The rational use of natural resources is the most important problem of modern society. The rational use of natural resources is a consequence of their reasonable study, which prevents the possibility of the malicious consequences of the human activity, increases and maintains the productivity of natural complexes and objects of nature.

The rational use of the natural resources of the renewable type should be based on reasonable spending, the renewal providing for their reproduction, since reserves are usually restored faster than being used. The rational use of non-renewable type natural resources should be based on economical and complex production and expenditure, as well as to dispose of all sorts of waste. Natural resources can also be divided into:

• -Potential;
• -Ralo.

Potential resources involve in the economic turnover, and real - actively use. In connection with the depletion of natural resources, their further development becomes more economical and environmentally inexpedient. With uncontrolled use, some types of resources may disappear, and the process of their self-recording will stop. The term of restoration of some of them is several hundred or even thousands of years.

A special relevance acquires the integrated use of natural resources, which implies the use of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the use of secondary resources is reused. It saves raw materials and is prevented by environmental pollution by the production of Savchenko P.V. National Economics: Textbook / Ed. PV .. - M.: Economist, 2008. - 83 s .. The only way to solve the problem of rational use of mineral resources is to create a model of the biosphere volume of substances in industry. Useful elements contained in the raw materials must be repeatedly used. In this case, waste production and consumption is no longer waste, but secondary material resources.

For the purpose of rational use of water resources, it is necessary to build water supply systems and structures, which consist of a complex of equipment, networks and structures intended for receiving and removing on pipelines of household production and atmospheric wastewater, as well as for cleaning them and disposal before discharged in water or disposal .

The amount of wastewater is determined by integrated water consumption and drainage indicators for various industries. The rate of water consumption is an expedient amount of water required for the production process and established on the basis of scientifically based calculation or best practices. The rate of consumption of production wastewater is used in the design of the newly under construction and reconstruction of existing systems for industrial enterprises as an assessment of the rationality of water use in any organization.

The uncontrollable impact on the climate together with the irrational management of agriculture can lead to a significant decrease in soil fertility and greater fluctuations in crop yields.

The deforestation was one of the global environmental problems, the cause of which remains, to a greater extent, the need for fuel. Due to the destruction of forests, almost 3 billion people have encountered an acute lack of wood fuel, the prices of which are growing (almost 40% of the family budget leaves for the purchase of firewood). In turn, the high demand for wood fuel seals further cutting down of forests.

One of the most important ways to solve the problem of natural resource saving is to improve the efficiency of the use of resource-intensive products. So, it was investigated that the repair of goods is not only economically beneficial, but also creates new workplaces of Zubko N. M. The foundations of economic theory. - Minsk: Higher School, 2013. - 427 s ..

For example, in Germany, the government is allowed to arrange a quarterly landfill next to the house. Things take those who hoped to repair them. To collect clothing to homeowners on the eve of the mailboxes, special packages are placed, where it is packaged, and what can still be worn, take charity organizations. It happens so that there is nothing to export.

Thus, it becomes necessary to preserve and reproduce the country's natural resources. To do this, maintain the following conditions:

• -Broot and rationally natural resources (especially irreparable);
• - have effective measures to replenish natural resources (to carry out forest stations, reproduce reserves of water bodies, restore and increase the natural fertility of the Earth);
• - To the environmental purity of production and environmental management.
• - Maximally use waste production.

Problems of exhaustion of resource reserves, their rational use and protection

The modern orientation of the Society for consumption with a demographic explosion is accompanied by intensive growth in the consumption of all types of natural resources, as a result, many of them are quickly depleted. A somewhat reduced the speed of this process may be the protection of nature and the transition to the rational use of natural resources.

At the present stage of development of nature, which can be conventionally called "natural resource", one of the basic principles of environmental management is to protect resources directly during their use. It is already planned to transition to integrated environmental protection, since, in accordance with one of the laws B. Commonor "Everything is connected with all", the protection of one natural object is impossible without the protection of all other objects associated with it.

At the moment, humanity has to spend more and more forces, funds and resources to protect nature, and at the same time its condition continues to deteriorate everywhere. The most common methodological foundation for environmental protection is the constant scientific and technical improvement of humanity. It is aimed at a broader and complete use of global source natural resource potential, which in the process of historical economic development is continuously destructed.

From this pattern, another most important principle of the protection of nature in general and the abiotic environment of life is eco-friendly economical: The more appreciated approach to the use of natural resources and to the community environment, the less energy and other costs will be required and maintaining a satisfactory condition. Therefore, the results of the reproduction of the natural resource potential of any territory and effort spent on its recovery should be comparable to the economic results of environmental management.

Note 1.

The rational use of natural resources for different categories implies various purposes. In the case of non-repaid resources, it is intended to reduce the speed of their exhaustion and give it more accessible to this process. In the case of renewable resources, their rational use is capable of preventing the disappearance of this resource, making it "eternal" in the sense that it will be maintained throughout the life of at least tens of generations of people.

Principles of rational use of natural resources

1. Principle of resource study. Daily use of any resources is impossible without information about their reserves, quality, resumption rate, distribution, forecast of the consequences of their use and the possibility of replacing them to others;
2. Principle of monitoring the use and state of natural resources;
3. The principle of improving the technologies of all stages of using resources providing for their most complete use. This also includes accounting for reducing resource consumption in the design and construction of new, and modernization of already existing industries, as well as their transition to alternative energy sources;
4. The principle of increasing agricultural efficiency, strictly rationing for the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides;
5. Principle of the development of the most effective environmental technologies with the obligatory conduct of their environmental impact assessment;
6. The principle of reducing the production of waste production, their secondary processing and use as raw materials for the production of energy and products;
7. The principle of restoring all natural objects after harmful technological impact - here include land reclamation, protection against soil erosion, reproduction of forests after cutting and fires, etc.;
8. The principle of preserving the biodiversity of the planet, refers to the organization of various protections, protection and artificial breeding of rare types of biota;
9. Principle of promoting environmental protection and environmental education;
10. The principle of improving environmental legislation and environmental law, improving the effectiveness of its implementation mechanisms.

Table of contents

Introduction

The problem of human interaction with nature is the theme is eternal and especially relevant today. Humanity is connected with the natural environment by its origin, existence, its future. Since natural conditions have a huge influence on the lives of people, then let's say that a person is completely dependent on nature. Very long, people looked at nature as an inexhaustible source. And only after time, they came to the need for the rational use of natural resources. The development of civilization served to expand the use of natural resources. To this day, a person never learned to do without riches of nature. Currently, there are several definitions of the concept of "natural resources". More common of them is the following: Natural resources are the components and properties of the natural environment that are used or can be used to meet the various physical and spiritual needs of human society. Natural resources exist independently of humans and can be used as means of existence and as a means of labor, a source of material production. Such a dual character reflects:
1. their natural origin (component of nature);
2. their economic significance in society;
The age of rejogeless exploitation of nature by man behind. Today, nature needs to maintain and reproduce its resources. The main attention should be essential to the fact that saves life resources - humans and nature. A long history of human development is, first of all, the history of environmental management, the development of the productive forces, the knowledge of the laws of the laws of nature and society. Therefore, speaking of rational signs, it is necessary first of all: to take into account the scale and certain gaps in the organization. To date, there is a need to develop protection, mining and rational use of natural resources. As a more favorable option, two stages should be considered: the first - is to analyze the situation, as well as in the development of the principles of protection, mining and use of natural resources; The second is in creating the concept of rational environmental management, as a document defining the strategy of environmental management. At the same time it is very important to know that in independent form, the principles can serve as guidelines in developing and making relevant decisions.

Chapter 1 Principles of protection and rational use of natural resources.

1.1 The concept of "environmental management."

In its practical activity, a person has always been forced to reckon with the laws of wildlife. At first it was spontaneously. Gradually, humanity realized that a competent economic activity was possible and necessary. When it began to significantly increase interest in environmental problems of the relationship between nature and society, they began to use the concept of environmental management - as a complex multicomponent system, which is characterized by a plurality of principles specified depending on the purpose and objectives of a particular study.
Rational environmental management is a system of activity designed to ensure the economical operation of natural resources and the most effective regime, their reproduction, taking into account the promising interests of the developing farm and the preservation of people's health. From the point of view of Yu. Kurazhkovsky: environmental management was considered as special science, the task of which was to "develop the general principles of carrying out any activity related to nature and its resources." Based on the definition, you can allocate two ways to rational environmental management:
1. The first way is a reasonable reduction in consumption in anthropogenic ecosystems and selection of animals and plants to obtain species with a wide range of self-regulation, i.e. Economically using a natural resource.
2. The second way is to increase a particular resource through environmental protection, to give a new quality of the resource. For example, the lack of fertile land resources can be replenished by land aelioration. The lack of thermal resources (thermal amelioration) for plants can be assessed either by placing them on "warm" southern slopes, or by artificial soil heating. In order to accomplish this, you need to perform a series of mental procedures for making a decision on choosing a certain way to solve the problem.
There may be a fundamentally two cases. The first, when the resource is enough (Ri\u003e 0) and the second, when the resource is not enough (Ri<0) (см. рис1)
In the first case, it is necessary to carefully use this resource rationally, and in the second to improve the availability of the resource, or by searching for new deposits, or by environmental protection.
Events on rational should be effective and safe. Economic efficiency and social efficiency can be selected as efficiency criteria.

Figure 1. Decision schemes when using natural resources.

1.2 General view of the principles of rational environmental management.

Rational environmental management should ensure the full existence and development of modern society, but at the same time preserve the high quality of human habitat. This is achieved through the economic exploitation of natural resources and conditions and the most effective regime of their reproduction, taking into account the promising interests of the development of the economy and the preservation of people's health. Compliance with the principles of rational environmental management will allow to develop activities for the protection of natural resources, prevent aggravation of environmental situations.
In general, the principles of rational environmental management can be formulated as follows:
1. The principle of "zero-level" consumption of natural resources. This principle is used in many economically developed countries to regulate the consumption of primary natural resources on a state scale. It is called so because of the zero level the volume of primary natural resources used by the enterprise takes place for the previous year, and the next one is the excess of this level consumption is limited on a state scale a clearly defined coefficient. Compliance with the coefficient compulsory, since a penalty is charged from the violator, which may exceed the profit of the enterprise.
2. The principle of conformity of the anthropogenic load of natural resource potential. Compliance with this principle will avoid violations of natural equilibrium. Such a violation of the laws of functioning of natural systems occurs in two cases:
a) for exceeding the level of the anthropogenic load. This is expressed in excessive concentration of production. Over the years, in practice, territorial planning proceeded from the fact that the cost of production production is reduced to increase production concentration. At the same time, not only the limited renewable properties of the natural resource potential of the region were ignored; Often the consumption of certain types of resources by production exceeded their presence. Thus, the regions of the acute environmental crisis in the Donbass, Dneprovye - in Ukraine, and in Russia - in the Urals, in the Volga region and Kuzbass, etc.
Especially many ecological and economic problems caused production concentration in large cities. "Efficiency" was calculated without calculating the cost of creating objects of the necessary infrastructure. Often did not take into account the fact that the cost of infrastructure in the big city significantly exceeds its creation in small and medium. In addition, the costs of environmental protection against the pollution of production by waste production were not taken into account. Such a planning practice led to the fact that in all major cities and industrial centers there is severe pollution of the production by the waste of production. Through the excessive concentration of industry, the introduction of environmental measures is transformed into a greater problem;
b) for inconsistencies in the specialization of the production of the specifics of natural resource potential.
3. The principle of preserving the spatial integrity of natural systems in the process of their economic use. This principle follows from the most important patterns of interconnectedness of changes in the components of nature under the influence of anthropogenic activities. The influence of a person on individual components of nature and certain types of resources is not limited to changes only in them. The changes in one of the components of the natural system lead to changes in others, and sometimes to changes in the quality of the ecosystem as a whole. An example is the drainage of the marshes in the regions of Ukrainian Polesia, after which the qualities of many ecosystems changed - the pasha was flooded, small rivers dried and the like.
4. The principle of preservation of naturally determined circuits of substances in the process of anthropogenic activity. The essence of the principle is reduced not only to ensure that the technological processes of specific industries are limited by cyclic, and so that cyclic processes represented a consistent series of production stages related to each other or the complexity of raw materials processing.
The violation of this principle led to the formation of a large number of waste, which are not included in the natural circuit of substances and change the properties of many ecosystems in the region.
Compliance with the principles of rational environmental management is suitable in all regions, regardless of the hierarchical level. Preservation of a general ecological equilibrium possible, subject to the preservation of the equilibrium of natural systems of individual regions and, on the contrary. In addition, the problem of rational environmental management cannot be solved only in regional and even national borders. This is a global problem, it is inherent in the entire planet.

1.3 Principles of Natural Resources Protection.

Universal relationships and interdependencies, objectively existing both in nature itself and when interacting with society, determine the basic principles of environmental protection and rational environmental management.
Compliance with these principles is necessary when performing any economic and other activities that affect environmental communities and natural resources.
1. All natural resources have multiple value for a person and should be assessed from different points of view. This principle is reduced to the fact that, each phenomenon needs to be approached, taking into account the interests of various industries and the preservation of the rehabilitation force of nature itself.
2. When using natural resources, it is necessary to be guided by the Regulation Rule. According to Regional Regality, the appeal to the same natural resource should be different depending on the specific conditions of the area and on how this one is presented. It is the need for strict accounting of local conditions when using and protecting a natural resource.
3. The rule that follows from the relationship of phenomena in nature is that the protection of one natural object can mean simultaneously protection and other objects, closely related to it. Thus, the protection of natural resources should be considered as a comprehensive problem, and not as the amount of individual components that do not depend on each other.
Natural resources must be protected and used. This is the main principle of nature protection - protection in the process of its use. The amount of individual natural resources should be protected, but an ecosystem, which includes various components connected by natural bonds that have developed in the process of long historical development.
Legal basis for the protection of nature. The rules and principles of nature conservation are carried out by people when they have a legislative character. Currently, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" (December 19, 1991) operates. The basis for him is the recognition of the nature and its riches "the national domain of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis for their socio-economic development and human welfare."
The main objectives of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation are "regulation of relations in the interaction of society and nature in order to preserve the natural wealth and natural habitat of a person, preventing the environmentally harmful effects of economic and other activities, strengthening the legality and law enforcement in the interests of these and future generations of people." The law formulated environmental requirements for all economic structures. These requirements are addressed to enterprises, organizations, institutions, regardless of ownership and subordination forms, and individual citizens.

Conclusion

Natural resources form the basis of the national wealth of the country. The widespread involvement of natural resources in economic activities during their rational use can be an important factor that provides social and economic progress. According to the available forecasts, countries and regions rich in commodity resources. Maybe in the coming decades to take advanced positions in the civilized world.
Applying to the conclusion of your work, I would like to say that in any case natural resources are not irrefined and not eternal. This makes it necessary to constantly care about their conservation and reproduction. For this, there are the following main conditions.
First, it is necessary to carefully, rationally use what kind of person gives nature (especially with respect to irreplaceable resources).
Secondly, where it is available, it is necessary to take effective measures to replenish natural resources (restore and increase the natural fertility of the Earth, to carry out forest stations, reproduce reservoirs).
Thirdly, the secondary raw materials and other production waste should be used as much as possible.
Fourth, it is necessary to fully support the ecological purity of production and environmental management.

Bibliography

1. Lectures on the basics of environmental management; P.Ya. Baklanov "Regional Nature Management: Study Methods, Assessment, Management". Tutorial. - M.: Logos, 2002. - 160s.: Il.
2. N.G. Mosquito "Geoecology and Environmental Management", a textbook for Higher. Schools; - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 192c.
3. Internet Resources: Msuee.Ru\u003e HTM L2 / BOOKS / VVEDENIE / STRANICY / 6. HTM.
4. V.G. "The principles of rational environmental management" - Khabarovsk, 2000. - 144c.
5. V.M. Konstantinov, Yu.B. Celeidze "Environmental Fundamentals of Nature Management". Benefit. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy"; Mastery, 2001. - 208c.
etc.................

The main conditions of rational environmental use are the following.

• 1. The study of the laws of nature, the functioning of geosystems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) in their relationship, ecosystems (ranging from biogeocenoses and ending with the global environmental system - biosphere) and their components in their interaction.
• 2. Studying and determining the potential possibilities of the natural environment for adaptation with respect to anthropogenic, including man-made, loads.
• 3. Studying and predicting changes in nature under the influence of man's economic activity.
• 4. Development of resource-saving and media protection technologies.
• 5. Development of legal, economic, organizational and other mechanisms of rational environmental management.
• 6. Spatio-territorial zoning of territories taking into account the distribution of natural resources and conditions, including the implementation of architectural and planning activities (for example, the organization of sanitary protection zones around enterprises, green zones in cities, etc.).
• 7. Raising people who are ready to move from irrational environmental models to rational environmental management models.
• 8. Opportunities to invest in the creation of the above conditions of rational environmental management, including fundamental and applied science.

The main components of the rational use of resources are as follows.

• 1. Resource saving, primarily in production processes, i.e. Reducing their resource intensity. ResidentBest It is defined as the ratio of the number of resources used to the number of products manufactured (enterprises, groups of enterprises - companies, industries, economics of the region, countries). Depending on the resources used, the material consumption, energy intensity, water capacity, metal-intensity, etc. can be calculated separately. The most material intensive industry is producing. The most energy-intensive is metallurgy. The water is the most water, metallurgy, chemical industry, pulp and paper industry, irrigated agriculture, utilities. For example, for the production of 1 tons of oil, an average of 18 tons of water is required, 1 tons of paper - 200 tons of water, 1 tons of synthetic fiber - 3500 tons of water.
• 2. Intensive nature of environmental management. Preferences should be given to the not extensive nature of environmental management, but intensive - not by mastering new and new resources (for example, deposits), and at the expense of the most fully extraction of the necessary resource (as far as the best available technologies allow).
• 3. The integrated nature of the use of natural resources - natural resources should be mined once for integrated use of their use, and not every time to obtain some of their element. The greatest complexity is characterized by ores of non-ferrous metals. In oil fields, gas, sulfur, iodine, bromine, boron are in fair components; Gas - sulfur, nitrogen.
• 4. The cyclicness and low-speed production - waste of some industries can be raw materials for others, the products created should allow you to use them not only for direct purpose, but also after that, as the initial elements of the new production. For example, slags and sludge of metallurgical enterprises and waste of the pulp and paper industry can be used as sources of building materials. Larger attention should be paid to the secondary use of natural resources, which allows to save primary raw materials and energy, reduce the amount of solid waste.
• 5. The use of natural resources must be accompanied by their restoration or substitution. The transition from the predominant use of non-renewable resources to the use of renewable. In the ideal model of environmental management, the dark consumption of renewable resources (water, forest, fish, etc.) should not exceed the pace of their recovery - it is necessary to live "percentage" from the growth of natural resource, and the pace of use of non-renewable resources (mineral resources) should not exceed The rates of their replacement for renewable resources (for example, part of the income from oil production is rational to invest in the development of renewable energy sources).
• 6. Conservation and improvement of the quality of natural conditions. The volumes and concentrations of pollutants falling (discharged) into the biosphere should not exceed the permissible levels in which natural ecosystems are absorbed and processed by these substances is not degrading.
• 7. The use of natural resources should be carried out with local natural and socio-economic conditions.

Depending on the specific situation: the presence of certain resources, the state of the natural environment, the company's profile, the standard of living of the population, the development of technologies, etc., these directions of rational environmental management are specified for use in practice in the form of specific activities and actions.

Examples of indicators of the preservation of natural resources are:

• - reduction of desert areas, erosion processes of anthropogenic origin;
• - an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bnatural, including aquatic ecosystems, PAs (national natural parks, reserves, reserves and other protected areas), green plantings;
• - an increase in forest area and a variety of biological species;
• - stabilization and increase in the number of rare biological species;
• - reduction of water loss when used in economic needs and during transportation;
• - Reducing the emission of gases creating a greenhouse effect, and the like.

The depletion of natural resources is one of the main problems that determine the global environmental crisis.

Resources - The body and the forces of nature necessary for a person for life and economic activity.

Non-food potential of the country- the aggregate ability of all the country's natural resources to ensure its own and healthy reproduction and conditions of the life of the population. The natural potential of Russia is huge. In principle, Russia is quite a self-sufficient country and in natural resources does not have any dependence on other states.

There are various types of classification of natural resources. Environmental The classification is based on the signs of exhaustability and renewability of their stocks. According to these features, resources can be divided into practically inexhaustible and exhausted.

Inexhaustible resources - Solar energy, thermal (underground) heat, tides, fits, wind energy, precipitation.

Depending on the geographical location, different regions of the globe are differently gifted. solar energy. In low-cost countries, with sufficient irrigation, they remove two or more harvest per year. Nowadays, these regions use solar panels that give a significant contribution to power supply. Russia is a northern country, a significant part of its territory is in medium and high latitudes, so accumulated solar energy is practically not used.

Thermal heat - Where it is, it is successfully applied not only for therapeutic purposes (hot springs), but also for housing heating. In Russia, the largest thermal springs are located in Kamchatka (Valley of Geysers), but are not seriously used, since they are quite far from large settlements.

Energy of ocean tides and sings Also, I have not yet found widespread use due to technological difficulties, but it is known, for example, two power plants work on the shore of the La Mans, one in France, the other in the UK.

Wind energy -new, well forgotten old. Even in past epochs, a person learned to use wind energy - windmills. At the end of the twentieth century In Northern Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium) there were quite a few modern "windmills" - gigantic units, similar to the fans raised at a height of 20-30 m. Economists in these countries calculated that such a windmill pays off in two years, and then Begins to bring net income. True, a different environmental problem arose during operation: such "windmills" work very noisy.

All other resources of the planet belong to exhaustedwhich, in turn, are divided into non-renewable and renewable.

Non-renewable resources- combustible minerals (oil, natural gas, coal, peat), ores of metals, noble metals and building materials (clays, sandstones, limestone).

The more humanity produces them and uses, the less remains the following generations.

The largest world oil-producing region is the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Jordan, Kuwait). Russia also has significant reserves oil and Natural Gaslocated mainly in Western Siberia. A peculiar "oil center" is the Tyumen region. The largest reserves of natural gas - Urengoy, Yamburg (the largest in the world). The export of oil and gas today gives a significant contribution to the budget of Russia.

The exhaustion of oil and gas reserves is the largest resource problem of the XXI century. Therefore, modern scientific and technical thought in the present century should be aimed at developing alternative energy sources, on how humanity learn to live without gas and oil.

World coal reservesAccording to the assessment of geologists, enough for 2-3 centuries (if its production rates will not increase repeatedly due to the exhaustion of oil and gas flows).

Stocks ore metals In the depths are also not limitless, although the situation is not so tense with them, as with combustible fossils. However, both in the current and subsequent centuries, the rates of iron production and non-ferrous metals will steadily increase, which is undoubtedly aware of the assessment of their stocks and the time of their use. All this refers to noble metals.

It may seem that stocks of building materials (clays, sandstones, limestone) on earth are infinite. However, despite the fact that compared to other non-renewable resources, the stocks of building materials of the crisis situation are not foreshadowed, it should be remembered that the rule "the more we produce, the less" applies to them.

Renewable resources -soil, vegetable and animal world, water and air (the last partially renewable).

Soil- Thin (in the depth of no more than 10 m) the surface fertile layer of the lithosphere, which feeds the entire vegetable and animal world, including humans and livestock. Soils perform a number of environmental functions, but integrating is fertility. The soil is quite an inert body compared to water and air, so its ability to self-cleaning is limited. And anthropogenic pollution that fell into it, as a rule, accumulate, leading to a decrease and even loss of fertility. In addition to pollution, a significant factor in the loss of fertility is erosion (wind, water) as a result of illiterate plowing lands, the destruction of forests, technogenesis, etc.

Green plants- Makes up the basis of the Biomass of the Earth, these are producers that provide nutrition and oxygen all other living organisms of the planet. Among the natural plant communities are the most important (40% of the area of \u200b\u200ball sushi) as the national wealth of any people and the light of the entire planet. With the beginning of the agriculture, the process of deforestation of the planet began. Now there are essentially three largest forest arrays on Earth - the Jungle Amazon, the Siberian Taiga and the Forest of Canada. Competently and hosts only Canada applies to their forests. Brazil Barbarusky cuts forests - its national wealth.

In Russia, the situation is also deplorable. Forests in the European part (Karelia, Arkhangelsk region) and Siberia are pregnant and illiterately cut down. Wood exports is one of the country's budget revenues. New forests at the sieve cuts grow at least over 40 years, and the rate of destruction is much higher than the speed of natural regeneration (recovery), because new forest stations are needed to prevent forest extinction, which are not recently carried out. Meanwhile, in addition to economic benefits (wood), forests have a colossal recreational value, which can sometimes exceed the cost of products received from them. However, there is another problem here: growing cities have an increasing anthropogenic load on the surrounding forests, the townspeople are mad and pull them out. The emergence of fires due to human fault is also one of the factors of forest loss.

Russian forests have not only national, but also generallylanet significance, supplying oxygen Europe and providing a global effect on generally climatic changes. Scientists believe that the preservation of the huge forests of Siberia will help suspend the process of global warming of the land climate.

Animal world - There are only wild animals that are in a state of natural nature. Animals experience huge anthropogenic pressure associated with the global environmental crisis (loss of biodiversity, etc.). Under these conditions, a number of European countries have introduced a ban on hunting on their territory. Russia so far only regulates it, but these restrictions are not fulfilled, the poaching flourishes, especially fish.

For example, sea fish goes to spawning in fresh water, it rises upwards to large and small rivers. Here it falls into the targets of the dams and network of poachers. As a result, the population of sturgeon in Caspians decreased ten times (now there is a full ban on the catch of sturgeon), salmon in the Far East.

Partially renewable resources - air, water.

Water -on a global scale, water resources of the planet are inexhaustible, but they are distributed very unevenly and places are prompt. In nature, there is a cycle of water, accompanied by its self-cleaning. The ability to self-cleaning is an amazing and unique property of nature, allowing it to resist anthropogenic effects. Freshwater reserves on the planet are less than 2%, clean even less. This is a serious environmental problem, especially for countries located in arid zones.

Atmospheric air - Like water, is a unique and necessary all-life natural resource capable of self-cleaning. A huge role in this process, as in the cycle of water, plays the world ocean. But the assimilative potential of nature is not infinite. Freshwater used for drinking air necessary for breathing is now needed further purification, since the biosphere no longer copes with a colossal anthropogenic load.

Everywhere requires the adoption of decisive measures on the rational use of natural wealth. The biosphere needs security, and natural resources in economy.

The basic principles of such an attitude towards natural resources are set out in the International Document "The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development" (hereinafter - "Concept") adopted at the Second World UN Conference on the OOS in Rio de Janeiro in 1992

About inexhaustible resources "Concept" strongly requires return to their universal use, and where possible, replace non-renewable resources for inexhaustible. For example, coal replace the energy of the Sun or Wind.

In a relationship non-renewable resources In "Concepts", it was noted that their prey should be made regulatory, i.e. reduce the rates of extracting minerals from the subsoil. The world community will have to abandon the race for leadership in the extraction of one or another natural resource, the main thing is not the amount of the extracted resource, but the effectiveness of its use. This means a completely new approach to the problem of mining of minerals: it is necessary to extract not as much as every country can, and as much as it is necessary for the sustainable development of the global economy. Of course, the world community will not come to this approach, for decades will be required to implement it.

For modern Russia, mineral resources form the basis of the economy. More than 17% of world oil is mined in Russia, up to 25% of gas, 15% of coal. The main problem with their extraction is incomplete extraction from the subsoil: oil from the well is reset at best by 70%, the stone coal is produced by no more than 80%, no less large losses and during processing.

The creation and implementation of new technologies will increase the share of the extracted oil, coal, metal ores. This requires considerable funds. In Russia, the number of "non-prospective" flooded mines, abandoned petroleum wells increases.

The task of more complete extraction from the depths of minerals is adjacent to the other - comprehensive use of mineral raw materials. The analysis of some Ural RUDs showed that in addition to the main produced metal (for example, copper), they contain a large number of rare and scattered elements, the cost of which often exceeds the cost of the main material. However, this valuable raw material remains in dumps due to the lack of technology for its extraction.

In addition, the mining complex has become one of the largest sources of pollution and environmental impairment. In places of mineral mining, as a rule, forests, herbal cover, soil; In Tundra, for example, nature is forced to regenerate and self-cleaning for decades.

Principles of environmental protection require from nature user:

Maximum extraction from the depths of minerals and their rational use;

Integrated extraction not one, and all components contained in ores;

Ensuring the safety of the natural environment in the areas of mining;

Security for people when carrying out mining;

Preventing contamination of the subsoil with underground storage of oil, gas, etc. combustible materials.

Renewable resources- "Concept" requires that their operation be carried out at least within the framework of simple reproduction and their total amount has not been reduced over time. From the point of view of ecologists, it means: how much they took from nature (for example, forests), so much and return (forest-socks).

Forest – according to the estimates of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the total annual loss in the world in the first 5 years of the XXI century. amounted to 7.3 million hectares. Partly loss of forests in some countries is compensated by an increase in their area in others. Annually, the area of \u200b\u200bforest forests is reduced by 6,120 million hectares (0.18%). It is somewhat less than in the period from 1990 to 2000, when the average annual decline in the land area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth was 8.9 million hectares. The maximum reduction rate of forest area is characteristic of South America (4.3 million hectares per year) and Africa (4.0 million hectares per year). In Oceania, the annual reduction in forest area is 356 thousand hectares, and in North and Central America - 333 thousand hectares. The situation in Asia (without the Asian part of Russia) has changed significantly. In the 1990s, the decline in forest area in Asia was about 800 thousand hectares per year, and now it has changed an annual increase of about a million hectares. This is due to large-scale forest dispersion in China. In Europe (including Russia, the total area of \u200b\u200bforests has increased in the 1990s, and continues to increase at present, albeit at a lower rate. The average annual increase in forest area of \u200b\u200bEurope (including Russia and Russia) is over the period from 2000 to 2005. About 660 thousand hectares, and the increase in the accumulated stocks of wood in these forests is about 340 million m 3 per year. It is assumed that efforts to restore forest for the next half century will lead to an increase in forest area by 10%. However, the decrease in the rate of deforestation does not solve the problems already created by this process.

The deforestation speed is highly dependent on the region. Currently, the cutting speed of forests is highest (and increases) in developing states located in the tropics. In the 1980s, tropical forests lost 9.2 million hectares, and in the last decade of the XX century. - 8.6 million hectares.

Humanity has long cut down a forest using wood in construction and as a fuel or dying land in the forest for agriculture. Later, a person has a need for the creation of infrastructure (cities, roads) and mining, which sprinkled the deforestation process of territories. However, the main reason for the cutting of forest is to increase the need for grazing areas for grazing and sowing crops.

Forestry is not able to produce as much food as the trees peeled. Tropical and taiga forests are practically unable to maintain the appropriate standard of living of the population, since edible resources are too scattered. The method of covered fire agriculture for short-term use of a rich forest soil is used by 200 million indigenous people around the world.

In Russia, over the past 15 years, the volumes of logging have increased repeatedly (wood is one of the revenues of the budget), and forest treasures during this period were not carried out at all. At the same time, 2-3-multiple forests are required to restore forests after logging, for reproduction of a full forest requires 35-40, 50 years.

The lack of necessary measures leads to the fact that at present, due to fires, pests and diseases, about 1 million hectares of forests per year dies. Impact on forest resources have natural and anthropogenic factors. So, solid logging from 1987 to 1993 were carried out on an area of \u200b\u200babout 1 million hectares per year. Extremely noticeably influenced fires: from 1984 to 1992 by 1.6 million hectares. The cumulative damage was estimated for 1996, amounted to 26.5 million hectares of forests, and 99% of them accounted for Siberia and the Far East. In Central Siberia (the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), where a significant part of the boreal forests is concentrated (21.5% of the area of \u200b\u200bRussian forests), the main exogenous factors resulting in the loss of the forest fund are fires, cutting, outbreaks of mass breeding of the silkworm. Periodically, damage caused by fires, pests, diseases and industrial pollution in the forest-steppe and southern taiga forests of the region, affects 62-85% of their area, as a result, only 5-10% of the wet communities of ripe and overripes are preserved. In recent years, negative processes have increased in the preservation, use and reproduction of forest resources. There is a decrease in wood harvesting and at the same time growing area of \u200b\u200bforests destroyed by fires. Thus, from 1990 to 1996, forest areas were held by rubles on an area of \u200b\u200b430 thousand hectares (21%), destroyed by fires - 840 thousand hectares (42%), with a silkworm - by 740 thousand hectares (37%). From gas emissions and dust of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, about 500 thousand hectares died or strongly degraded. Plots of the forest suffering from these emissions are located at a distance of 200 km, and at a distance of 80-100 km, survival rate is almost zero. At the same time, the forest services of the Krasnoyarsk Territory conducts a certain work on the reforestation - as of January 1, 1998, the area of \u200b\u200bthe forest-reserving land of the forest foundation was 1,795.4 thousand hectares, of which 989.1 thousand hectares were restored naturally, 402 thousand hectares Thanks to the promotion of natural renewal and 4,04.9 thousand hectares, due to the creation of forest crops.

Land resources - The basis for producing crops of crops, the main wealth, on which our existence depends.

Essentially the soil is a "non-reserved" natural resource. To restore 1 cm 2 of the soil, depending on the natural climatic conditions from several years to several thousand years. However, with proper use of soil, unlike other natural resources, it may not only be done not to be worn, and even improve, increase, increase their fertility.

The area of \u200b\u200bfertile soils is catastrophically reduced all over the world: polluted, destroyed by air and water erosion, they are packed, pallged, deserted, are derived from agricultural turnover due to alienation (removal for construction and other purposes uncomfortable them (soil) to the main purpose). Irrevocable losses of Pashni only due to soil degradation reached 1.5 million hectares per year. The monetary expression of these losses is at least 2 billion dollars.

Having engaged in the extensive territory of Eastern Europe and all of North Asia, Russia has a huge land foundation in 1709.8 million hectares. Its soil cover is represented by many different types of soils - from the Arctic deserts and tundras, taiga podzol and swamps to forest-steppe and steppe black soils, chestnuts, brown and saline soils semi-desert, subtropical brown soils and red-color terra rossa. More than half of the area of \u200b\u200bRussia occupy different northern soils and near the third part - the soil of mountain landscapes, mostly cold. On the half of the area of \u200b\u200bRussia, the eternal Merzlota lies. Only a quarter of the country's land foundation in varying degrees are favorable for agriculture, since in the northern and middle forest zones lacking solar heat. The annual amount of average daily temperatures above 10 o C in these places does not exceed 1,400 degrees. In the southern continental districts lack atmospheric moisture (less than 400 mm per year). Only 13% of Russia's territory is occupied by agricultural land, and a lot of less - only 7%, and more than half of the pashnya focuses on chernozem. Every year and these areas are reduced as a result of erosion, inappropriate use (construction, landfill), fear, holding mining (coal mining in an open way).

To protect against erosion use:

forest protection strips;

plowing (without turning the reservoir);

plowing across the slopes and prominent (in hilly areas);

control grazing.

Violated contaminated land is restored by agricultural and forest reclamation. Reculsions of lands can be carried out by creating water bodies, housing construction. Earth can be left under self-exchanging.

Water resources- in volume freshwater sources (including glaciers) make up about 3% of the hydrosphere, the rest of the world ocean. Russia has significant water reserves. The territory is washed by the waters of the Twenteum seas belonging to the three oceans, as well as the internal-materric Caspian Sea. There are over 2.5 million large and small rivers in Russia, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other water fund objects.

Self-cleaning of water occurs at the expense of plankton living in the water. The world ocean stabilizes the climate of the planet, is in constant dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere, produces a huge biomass.

But for life and economic activity, a person needs fresh water. The rapid growth of the population of the planet and the rapid development of the global economy led to a shortage of fresh water not only in traditionally arid countries, but also those that were recently considered quite secured water. Almost all sectors of the economy, except for sea transport and fisheries, fresh water is required. For each resident of the Russian Federation per year accounting for an average of 30 thousand m 3 of the total river runoff, 530 m 3 of total water intake and 90-95 m 3 of water of domestic water supply (i.e. 250 l per day). In major cities, specific water consumption is 320 l / day, in Moscow - 400 l / day. The average water availability of the population is one of the highest in the world. For comparison: USA - 320, United Kingdom - 170, Japan - 125, India - 65, Iraq - 16 l per day. However, compared with many other countries, fresh water is consumed extremely uneconomically. At the same time, in a number of districts in the south of Russia, in the Volga region and Zauralie there are difficulties with the provision of high-quality drinking water.

When creating reservoirs, the stock of rivers has greatly decreased and evaporation and exhaustion of water bodies increased. Large water volumes requires agriculture to irrigation, and evaporation is also increasing; huge amounts spent in industry; For household needs, fresh water is also needed.

Pollution of the World Ocean and Fresh Sources is also one of the environmental problems. Currently, waste waters pollute more than a third of the entire world river flow, so hard savings are needed and preventing its pollution.

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