrowing of the vessels and the pallor, and during the anger reaction it is distinguished by norepinephrine, causing the extension of vessels, and the person bluses.

Socially deterministic stressful situations as a result of socially deterministic stress interpersonal conflictassociated with humiliation of dignity, betrayal, deception, disappointment. In a similar position, the conflict of people who found themselves in a difficult situation is the need to realize a defensive self-preservation reaction and the inability to implement it in the established conditions. However, most people set in hopeless situations do not die, and it acquires one or another degree of sustainability to these stressful situations.

Upon exposure to various extreme factors (physical, mental) in the body, neuroendocrine-humoral changes arise, aimed at overcoming the actions of these factors by adapting the body to prevent requirements. The severity of the adaptation syndrome depends on the intensity of stress, the functional state of the physiological systems of the organism and the nature of human behavior.

Everyday life experience, as well as the data of animal experiments, observations of patients suggest that the emergence of emotions often precedes our actions that it is emotions that turn out to be a reason for action. Emotional arousal may arise before a person has time to draw up a program of action, and even before he can at least consciously assess the situation. Emotion is often the first impulsive reaction to a sudden emergency situation. Only then the analysis and assessment of the situation and the necessary deliberate actions are already followed.

Lisovsky V.A., Essayev S.P., Golofeevsky V.Yu., Mironenko A.N.