Instructions

Begin your style definitions by specifying the scope of the text and its main functions. Scientific style in scientific, textbooks, lectures, reviews, etc. These contain information about the phenomena around us and "serve" the material from a scientific point of view. The official business style is used in the field of legal relations, official, industrial, diplomatic. Its main function is information,. It is distinguished by the stereotypical structure of the text when writing various documents, charters, instructions, etc. The journalistic style is the style of newspapers, speeches on topical socio-political topics. In works of journalism, two goals are usually set: informing about certain social phenomena and at the same time actively influencing the reader or listener. Artistic style in works of fiction and is intended to create images and emotional and aesthetic impact on the reader. Conversational style is a style of lively conversational speech, i.e. its main function is to provide communication between native speakers. In writing, it exists in works of art to convey dialogue and create a speech characterization of the hero.

When determining the style of the text, consider its language specifics. Scientific texts are saturated with special vocabulary, terms, words are used almost always in their direct meaning in order to avoid ambiguity of their interpretation. In the documents of the official business style, there are many words and combinations that are called clericalisms and give the texts a prescriptive character, for example: it is necessary to prepare urgently, after the expiration of the term, it is not subject to appeal, to be considered in the prescribed manner, etc. In the vocabulary of the journalistic style, there are many turns of a socio-political nature, exclamation and incentive sentences are used in the syntax. A characteristic linguistic device of the artistic style is the wide use of words in a figurative sense to create an image and emotionally evaluative words to express the author's position. In the colloquial style, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary and constructions of incomplete sentences are used in large quantities.

When determining the type of speech, consider how the content of the utterance is "presented". If the text tells about the events that follow one after the other actions - this is a narration. Descriptive texts speak of the simultaneity of the manifestation of signs of objects, phenomena or actions. The reasoning is characterized by the presence of a statement (thesis) that must be proved, and an argumentation base with factual examples.

The school curriculum must include the theme: "Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning." But after a while, knowledge tends to be erased from memory, so it will be useful to fix this important issue.

What are Speech Types? What functions do they perform?

Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning - this is how we talk about a subject. For example, let's imagine an ordinary table in the office or at home in the kitchen. If you need to describe this item, then you should tell in detail how it looks like, what is on it. Such text will be descriptive, therefore, we are talking about a description. If the narrator begins to talk about what this table is for, is it too old, is it time to change it to a new one, then the chosen type of speech will be called reasoning. A text can be called a narration if a person tells a story about how this table was ordered or made, brought home and the rest of the details of the appearance of the table on the territory of the apartment.

Now a little theory. Speech types are used by the narrator (author, journalist, teacher, announcer) to convey information. The typology is determined depending on how it will be presented.

Description is a type of speech, the purpose of which is a detailed story about a static object, image, phenomenon or person.

The story tells about the developing action, conveying certain information in a time sequence.

With the help of reasoning, the flow of thought about the object that caused it is transmitted.

Functional and semantic types of speech: description, narration, reasoning

Types of speech are often called functional-semantic. What does it mean? One of the meanings of the word "function" (there are many others, including mathematical terms) is a role. That is, speech types play a role.

The function of description as a type of speech is to recreate a verbal picture, to help the reader see it with his inner vision. This is achieved through the use of adjectives in various degrees of comparison, adverbial expressions, and other speech means. This type of speech can most often be found in an artistic style. A description in a scientific style will significantly differ from an artistic one by unemotional, clear flow of the story, the obligatory presence of terms and

A narrative is characterized by the depiction of an action, a situation, or a specific case. Using verbs and short, succinct sentences is created This type of speech is often used in news reports. Its function is notification.

Reasoning as a type of speech is characterized by a variety of styles: artistic, scientific, business and even colloquial. The pursued goal is to clarify, to reveal certain features, to prove or disprove something.

Features of the structure of speech types

Each type of speech has a distinct structure. The narrative is characterized by the following classic form:

• tie;
• development of events;
• climax;
• denouement.

The description does not have a clear structure, but it differs in such forms as:

• a descriptive story about a person or animal, as well as an object;
• detailed description of the place;
• description of the state.

Examples of this kind are often found in literary texts.

Reasoning is fundamentally different from previous types of speech. Since its purpose is to convey the sequence of a person's thought process, the reasoning is constructed as follows:

• thesis (statement);
• arguments, along with the examples provided (proof of this statement);
• final conclusion or conclusion.

Speech types are often confused with styles. This is a gross mistake. Below we will explain how styles differ from types.

Types and styles of speech: what are the differences?

In the textbooks of the Russian language, the concept of What is it and is there a difference between styles and types appears?

So, the style is a complex of certain speech means used in a specific area of ​​communication. There are five main styles:

1. Colloquial.
2. Publicistic.
3. Formal business (or business).
4. Scientific.
5. Art.

To see you can take any text. The type of speech that will be presented) is present in both scientific and journalistic styles. we choose for daily communication. It is characterized by the presence of colloquial expressions, abbreviations and even slang words. It is appropriate at home or with friends, but upon arrival at an official institution, for example, a school, university or ministry, the style of speech changes to business with elements of scientific.

Newspapers and magazines are written in a journalistic style. Using it, news channels broadcast. The scientific style can be found in educational literature, it is characterized by many terms and concepts.

Finally, the art style. He wrote books that we read for our own pleasure. Comparisons (“the morning is beautiful, like the smile of a beloved”), metaphors (“the night sky pours gold on us”) and other artistic expressions are inherent in him. By the way, description is a type of speech that is quite common in fiction and, accordingly, in the style of the same name.

The difference is that you can describe, reflect, or narrate using different styles. For example, when talking about a flower in an artistic style, the author uses a lot of expressive epithets to convey to the listener or reader the beauty of the plant. A biologist, however, will describe the flower from the point of view of science, using generally accepted terminology. In the same way, you can reason and narrate. For example, a publicist will write a feuilleton about an inadvertently plucked flower, using reasoning as a type of speech. At the same time, the girl, using a conversational style, will tell her friend how a classmate gave her a bouquet.

Using styles

The specificity of the styles of speech makes it possible for their successful neighborhood. For example, if the type of speech is description, then it can be supplemented by reasoning. All the same flower can be described in the school wall newspaper, using both scientific, journalistic and artistic style. It can be an article about the valuable properties of a plant and a poem praising its beauty. In a biology lesson, the teacher, using a scientific style, will offer students information about the flower, and then he can tell a fascinating legend about it.

Speech type description. Examples in literature

This type can be conventionally called an image. That is, when describing, the author depicts an object (for example, a table), natural phenomena (thunderstorm, rainbow), a person (a girl from a neighboring class or a favorite actor), an animal, and so on ad infinitum.

Within the framework of the description, the following forms are distinguished:

Portrait;

Description of the state;

Examples of landscape, you can find in the works of the classics. For example, in the story "The Fate of a Man" the author gives a brief description of the early post-war spring. The pictures he recreated are so alive and believable that it seems as if the reader is seeing them.

In Turgenev's story "Bezhin Meadow", landscapes also play an important role. With the help of a verbal image of the summer sky and sunset, the writer conveys the powerful beauty and power of nature.

To remember what a description is as a type of speech, it is worth considering another example.

“We went out for a picnic out of town. But today the sky was gloomy and became more inhospitable towards evening. At first, the clouds were of a heavy gray shade. They covered the sky like a theater stage after a performance. The sun had not set yet, but it was already imperceptible. And lightning appeared between the gloomy shutters of the clouds ... ”.

The description is characterized by the use of adjectives. It is thanks to them that this text gives the impression of a picture, conveys color and weather gradations to us. The following questions are asked for a descriptive story: “What does the described object (person, place) look like? What signs are inherent in it? "

Narration: an example

Discussing the previous type of speech (description), it can be noted that it is used by the author to recreate the visual effect. But the narrative conveys the plot in dynamics. This speech type describes events. The following example tells what happened to the heroes of a short story about a thunderstorm and a picnic further.

“… The first lightning bolts did not frighten us, but we knew that this was only the beginning. We had to collect our things and run away. As soon as the simple dinner was packed into backpacks, the first raindrops fell on the bedspread. We rushed to the bus stop. "

In the text, you need to pay attention to the number of verbs: they create the effect of action. It is the image of the situation in the time interval that are the signs of the narrative type of speech. In addition, to a text of this kind, you can ask questions “What came first? What happened next? "

Reasoning. Example

What is reasoning as a type of speech? The description and narration are already familiar to us and are easier to understand than the text-reasoning. Let's go back to friends caught in the rain. One can easily imagine how they are discussing their adventure: “… Yes, we are lucky that the summer resident-motorist noticed us at the bus stop. It's good that he didn't pass by. It is good to talk about a thunderstorm in a warm bed. It’s not so scary if we’re at the same stop again. A thunderstorm is not only unpleasant, but also dangerous. You cannot predict where the lightning will strike. No, we will never go out of town again without knowing the exact weather forecast. A picnic is good for a sunny day, but in a thunderstorm it is better to drink tea at home. " The text contains all the structural parts of reasoning as a type of speech. In addition, you can ask him questions typical for reasoning: “What is the reason? What follows from this? "

Finally

Our article was devoted to the types of speech - description, narration and reasoning. The choice of a particular speech type depends on what we are talking about in this case and what purpose we are pursuing. We also mentioned the characteristic speech styles, their features and close relationship with the types of speech.

AND ) - it is a set of speech elements (specific for each style of speech, words and ways of constructing sentences).

And the type of speech – it is a way of presenting, constructing words and sentences in a logical order.

Depending on the content of the text, the following types of speech are distinguished - narration, description, reasoning.

Let's consider the features of each type of speech.

Narration - This is a story about an event that occurs in a certain period of time. Actions reflected in the event are sequential, logically related to each other. The narration can go both from the third person and from the first, and it is characterized by such elements as the setting (the beginning of the event), the development of the action and the denouement (the result of the described event).

Since the narration is an event text, its speech feature is a large number of verbs and the chain development of the action. The text answers the questions “what? where? when?" - what's happened? where and with whom did it happen? when did it happen?

Narration happens pictorial(emphasis is on changing images that "show" the event) and informative(the text not only tells about the event, but also explains it, includes interesting facts).

An example of a narrative text:

“At night, a strong wind rose and it began to rain. It drummed softly on the roof and ran down the glass, turning the world outside the window into a blur. Streams of water washed away dust from trees and sidewalks, murmured in gutters, cooled the city hot from the summer heat. And those who did not sleep opened the windows, breathed in the damp coolness and turned their faces to icy drops. They waited for rain in the city for two months, and now, when it came, people silently smiled, blessing the weeping sky ... "

Sample text - pictorial storytelling - answers the following questions:

1. what's happened? - it started raining in the city;
2. where and with whom did it happen? - city dwellers waited for rain;

1. when did it happen? - it started raining in the summer.

Description Is a verbal image of an object, phenomenon, event. The description lists and discloses the main features of the selected subject. The goal is to present the reader of the text with an image that is easy to imagine in colors. The unity of time and place of manifestation of signs is important..

The description text consists of the following parts:

1. general characteristics of the subject, general impression;
2. signs, details;
3. general assessment of the subject.

For example, the description can be portrait, landscape; the object of scripture can be anything - and a person, and his emotional state, and an animal, and a plant, and a place (city, hotel house, park, village), and the weather. The speech feature is the predominance of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, a minimum of action and the static nature of the text.

The descriptive text answers the questions “what? what kind?" (what object is described? what does it look like? what are its qualities and properties?).

Example of description text:

“It was raining for the third day. Gray, shallow and harmful. Unpredictable, like a low gray sky. Endless. Endless. He restlessly knocked on the windows and rustled softly on the roof. Gloomy and reckless. Annoying. Bored. "

Sample text answers descriptive questions:

1. what subject is being described? - rain;

1. what is the subject? - gray, small, harmful, unpredictable, endless, etc.

Reasoning - this is the development and confirmation of thought, the explanation of the phenomenon (properties of the object) and the expression of one's own opinion. Reasoning answers the questions “why? why?".

The reasoning consists of the following parts:

1. thesis - a thought that needs to be proven;
2. substantiation of the thesis, supporting argumentation with examples, evidence;
3. summary - results, conclusions.

The text of the reasoning is aimed at convincing, explaining, proving. The reasoning is characterized by the active use of rhetorical questions and introductory words - ligaments: firstly ... secondly ... thirdly ... hence (thus, respectively); meanwhile, because, so.

The reasoning is as follows:

1. reasoning-proof (why so and not otherwise? What follows from this?);
2. reasoning-explanation (what is it? where did it come from? Why is the subject just like that?);
3. reasoning-thinking (how to be? To be or not to be? What to do?).

Example text-reasoning:

“So, the night will pass, and the rain will stop, the thunder will thunder. So, what is next? Again - the exhausting heat of a stifling summer? Again - hot asphalt? Again - a city choking in dust? Or will the weather take pity on tired city dwellers and give at least a week of coolness? As forecasters' predictions are blurry and hazy, we can only wait and watch. ”

An example text - reasoning-thinking - answers the following questions:

1. why? - because the rain will end and the heat that has bothered everyone will return;

1. why? - to imagine what to expect from a capricious nature.

Types of speech are ways of presentation that solve the following author's tasks:

• narration - dynamically reflects reality, tells about its events; narration is a clip, a movie, a change of frames;
• description - depicts static reality, studies the object of interest from all sides; a description is a photograph, a frozen frame;
• reasoning - looking for causal relationships between events and phenomena, expresses the author's opinion, "because ..."; This is a diagram with blocks of theses and proofs and arrows - logical questions.

And finally, a reminder: do not confuse functional speech styles and speech types. 😉 After all, for example, a newspaper article of a journalistic style of speech can be both narrative (reporting from the scene), and descriptive (a note about a missing person; advertising a new building), and reasoning (analytical article).

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The main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .

Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its constant or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).

The description most of all uses words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs).

Verbs are more often used in the form of an imperfect past tense, and for special clarity, descriptiveness of description, and in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and nominative sentences.

For example:

The sky was clear, clean, pale blue. Light white clouds, illuminated from one side by a pink glitter, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, casting in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From beyond the horizon, like giant spread fingers, golden stripes stretched up the sky from the rays of the not yet risen sun. (A. I. Kuprin)

The description helps to see the object, to imagine it in the mind.

Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; reports on successively replacing actions or events (the content of the narrative can be conveyed only in a few frames of the camera).

In texts of the narrative type, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the imperfect past tense ( came, saw, developed etc.).

For example:

And suddenly ... something inexplicable, almost supernatural happened. The mousey dog ​​suddenly crashed onto his back, and some invisible force dragged him off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly seized the throat of the astonished Jack ... Jack rested his front legs and violently shook his head. But an invisible "something" gripped his neck so hard that the brown pointer fainted. (A. I. Kuprin)

Storytelling helps to visualize actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.

Reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).

In text-reasoning, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, thus, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinate unions with the meaning of cause, effect, assignment ( in order that, due to that, since, although, despite the fact that etc.)

For example:

If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he is writing about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.

But if a writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking power and evoke in him the thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)

The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, far from always any one type of speech is presented in the text. Cases of their combination in various versions are much more common: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narration with elements of reasoning, etc.

Speech styles

Style is a historically developed system of linguistic means and methods of their organization, which is used in a certain area of ​​human communication (public life): the field of science, official business relations, propaganda and mass activities, verbal and artistic creativity, the sphere of everyday communication.

Each functional style is characterized by:

a) scope of application;

b) main functions;

c) leading style features;

d) linguistic features;

e) specific forms (genres).

Scientific style

Scientific style is divided into three sub-styles: actually scientific , scientific and educational and popular science .

Each of the named sub-styles has its own characteristics. In scientific-educational and popular-science substyles, it is allowed to use some (separate) linguistic means characteristic of colloquial speech and journalism, including means of linguistic expressiveness (metaphors, comparisons, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, parcellation and some others).

All types of speech can be represented in the texts of the scientific style: description, narration and reasoning (most often: reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation).

Formal and business style

Official business style texts usually contain two types of speech: description and narration.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style is divided into two sub-styles: publicistic proper and artistic and publicistic.

Actually journalistic sub-style characterized by the topicality of the topic, the use of socio-political vocabulary and terminology ( deputy, power, patriot, parliament, conservatism), specific journalistic vocabulary and phraseology ( reporting, peacekeeping, corridors of power, conflict resolution), the frequency of the use of borrowed words calling new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena ( distributor, investment, inauguration, killer, croupier, rating and etc.).

The artistic and journalistic substyle in its linguistic characteristics is close to the style of fiction and is characterized by a combination of the functions of influence and persuasion with the function of the aesthetic, as well as the widespread use of pictorial and expressive means of language, including tropes and figures.

In texts journalistic style all types of speech can be found: description, narration and reasoning.

For artistic and journalistic sub-style reasoning-thinking is especially characteristic.

Art style

In the texts of the artistic style, as in journalism, all types of speech are widely used: description, narration and reasoning. Reasoning in works of art appears in the form of reasoning-reflection and is one of the most important means of revealing the inner state of the hero, the psychological characteristics of the character.

Conversational style

Today we will briefly consider what a type of speech is. Speech type is the way the author uses to convey his or her thoughts. The method itself depends on what the text contains, that is, on the nature of the information. What are the types of speech in Russian? There are three main types of speech: narration, description and, of course, reasoning.

To convey the action itself in a temporal sequence, such a type of speech as narration is used. Description is used to convey the details of a static picture or a situation. Reasoning is required in order to convey the development of the author's thoughts that relate to a particular issue. All types of speech that are in the Russian language can be recognized by their characteristic distinctive features.

Narration

This is one of the most common types of speech. It is in a logical and temporal sequence that the actions in the narrative are presented, they go one after another. The story is characterized by the past tense verbs in the perfect and imperfect forms. But besides them, verbs in the present tense are also used (they describe an action that occurs, as it were, in front of the reader himself), verbs of the future tense. The narrative text has three parts: the opening, the development of the actions and the denouement. Often the story is written in the first or third person. Expressive forms are also used in the narration, for example: "Aha!", "Here!", "How he will jump out to meet him!" etc.

Description

As for the description, in it the author gradually introduces the various characteristics of all kinds of phenomena of reality. The picture, which the author characterizes with the help of description, is static, and at the same time all its features are present. We can use this type of speech in any style. For example, in a scientific style, the description should be more accurate. And if the style is artistic, the description should emphasize the vivid details of what is described.

There are many types of descriptions. The main ones are descriptions of a person, an animal, a place, an environment, and even a state. Even in the description, they often emphasize the signs of a person or an object, and these signs appear simultaneously. For example, if we talk about a beloved girl, it is impossible not to mention her hair, smile, eyes, tenderness of hands, sensitive heart.

Reasoning

In the discussion, the author at the very beginning can put forward any thesis. Then it needs to be proven, opinions expressed for or against, or both. And at the end, a conclusion is required. In reasoning, it is imperative to develop a thought logically. There is a constant movement from thesis to arguments, and arguments lead to conclusions (or conclusions). It is necessary to give logical arguments, which must contain examples. If you do it differently, then the reasoning itself will not work. Most often, reasoning is used in journalistic and artistic styles of speech. Often in the text-reasoning there are introductory words: thus, firstly, secondly, on the one hand, although, however, etc.