Let us turn to the study of the current state of all things in our fatherland. The current ruler of Russia rightly calls himself the highest manager of the country and at the same time adds that he does not consider himself an outstanding statesman. What does it say? - Only about the fact that this person has a successful sense of justice, so he knows his true price.

I want to say that on the so-called intuitive level he has the concept of the Space Law of the Measurement. Not being a person who knows (dedicated), he took on his shoulders all the severity of responsibility for the destiny of the country. He accepted because he saw that he was the environment of the former crazy ruler of Russia. Therefore, when Putin received a proposal to occupy the state of the ruler of the country, he asked himself a question: if not me, then who? - and accepted the only right decision.

This act speaks about another valuable quality of his spirit - courage. I argue that very few residents of this planet possess such qualities of the Spirit. Of course, even the most prominent people of the Earth, the positive qualities of the spirit are in the infancy, if they are compared with the seven-day seminar scale of the spirit of the whole keyboard of a single space life, spilled into a random number of forms (i.e. bodies). Briefly explaining this phrase: the more intelligent and spiritually above the essence of the universe, the more advanced organs of the senses, and the qualities of the human spirit are directly dependent on the degree of development of these bodies. The humanity of the Earth has developed only five primitive organs of feelings, therefore the positive qualities of the spirit from earthlings are underdeveloped and that even worse is that most people have the quality of the spirit have become negative. If my words were not true, there would be no Sing Uphraka on Earth. And even more so, there would be no well-organized black fraternity numbering several billion spoiled souls.

But, despite many positive qualities of the Spirit, which the current ruler of Russia has, I argue that things in our family will have every day and every month more and more deteriorating, and the population of the country will morally degrade and continue to die with unprecedented speed. Why? Because the current ruler instills capitalist lifestyle to Russian society. And what is capitalism? - How correctly argued the classic of the Great Revolution, "Capitalism is a war," rather continuous conciliatory wars. And another truly smart representative of the human race of this planet, who lived in the nineteenth century, made a fair sentence in the nineteenth century: "There is something rotting in the very core of such a social system, which, increasing his wealth, retains poverty, and, in which crime is growing Even faster than birth rate. "

That is why according to the Great Plan of Evolution, capitalist societies do not have a single chance for further existence on this planet. Those peoples who will not be able to voluntarily abandon the capitalist lifestyle already in the foreseeime of time will be selectively destroyed by fire spas to the very last member. I argue!

Hence the only possible conclusion: the current ruler, without knowing it, leads the Russian nation in the grave - throws it for an ax of ruthless evolution. After all, evolution does not know neither pity, nor mercy when the times of the execution of space terms appointed at the very beginning of the time or other creators of planetary systems, galaxies ... and even more grandiose worlds manifested by the Universe.

Obviously my statement is more detailed for all the layers of the masses: people are made to compare the state with the ship floating through the vast ocean of life. So our ship is the Russian Empire, saved by the Mahatma Lenin, his mighty will was aimed at further sailing on the waters of life. The next ruler is the captain of our "ship", confidently, however, not without gross mistakes, led him an evolutionary and right course laid great Lenin. For the degenerate leader of the Peoples Stalin did not doubt the ideas of the one who paved the only faithful course of the ship. The subsequent "captains" slowed down the "ship", for they were rather amateur in comic matters than the pro. Well, the paddle to flatter the Perebbi's simplet and stopped the course of our ship at all, since he was doubted in the correctness of the course, laid by those who saved the ship and let him in further swimming on the waters of life.

It was worth Malover to doubt the loyalty of the course that the ship should almost immediately occurred the vessel's crew rebel. A cowardly captain could not resolutely and mercilessly suppress the riot on the ship entrusted to him. Therefore, he was the most arrogant to be expelled from the captain's bridge with an expedited team, and his place was taken by an absolutely unbearable sailor-Zabuldyga, who did not have any idea of \u200b\u200bthe profession of captain of the ship. This is the most Zabuldiga, being all his conscious life in a drunken ugar, and unfolded our ship, - the Russian Empire, in the opposite direction of evolution, that is, to the side of the opposite of life itself. At the moment, our ship is the Russian state, in full swing goes to his death.

Someone may think about why the current captain does not correct the ship's fuss? After all, what can be easier: look at the starry sky, the coordinates of the ship were determined and, by correcting the course, follow in the right direction to the cherished harbor. Yes, it was as it would have been a real captain of the ship, which has a special education and practical shipping skills. And the current captain has never been a fifth: he is just a passenger of the ship, due to the need to take care of the captain's bridge. He does not have the concepts where the ship should swim and where the cherished harbor is located, in which the ship must quit his anchor. He even if he had been heard about the existence of a cherished harbor, would still not achieve it, because he had no way to pave a faithful course, because he did not know how to use the star of the starry sky.

The current course of the ship, the passenger, who, by the will of circumstances, was forced to stop at the captain's bridge, keeps on a little noticeable silhouettes of ships floating away at the very edge of the horizon. The passenger, standing on the captain's bridge, sincerely believes that he leads the ship by the right course, because he argues, they cannot make a mistake in choosing the course all the captains of the ships that he observes from the head of the horizon.

But I, - one of those who know, say: the passenger, managing our ship, - by the Russian state, is in the ignorance that the current "political" course is the course in the grave. I argue that ships visible at the edge of the horizon, that is, all Western states are doomed to inevitable death. Why? Because the peoples of the West have already moved the line, after which there is no return to life. Therefore, all these states and the people inhabiting their peoples will die immutable.

Briefly explain my thought on the example of piloting aircraft. By performing flights in unbearable areas, removed from civilization, in the endless tundra of the Polar region, in the deserted and high-mountainous areas of Central Asia, the inconspicuous number of times I have thoroughly calculated the refund, because I was never drawn to commit suicide.

The refund line is calculated when there are no spare airfields at the rate of the aircraft, on which the crew could make a safe landing in the event of a sudden closure of the destination airfield. Having reached a turn of the return, the aircraft commander makes a decision or continue flight to the destination, or return to the flight airfield. If at the turn of the return, the commander makes the decision to follow to the destination, then this means that after the flight span, in the event of some circumstances not taken into account, the aircraft, the crew and passengers are doomed, because the fuel required to return to the departure airfield , not enough. That's why I am with all the responsibility of a person who knows, declare: the peoples of the Western and almost all the peoples of Eastern civilization, who took over the capitalist lifestyle, will die immutable, because they passed the line, after which there is no return to life. Said!

Many guessed that the bindings, after which there is no return, is the consciousness of people who have worked for millions of years their stay on this planet. And the minds of the peoples of capitalist societies do not meet the cosmic principle of a uniform life. After all, almost all of the Western society consists of egoist people, durable rope tied to illusory private property, which does not exist, and never existed in the universe. And the egoists and the korestolubs have no place in the evolution of the Universe - they are immutablely destroyed by fire space, that is, the energies of the Absolute, God ... and other names that the current universe for being has shown.

Remember: In the Universe, only such sensible creatures have the right to live, which developed collectivist consciousness and recognized all their spiritual nature that there are no kind of property in space. For only collectivists who have altruistic consciousness are capable of self-sacrifice, that is, they can give their soul to any other MiG. And, as already said, life in the manifested universe is supported by the voluntary victim of all of them without exceptions. No sacrifice - no life. You will not donate, it means that you will not live. This is an immutable law of space.

Yes, the temporary captain of our ship, Russia, by virtue of ignorance thinks that he leads it to a faithful course. He even tries to speed up the ship's course to catch up with the Armada of ships floating around the head of the horizon, floating in unprecedented. What else is engaged in our passenger, due to the need to become a captain of the vessel? He is engaged in the most pretty responsibility of the captain of the ship - maintaining decent living conditions in the cabins of the passengers of the vessel's trust. He spends a lot of strength and for the repair of the ship, spread out in the pinch of the formerly insane team, which was trying to lead the sailor-Zabuldiga.

But how do passengers of our ship behave after a sudden change of the course for one hundred eighty degrees and announcements with a crazy team, who arranged a riot on the ship, that it turns out that passengers floated not where all other civilized travelers float? - More ninety percent of passengers is extremely unhappy with such a state of affairs, for ordinary everyday intuition suggests them that their ship is Russia, following the new course, rapidly approaching his death. But, by virtue of the weakness of the mind and the lack of even the minimum necessary will to life, they have come, because they know that they cannot change anything.

The small part of the folk mass, consisting of mentally-defective passengers, guided by the animal instinct of capture and purely practical considerations, decided to somehow brighten his journey and took up to what she was called for word-taking citizens who allegedly know how to live. " This small part of the total number of passengers took up the arrangement of its personal cabins. For the arrangement of its personal cabins the most unsuitable, but extremely initiative passengers had to take away almost all the property and other material values \u200b\u200bfrom those who did not show any interest to this occupation. And the initiative passengers that robbed to the last thread of the rest of the travelers were acting on the direct decree of the crazy ship's team: enrich in at any cost! The one who will be awarded will be the obstacle member of the captain of the ship, that is, the new elite of Russia.

Yes, it was on those who put in Soviet times, speculated, rubbed his pants, sitting in the chairs of the party and Komsomol secretaries, was made by the current team of the "ship" in the rebirth and prosperity of Russia. After all, no one, who is in his mind, will not deny that it is the morally-decopted bastard that is the one listed me, which, in the best times, decent people disappeared to serve her hand, took all the top steps of the social and power staircase of modern Russia.

A small handheld of travelers with the specific inclinations of the soul, the most who always know "how to live", was delighted with the damned maneuver. For the mouths booted before the chatters so that they would not interfere with the captain to lead the ship, and now they can speak to the crew and even to give a bunch of advice on shipping. Of course, everyone guessed that these are intellectuals (in the soul, all intellectuals are democrats), for which the meaning of life is to constantly grind the language and express his personal opinion. But intellectuals need not just to express their personal opinion: to obtain emotional pleasures, they need to draw into the discussion of their personal idiotic opinions as much as possible. Speaking, these citizens are capable of whole days, without sleep and rest - on any trifle occasion, or at all without any reason.

Probably, my compatriots noticed that the verbal battles of intellectuals with those who are dissatisfied with the current "political" course are either such a phrase: with the same "totalitarian" mode, such discussions were generally impossible, and the discussion of the political course of the head of state and was considered at all. Kramole. Intelligents, as they think, lead a fact that convincingly proves the advantage of democracy to the past "totalitarian" regime.

Let's figure out, and suddenly supporters of democracy are actually right? After all, indeed, at the same time, no one even thought that the heads of the country's councils can provide at the disposal of citizens all the existing media to express dissatisfaction, admit, by a political course, held by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

Already explained that our state is a ship, taking a worn course, rapidly approaching the frontier, after which the return to the previous one, the correct evolutionary path will become impossible. What happens is understandable to all - Russia will die together with the doomed states of the West and inhabiting their peoples. Yes, indeed, the passengers of our "ship", which comes in full swing to their death, that is, the citizens of Russia, they were allowed to speak out - Melie's all that wakes up into a violent head. But the ship, if urgently does not change the course, will die along with passengers. Hence the conclusion: the "Freedom of the speech" is permitted by the current authorities, there is exactly the same "freedom", as well as at the Holes, going on the scaffold. After all, people sentenced to the death penalty are also given to express their last word. And who sentenced the Russian nation to the death penalty? - The one who has changed the course of our ship and sent it to the rocky shore, from which we sailed to the darkness of the ages ago.

But how will the mentally full-fledged people behave, having learned that their ship sails to the rocks, do they really shut up the mouths of the talkians and do not trust the ship to people who know the shipment, that is, professional sailors? I am sure that mentally full-fledged people, making a choice between life and the ability to grind the tongue, will certainly choose life.

This choice will make mentally full-fledged people who are sentenced to death, but not intelligents! Why? Because for the intellectual, the meaning of life is that it is not tired to grind the tongue. Lisha intellectual rights publicly express their personal opinion, and he will immediately work out like a fish thrown ashore of the reservoir. Well, why the intellectuals are extremely chatteries, it is not difficult to explain: they do not know how to think. After all, someone who learned to think, I don't even want to open your mouth once again to answer the questions of our still unreasonable tribesmen. Remember: The thinker opens his mouth to voicing thoughts only at extreme need. Hence the conclusion: only a desert person is cracking with a small peas, there is no idea that there is life.

Yes, this is the truth: the one who knows, silent, and the one who knows nothing is extremely talking. There is a straight-proportional dependence: the ignorant and insignificant two-legged, the more chatter. Moreover, the goggles are the most nicudual workers in all without exception of human activity. But I expressed not the whole truth about the chatters. Boltons are dangerous members of society, for they are distracted by their damaged verbal crackle from important cases not only of the usual capable members of society, but even outstanding figures of the common good. After all, no one will deny that in a short time weakly talking is able to ask as many stupid questions, for which a sage will not be able to answer for his whole life released. And in the vain theft of time from their neighbors is much worse than the usual theft of material values. After all, the one who is stealing time from the people around him, simply speaking, stealing invaluable time from their lives in the physical world, appointed by him by the lords of karma with an accuracy of one minute.

An example from history in confirmation of my words: can be represented as it would happen to a Russian nation if Mahatma Lenin would instead of organizing popular masses to save the Great Power, would be launched into theoretical disputes with intelligent boltons, which make themselves philosophers? - The Russian Power, which received a huge hole as a result of the February conspiracy of the Zionists, would go to the bottom. That's why the Great Leader brushed outside the emerging Soviet Empire, the flock of annoying "flies", which prevented him from saving the country leading the rest of the world. It should be emphasized that Lenin, who possessed the Great Mercy, did not give the team to navigate the annoying "flies", which would be advisable to do in those days, and ordered this diverse bolt to the "philosophical" steamers and send them to the full and well-groomed countries of the West.

Another example: what would happen if a degenerate leader of the peoples of Stalin instead of the exemplary industrialization of the Soviet Empire and the full collectivization of its agriculture, that is, the revival of the original communal mistake of the life of the Russian people, the barbaric chained by the "Grand Reformer" Stolypin would start into infinite theoretical Discussions with their own enemies about the loyalty of his political course? - I assure everyone that in this case, no more than the thirty millionth population of the European part of the deceased Soviet empire would have said now in German. And even a smaller part of the population, living beyond the Urals, would wake up in the mornings in the barracks under the city of shocks of bamboo sticks of Japanese guards.

Could the leader of the peoples of Stalin, knowing that the Great War will grow very soon, to carry out reforms in the Soviet Empire in some other more gentle way? Yes, he could hold his reforms on a different scenario, however, if another people lived in the empire. But such a people who would not strangle the black toads of personal property, envy, negligence, laziness ... simply no on this planet. I will say more: the one who really suffered from the heavy and not always the fair hand of the People's Leader of Stalin, it must still be grateful to him for invaluable life experiences styled in the "capture". By the way, as if, in our time, someone from the "Russians" lives in the wild, watching the sky every day through the died windows of its apartment and barricading the steel door from a raider of unreasonable Horde of robbers and marauders.

Let someone tried to refute my words: during the reign of the national leader of Stalin, an animal horror was experiencing an insignificant interlayer of society, the smell of decomposing the consciousness of the Russian people, and in our time they experience fear for their lives, all "Russians", and regardless of their social status and material Good luck. For the ninety percent percent of the "Russians" every day expect coming on their soul of the gangsters of all the masters, or the chinush-hodges that in principle there is the same thing. As used to say, Mahatma Lenin: "Rich and crooks, it is two sides of the same medal." But no one will deny that the personal states of the highest state officials, "htched" by them in the public service, almost equalized with the states of the oligarchs of the nineties. But even this extremely spoken public has finally realized that no personal security will save it, if more arrogant robbers want to take advantage of his representatives, or wanted to deprive them of their life. Of course, someone will be difficult to understand my clear thought, for the consciousness of many citizens of Russia is damaged. I will not even speak about the consciousness of the peoples of Western civilization, because these peoples almost no longer exist on this planet, for they are doomed.

I will give another example, in order for the citizens of my country to become clear, for which it is necessary to thank the national leader of Stalin, who took their hands to the helm of the management of the Russian Empire at the critical moment of its history. It is known that in order to form a carbon to form a diamond is needed very large pressure. Also, as from carbon, as a result of an alchemical reaction (ie, transmutation), a diamond is obtained, also from the alignment, as a result of their personal suffering, something suitable for further evolution may turn out. Since the times will come soon when the great selection of "diamonds" will occur on this planet for the eternal life, then it is necessary for all people who have a mind, rejoice when they will have the opportunity to temper themselves with pressure. Do not envy those who, in the great time of the selection of the latter, will be far from "diamond", because the fiery energy of the forces of exceeding will tear the people-pacifiers on elementary cosmic particles.

Let nobody thinks that I urge compatriots to self-keeping their dense shells (i.e. physical bodies). And then, after all, someone might think that sex perverts and religious fanatics, toning their flesh, spiritually grow. Nothing like this! I meant that the life of a person in the physical world of the Earth is a solid and never incessant chain of suffering, get rid of which is possible only in one thing - spiritually develop and be born in the world, that is, becoming a Bohellovecom and ascend to his long-abandoned homeland - Fire World.

So it is necessary to learn to people to undergo all the suffering, and not shy away from them. Therefore, there is a saying: God endured and ordered us. Only thanks to the experienced personal suffering, a person is capable of an alchemical reaction of his consciousness, that is, on the transformation of its lowest animal nature in the Divine. The great philosopher Nietzsche was right when he said that "superhumans are zipper from the dark clouds of man." These words, the philosopher described the transmutation of human consciousness. Of course, I would correct this formula, replacing the concept of superman on the concept of God, for no supernatural phenomena in nature and in the worlds. Yes, the so-called miracles - this is the manifestation of the unknown inhabitants of the Earth of the innermost (ie occult) laws of nature, which establish great dimensions in the space of the universe.

So, you need to remember: from two angry people should choose the smallest evil. Therefore, it is better to be inhibited than the oppressor, it is better to be persecuted than a persecutor, it is better to be robbed than a robber, it is better to be slander than a slander. Why? Because at the end of the times, which have come, poured justice everything to the one will be selectively destroyed by fire space.

My message readers became clear that at the moment there was time on our "ship", that is, in our fatherland. Robbers and officials that in the democratic state there is the same, without any feasout for its existence, it continues to break and brazenly promote their compatriots, because they are protected by unfair state laws that they themselves have been published. Bottles, that is, the intellectuals, on endless television "shows" distract the people from the cardinal solution of the pressing problems of the Russian nation. Or someone thinks that the infinite "political" television shows, on which are intelligent, as a flock of manless dranches, have each other and everyone and all, do not release a fair folk perturbation in the whistle? And I must say that the fair perturbation of the people is a gigantic potential of subtleter energy capable of securing any modes and any rulers of those inserted on its path. Therefore, those that with the help of television shows and other media deliberately produce this gigantic folk power in the whistle, know what they are creating.

Of course, we should not think that the mechanism for issuing a fair folk perturbation invented our democrats. I did not come up with His aglitskaya "elite" in the form of a famous Haidn Park, which is nothing but only an aviary for mongrel dogs, where they can release their indignation, without a break-free power of people. Of course, England is home to this primitive mechanism for the release of popular perturbation in the whistle, for its roots, this invention of dark forces goes into a multi-million past past of humanity.

It follows the conclusion: all these poisonous regulars of all sorts of talk shows engaged exclusively by poisoning of the people's consciousness are the most extent and the worst enemies of the Russian nation. Said!

Gurga Andrey

ship course

Alternative descriptions

The position of the ship walking under the sail relative to the wind

Course, the position of the vessel relative to the wind

Ship path line from turn to rotation

The position of the sailing vessel relative to the wind

Turning path to turn

Segment of the ship path (vessel) from turn to turn when swimming with variable courses

Bearing Tackle of Sailing Ship (Ship)

Russian artificial satellite

Course of the vessel relative to wind

Course against wind

On board to the wind

Ship cutting board to the wind

Vessel

Vessel on board to the wind

Course regarding wind

Line pathway ship

Lavivka

The course of the vessel according to the wind

Course of the ship

Course on the wind

Wind grade

Cut the path when rail

The course of the vessel refers. Wind

Course according to the wind

On board to the top

Window

. "Windy" court course

Tackle Holding Parus.

Course of the vessel relative to wind

The position of the vessel relative to the wind

Segment of the ship path from turn to turn

. "windy" vessel

Course of sailboat

Course across the wind

M. Morsk. Rope, Tackle, tensioning the bottom winding angle of the lower and oblique sails: leeward is called Shkot. On the Volga, Gals Naz. Rana, Shkot Vacation. Since Gole is stretched (sits down) of the hatch, then the word is, with an increase: right, left, indicates which side winds, with a steep course (see Bat, Beidevind); Go right galks, on the left side from (against) wind, which will blow on the right. The title of tackle is given by the sail: the Gott-Golts, the Foka-Gals, etc. Shkot pull, and Gals Saluat. Gallery, up to the galley. Gals-kleampa Morror. Well in the board where he is tall. Gals-Tali MN. Tali, Blood blocks, for galese pads with fresh wind

Cable of the lower sail

Windy change rate

Alexander Sergeevich Suvorov ("Alexander Suvoroy")

Photoxronics book: "The legendary BPK-SKR" Fierce "DKB Navy 1970-1974.".

16. Ship course laying. 05/19/1971.

Photo Film: From an open Internet.

Data sources: Bagryantsev B. I., Reshetov P. I. Learn the marine business. - 2nd ed., Add. - ML DOSAAF, 1986, - 175 s, Il, 8 liters. Il.

On the second pair of classes, we found old marine cards, simple pencils, vehicles, circus meters and small parallel rukers on our tables.

The teacher had the same card on the blackboard. She told her, showed and laid lines and corners. We all diligently repeated on their cards.

There are two types of ship gaskets in the sea: preliminary and executive.

Preliminary gasket is performed before the ship's exit in the sea. At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bthe upcoming swimming on closets and marine navigation cards is studied in detail, appropriate maps, benefits, tables, locations and descriptions are selected, cards are corrected for which the course will be preserved.

When choosing a course, the course thoroughly check the length of the path, the conditions of swimming: winds, flows, tides and flow, navigation equipment, navigation hazards and time of their passage, time of arrival at designated points on the way, destination, coast and other landmarks, underwater dangers, etc.

With a preliminary gasket, different options for movement and the path are calculated, compassing courses are paired in advance, the amendments for declining and other interference are calculated. All pre-gasket data are reduced to the courses tables.

The executive gasket is continuously from the moment the ship's output from the base or shoot it from the anchor.

Executive or actual courses are paved taking into account the real, real, actual and specific environment on the path-transition from point to the point of the route. At the same time, they always seek to follow the preliminary gasket courses.

To start the executive laying, you need to accurately determine the location of the ship, "said the teacher. - We already know that for this you need to determine the exact direction on the North Pole and take the bearer on any guidelines. Knowing the height of his observation point above sea level and height of the landmarks, we define the distance to them on the tables.

The corners of the North Pole relative to the main Meridian of the North Pole, we know the distances on the tables, "the teacher said Dudvito," therefore we will apply it on the map. We will get the exact location of our ship.

The teacher deftly made the necessary measurements of the angles by landmarks on the walls-drawings of the audience, recorded data on the board, and then the transport, circular meter and parallel ruler on the scale of this data on its card.

Sing in half did the same on our maps. For the first time, each of us, looking to the neighbor and to each other in the card, determined their location in their places for our tables in our audience in the whole surrounding space, that is, on Earth!

Congratulations to you, "the teacher told us. "For the first time you just defined our place in this life for the first time in my life. You can be deservedly be proud of yourself.

We are not just proud, we shook! True, with each of us sching, as after hard work ...

Immediately at the exit from the base, the place of the ship is determined, "said the teacher," and they apply it to the card. Then they immediately launch the right course in the first point of the path-route from this actual place. On the line of the true course they record a compass course and the overall correction of the compass.

The point obtained as a result of the definition of the placelers on the shore items, distances to certain objects or by the bearer and the distance, is called the "ships'" observated location "

We did not like this name ...

The hidden place of the ship will be burned on a circle map, "the teacher said," the time of definition time and countdown in the form of a fraction is written. These gaskets are recorded in the navigation log.

The teacher recorded all this on his board, and we recorded our data in the tables on their cards.

The control definitions of the ship's place are made at least after 1 hour, "said the teacher," depending on the situation in the navigation area: wind, flow, visibility, presence of navigation hazards, etc.

As you see, the simplest way to determine the place of the ship is the way to combine corners along two bearing, "said the teacher. - The most accurate and common method is the method of determining three delers, when the directions on three coastal objects simultaneously take the directions at the same time, the time is noticed up to 1 minute and write down the counting of the lag to 0.1 miles.

Perelege, taken over the magnetic compass, correct the overall correction of the compass and pave them on the navigation map from the respective objects. At the same time, the place of the ship will be at the point of intersection of these origins.

Naturally, it is necessary to take the ramps as quickly as possible, because the ship is moving, the bearers and distances are changing, "Teacher told us. - Especially quickly the situation is changing at the corners of close to traverse, that is, to 90 °, in the direction of the perpendicular course of the ship.

Consequently, the teacher said, "Perelelents are first taken to the benchmarks of nasal and feed coursework, the latter - on the benchmarks of traverse courses.

Particularly affects the accuracy of determining the location of the position of the ship on the directionlers drift and demolition of the ship from the wind, aimed at excitement or flow. At the same time, it is determined not a ship course, but the path of the ship, taking into account the corner of demolition from the true course.

Laying without control definitions of the vehicle location is called a number. The number is a mark at a certain time on the ship's ship's moment counting the lag (velocity velocity), calculating the distance passed by the ship and specifying this distance along the true course.

It turns out a "read point" of the location of the ship in the true course, "said the teacher. - At the same time, there is such a chest on the course of the course and in the form of a fraction is the time and counting of lag.

There are other ways to determine the place of the ship: astronomical, radio advocate, satellite and others, - said the teacher and asked: "What technical means of shipment you know."

Restored in the navigation "Moreman" immediately became a correspondence: compass, direction finder, lots, echo sounders, chronometers, clocks, rangefinders, tallerizers, strokes, hrenomiers ...

The last "technical means of shipping" called Harry Napalkov for which he received an approving laughter of those present and the kindly catch-up teacher ...

In fact, the technical means of shipments and navigation, "said the teacher, - belong:

Magnetic and gyroscopic compasses, circulators;
lags;
lots and echo sounders;
rangefinders and radar stations;
Seks, taller, various prism;
chronometers, deck clock and stopwatch;
barometers, barographs, thermometers, thermographers, psychrometers, anemometers;
Radio finders and satellite navigation systems.

We are quiet so as not to make noise, moved to another room in which these most technical means of shipments were stood.

The teacher directly on these devices began to show us and talk about each of them.

He showed us the main, travel and boat compasses.

The main compass - control, on it is assigned a ship course, as well as the references of all berelers are taken.

The kouvev turned out to be a compass, along which the steering wheel holds the ship at the specified course.

The boat compass turned out to be a small manual compass.

The main marine magnetic 127-mm (5-inch) compass has: a kitel with a cartoon and a delayer, a covert with a shock-absorbing suspension to install the kittel and device for the destruction of deviation.

The compass is installed so that its course features coincide with the diametrical plane of the ship or were strictly parallel to it.

The chamber 127-mm compass was filled with a compass fluid - a mixture of ethyl alcohol (43% by volume) with distilled water. The freezing temperature of such a mixture is -26 ° C.

Compass fluid provides a cartridge lightness and smooth rotation on the hairpin, reduces friction during rotation, increases its stability during pitching.

To determine directions to objects, a special device is applied - a delayer, which is installed on top of the compass bowler.

The ordinary direction finder consists of a base (brass ring with a cross-line) and an object target mounted on it, eye target and a cup of deflector.

The eye target is equipped with a mirror prism that serves so that the observer can simultaneously see the pea and reference direction on the cartoon. Two folding light filters were strengthened on a special column of the eye target.

To determine the directions on the heavenly luminaries, the subject target is equipped with a campaign black mirror, reinforced at its base ahead.

The catch of 127 mm of the seabed compass is a pavement cabinch or a curly casting from the silumin. Nonhose has doors to access the deviation to the deviation.

Nonhose has a spring suspension for depreciation of the kitteker, a deviation device, as well as a protective cap or a ball lighting device (shop). A certain metal is mounted at the top of the tilt, to reduce the effects of external electromagnetic fields on the compass card.

The ball lighting device illuminates the compass card at night. There are fasteners for two oil lanterns on the sides of the nadosez.

Currently, the lighting of the compass card is carried out from the bottom, "said the teacher," so she glows in the dark.

The safety of the chief and travel magnetic compasses depends on the accuracy of the testimony of the main and travel magnetic compasses, "said the teacher Veshko," therefore these compasses, and in general, the compasses of the sailors are caught as the most holy, as an eye of the eye, like a child in her arms.

All external surfaces of the compasses are wiping from dust, moisture or salts only with soft flannel rags or suede. Clean compasses with any chemical or abrasive substances is prohibited.

The azimuthal ring, the delayer and the tower is smeared with a thin layer of technical vaseline.

When parking a ship at the pier, a magnetic compass is closed with a protective cap and a canvas. The direction finder is removed from the compass and is stored in a special case or drawer.

The door of the NTOsowa for access to the deviation device is always closed on the lock, the key from which is stored at the responsible for the compass.

Even more strict requirements of content and maintenance are presented to the gyrocompass.

The teacher began to talk about the device of the gyrocompass, about the principle of his action, about the complexity of this navigation device, we were heard by the teacher, so I almost did not have time to write to my abstract.

From his story, we realized that the gyrocompass is a quickly rotating top, which, when swing and turning, still retains the same position to a certain side and coinciding with a longitudinal axis or a course of the ship.

The holy gyroscope rotates in the center of the axes of the cardan suspension, which provides him with all three degrees of freedom. In this case, the gyroscope always turns towards the perpendicular direction of the application of the displacement force. This turn of the gyroscope-wolf is called precession.

This property of precession and cargo (source of force), applied to the horizontal axis of rotation of the cardan suspension of the wag, turns the top, cardan and cargo to the navigation device - gyrocompass.

The gyrocompass does not depend on magnetic and electromagnetic fields and is able to give true directions, however, with a tool amendment.

The gyrocompass is mounted in a fixed relative to the covered ship and installed in a securely protected place, in a special compartment with a waterproof steel door. Gyrocompass has a complex device and requires a highly professional relationship.

With the help of a special tracking system, the course data from the gyrocompass can be transmitted to the main instrument cards located on the table, as well as in different points of the ship to repeater and other devices running from the gyrocompass (cross-referring, auto-contractor, goalkeeper, etc.).

In order for the gyroscope to worked properly, it needs continuous power supply a gyroscope for a long time prepares for hiking and combat use (4-6 hours) and it needs highly professional maintenance by a specialist.

The repeater (repeater) of the gyrompass actually repeats the readings of the main compass (uterus). Repeators are installed in various places where it is necessary to monitor the course of the ship: in the steering and navigator logging, on the bridge, in the cabin of the commander, in the spare control post (in the talled compartment).

The repeater has azimuth circle, a cooler curtain (360 ° of 10 divisions in a circle) and an accurate reference card (360 ° 100 divisions in a circle, that is, 0.1 °).

Removing the countdown of the course or bearing on the repeater, the whole dozens of degrees take from the coarse curtain, and the units and tenth shares of the degree - from the exact reference cart.

Repeaters designed to take bellows and definition of exchange angles are installed on pelorus with a cardan suspension, compensating for a swing and sense.

Optical delay trucks for taking bellows to remote visible objects and objects, as well as to determine the course angles, are installed on the gyrocompas repeaters on these pelorus.

In addition, the arms is installed in the navigator logging - the device for automatic recording on a special paper tape of the ship. It also receives signal-data from the gyrocompass. The ship's course on the campus is determined by the records of two recorders and on the tables.

Also with a gyrocompas and steering machine, the auto-power is connected - the device for the automatic retention of the ship at the specified course.

At a special nuclear electron-electromechanical device ("Nadrum Tablet") is installed "Auto-order" - a device that automatically draws the ship's course on the sea navigation map of the following path. Avt Pader receives data signals from gyrocompas and lag.

Avt Padel allows you to control and reflect on the map actual maneuvering of the ship, its speed and place with documentary accuracy and records of this data directly on the map. All necessary corrections are entered manually or automatically. Defining coordinates and autocomposition of the ship's pathway is made in the geographical coordinate system on maps in a mercator projection.

The teacher showed us a regime lag and told about the principle of his work. According to the principle of work, the lags are divided into turbid, hydrodynamic (hydraulic) and induction, measuring the vehicle speed relative to water, as well as hydroacoustic and geomagnetic, giving vehicle speed relative to the bottom and position of the Earth.

Lag allows you to determine the ship speed (in nodes) and the distance that the ship passed (in miles).

Hydrodynamic lag (for example, LH-25) consists of three main parts: hydraulic, mechanical and electrical: from the total pressure tube (static + dynamic), membrane apparatus and static pressure tubes.

On the course of the ship's high-speed vehicle through the receiving hole of the total pressure tube, presses on the membrane, which begins to move along with the rod up. Moving, the rod acts on the mechanical part of the central instrument, which consists of a velocity measuring unit and a measurement node of the distance traveled.

By means of mechanical and electrical transmission, the data on the pressure value on the membrane comes to the axis of the speed indicator arrow and the device registering the distance traveled by the ship.

Naturally, the testimony of the distance has passed depends on the water pressure, from the pressure in the lag system. Therefore, lags are tested on the so-called "dimensional line" or "dimensional mile." At a given sector of the sea with accurate landmark coordinates at different speeds, time is measured. Then the rate calculated on traverse benchmarks is compared with the testimony of lag. Actual lag corrections are taken into account when conducting a gasket.

Hydroacoustic, geomagnetic and satellite navigation devices are even more accurate in the determination of speed and distances covered by the ship.

Special devices are used to measure depths to the sea - lots. Lots are manual, mechanical and hydroacoustic (echo sounders).

Hand Lot (Long Lottin with flags, colored and figure markers and lead or cast-iron gays at the end) measure depths up to 50 m at a speed of up to 5 nodes.

Hyry of manual lot has a recess for a mixture of thusshing chalk with lard or twisted soap. The particles from the bottom adhere to this mixture and thereby determines the nature of the soil.

The lot is thrown from special lots and necessarily only with a windward side. Before measuring the depths of "Lotter" necessarily puts on a special belt - Brest-Rope, the end of which is attached to the ship.

In addition to measuring the depths, the manual lot is used to determine the nature of the soil, to detect the ship drift when parking anchor, for measuring the sediment with the nose and feed.

Let's try to leave the lot, "the teacher suggested us.

We gladly agreed. From the cabinet solemnly removed a lightweight version of the ship lot. Opened the window into the yard and from the windowsill "Lotting" began to learn to throw a lot ...

If necessary, measure the depth of the mongs and the nature of the soil, "Teacher told us loudly," the team is served: "Lot to Lot, get ready to take depth!".

Lotted, "he continued to talk and at the same time, his hands moved our" lot "," taking a place, prepares a lot: in the hand, facing the ship, dials 10-15 Slots of Lotline, laying it so that Lottin can freely encourage the lotline when working It feels overboard and is held in a suspended condition for the cluster.

The guys with delight repeat the strange words: "Shlagi", "Lotline", "etching", "pull out", "Hold", "Clewant." There was no limit to fun and laughter.

Red and sweaty "lot" diligently tried to fulfill the teams of the teacher, but he had hands, for some reason, were "wire" ...

Everyone thought he could be more agile "lot", but everyone who was taken behind the handmade lot was clumsy.

According to the team: "As the depth!", - Teacher told, - the lot rolls a lot along the side, with force throws it along the ship and starts to worry Lottin.

When Touching the Garray of Soil Lottin ceases to trave, "said the teacher and stopped the" lot "hand. - Lottle's leather quickly picks up the slack of the Lottle and at the time of passing the ship's location slightly lifts the Gury for Lottin and strikes it about the ground, noticing the lottle brand at the surface of the water. In our case, the water level is our windowsill.

The results of the measurement "Lotter" immediately reports on the chassis bridge, "said the teacher, - for example," depth of 15 meters ". If the gury did not reach the ground, and the ship passes the place of falling the weight of the weights - the lot notices the brand at the surface of the water and reports: "Twenty meters carried".

The new portion of jokes covered the poor "lot" and changed it another wisher ...

By producing one froze, - said the teacher, as if not noticing the universal fun, - "Lottle" quickly chooses the lot, gaining a lotline slag, and repeats all actions to measure the depth. The nature of the soil is judged by particles adhering to the Salu (soap) smeared into the recess of the base of Giri. Well, what picked up there?

Everyone began to carefully examine the bottom of the Hyri Lot Giri. There were sand, small pebbles and that's it.

Manual lot is convenient to follow the ship drift on an anchor parking lot. Love the lot from the nose of the ship until the bottom and look, as and where Lottin is rejected, - said the teacher. - If after a while Lottin (with the same course position of the ship) will be stretched, therefore, the anchor does not hold (crawling).

Mechanical lotter depth measurement is carried out by room onto lotline with a glass of glass-soldered from one end of the tube. The internal walls of the tube are covered with easily washing paint. At depth, water enters the tube and flushes paint. Then, on board the ship, the tube is applied to a special interim table and determine the depth.

Echo sounders measure the time of passage of the ultrasound signal from the vibrator-emitter installed in the bottom of the ship, to the seabed and back to the vibrator-receiver, which is located next to the emitter. The rate of propagation of ultrasound in water is taken equal to 1500 m / s.

The depth readings are removed from the graduated scale of the echo sounder on the outbreak of the signal neon light bulb or on the tape of the self-examination, which continuously draws the bottom relief line along the ship.

Then the teacher showed us a real navigator memory tool - navigation sext. He began to tell the principle of work of sextan, but we are already so tired that they did not perceive anything from his words.

The last thing is, today on May 19, 1971, we learned, this is that "in the astronomical definitions of the coordinates of the ship in the sea, it is necessary to know time up to the tenth of a second."

That is why the main device intended to determine the exact Middle Greenwich Time on the ships is a sea or navigation chronometer.

Chronometers (especially accurate, precision hours) are stored in the navigator cutting in special wooden boxes with glass deaf lids. The chronometer correction is determined by special radio signals and is recorded in a chronometric magazine, it must be known at any time.

For astronomical observations and other events that require accurate time, "deck clock" or "pocket-type anchor clock" are used. They are also stored in a wooden case and are also checked by radio signals.

Modern operational navigation is no longer possible without the use of radiotechnical means of shipment, without the equipment of radio navigation systems (RNS).

Radio navigation system (RNS) consists of:
transmitting or receiving radio station placed in the support station at points whose coordinates are known exactly;
adopters or receiving stations installed on ships whose location is determined;
ground control and control of support stations.

The means of radio navigation of ships are radio fittings, radar stations, intricateness of various types and radio advertisers.

Radio navigation is characterized by a large range of action, high accuracy of observation and independence from meteo conditions.

Radio navigation systems provide accurate determination of the location of the ship at distances over 600 km from the support stations. It is especially important to apply radio navigation systems when passing in narrowness, through channels and fairways.

Tomorrow will be the last of my occupation with you and the control exam in the course "Navigation," the teacher told us for goodbye. - Do not be afraid. I will not use your memory specially "torture" and your memory and the ability to memorize - too. The task of the test exam is to reveal the depth and breadth of your understanding of the essence of navigation, your ability to absorb the navigation object.

In fact, in your usual life navigation, Teacher said, is the same as the orientation in the outside world. Correctly oriented - the right person, incorrectly oriented and evaluate your place in life - the wrong person ...

This day in the Sevastopol maritime school DOSAAF I and all of us liked ...

With girls after classes, we never met. They did not wait for us ...

If there is a flow, wind and waves in the area of \u200b\u200bswimming, winds and waves, it is also necessary to consider:

- demolition of the ship by the flow, i.e. know and take into account the elements of the flow - its direction and speed;
- drift a;
- Time T "Actions on the flow ship, wind and other hydrometeorological factors.

All these values \u200b\u200bare called nicer elements.

The following requirements are subject to the path of the ship's path:

- the number must be carried out continuously so that at any given time it was possible to see the position and path of the ship relative to the surrounding environment;
- the number must be accurate to ensure navigation safety of swimming and solving the tasks supplied by the ship;
- The number must be simple enough and visual.

The graphic method of numbers is often called the navigation gasket. However, it should be borne in mind that the navigation gasket - the concept is wider: it, in addition to the number, includes applying to the map of the vehicle's observated places derived from the measurement of various navigation parameters.

§ 47. Elementary tasks of navigation gaskets, solved on the map in the projection of the Mercator

Both graphic surgery and navigation gasket as a whole in a large part consist of a solution on a map of a number of elementary tasks.

These tasks include:

- application of the point on the map according to the specified coordinates;
- Removal (measurement) of the coordinates of the specified point;
- measurement of distances between specified points;
- laying from a given point of the specified directions;
- measurement of directions between specified points;
- transfer a given point from one card to another.

The listed tasks are solved on the map in the projection of the Mercator using a gasket tool, which includes a circular meter, navigator transport and a parallel ruler. Instead of transport and ruler, two rectangular triangles made from a transparent material can be used on one of which degree divisions are applied; A special mechanical strip line can also be used, which is included in the auto-packcher.
Consider how the simplest tasks of the navigation gasket are solved using a gasket tool.

Task 1. For the specified latitude and longitude, put the point on the card.
The task is solved with the help of a parallel line and circular.
On the side frame of the card, the division corresponding to the specified latitude is noted; Applying a parallel ruler to the parallels, the nearest to this division, move the line so that its slice comes to the marked division. Then, without shifting the ruler, they note on the bottom or on the upper frame of the division card, corresponding to a given longitude, and, removing the circle of the segment from this division to the nearest meridian, lay it along the line of the line from the same meridian.
The circulation is made a weak injection, which denotes a point with specified coordinates.

Task 2. Remove the latitude and longitude of this point from the card.
The task is solved with the help of a circulation. Puting one feet of the circulation at this point, push it so that the second leg came to the nearest parallel. After having a circulation, a part of the circle is convinced that the leg concerns this parallel. Then, without changing the circulation solution, apply one of its leg to the same parallel on the side frame of the card, and another one along the frame north or south of this parallel, respectively, the north or south of this parallel is a positive point. Weak injection of the second leg legs will mark the width of this point. To remove the longitude, they put one feet of the circulation at this point and, swaying it to the nearest meridian, is described by the second leg of the circle arc, tangent meridian. Without changing the solution of the circula, it applies one leg to the same meridian on the upper or lower frame of the card, and the other one along the framework to OST or W from this meridian, respectively, from which side of it is this point. Weak circulation injection will mark the desired longitude of this point.

Task 3. Measurement of the distance between two points.
The task is solved with the help of a circulation. Set one feet of the circulation to the first point, and the other in second and, without changing the circular solution, tolerate it on the side frame of the card in the latitude corresponding to the measured distance, where the number of miles in the circular solution is calculated. If the distance between the points is large and cannot be removed by one zircle solution (the angle between the feet of the circulation should not be more than 90 °), then it is measured by parts, taking each part in the appropriate latitude.

Task 4. From this point on the map lay the specified direction.
The task is solved using a ruler and transport. The transporter is placed on a map near this point so that the lower cut of his ruler makes an approximately specified direction with a meridian, and the price of a travy barcode coincided with the nearest meridian. Then, not shifting the central stroke from the meridian, turns the transportation to the right or left until the division of the transportation corresponding to the specified direction does not coincide exactly with the meridian. Having achieved coincidence, check whether the central bar code of transport from the Meridian line did not shift, then a parallel ruler is tightly applied to the tightness of the transport. After that, the vehicle is removed and, while maintaining the specified direction, the slicer of the line to this point is supplyed, from which the line is carried out with a thinly obedient pencil. This will be the line of the specified direction. To verify the correctness of the position of the line, it is recommended, without changing its directions, to once again attach the transportation to the line of the line at the nearest meridian. If the specified direction is close to 0 or 180 °, the vehicle should be applied to the parallel and set it on the countdown, differing from the specified direction by 90 °.

Task 5. Determine the direction laid on the line map.
The task is solved using the transport and ruler. Accurately aligning a parallel line with a line of course or bearing laid on the map, applied to its section of the transport in such a way that its central touch coincided with one of the meridians. Counting on transport will show the value (in degrees and fractions of degree) of the specified direction (course or bearing).

Task 6. To transfer the point from one card to another.
The task is solved using a ruler, transport and circulation and can be performed or on a bearing and distance from the reference point, or by geographic coordinates of the point.

On the bearer and distance. On the first card, the true bearing is measured and the distance from a speciable point point (the lighthouse, trigonometric sign), applied on both maps to a given point and write them. Then they are paved from the same reference point on the second map on this true bearing the same distance on the scale of the second card. To control the same actions, repeat once again, but now it should be measured on the first card and lay on the second map of the bearer and the distance from another reference point.

By geographic coordinates. On the first card measure the latitude and longitude of the specified point and write them down. By coordinates, the point is applied on the second card. The latitude and longitude of the applied point on the second card are measured for monitoring and compared with the coordinates of the specified point on the first card.

§ 48. Graphic method for the compass testimony, lag and clock

In the absence of wind, the ship under the influence of the work of the propellers (rowing screws) is moved relative to the water in the direction of its diametrical plane. If there is no current, then this direction can be considered coinciding with the direction of movement of the ship relative to the soil (the bottom of the sea).

Having paved on the map (drawing) from the original point and the straight, which is an angle of the true course of the ship with the meridian of the card, we get a course line on which the ship is moving.
The distance traveled by the ship can be calculated according to the indications of the lag or the speed of the ship and time. To do this, at the moment when the ship was at the starting point of A, the time is noted by the time of the T1 and the countdown of Laga Ol1. At a given moment, i.e., after a certain period of time, these actions are repeated: time is once again noticed by the hour T2 and the countdown of Laga Ol2.
The distance traveled by the ship during T \u003d T2 - T1, can be calculated by Lagi Sl \u003d CL (OL2-Ol1) or by the speed of the ship and time SAB \u003d VB * T.
Having paved this distance from the initial point A along the course line, we get a point in corresponding to the place of the ship at the time T2 at the counting of Lag Ol2. The point obtained by this way is called a fair place of the ship and is denoted by a small dash, perpendicular to the course line. Similar actions, you can find the place of the ship at the next moment of TK time at the countdown of Laga Olz et al.
Along the course line, a compatary ship rate is inscribed and then in brackets-amendment compass with its sign. Near each listed point, the experiment is made: in the numeric clock and minutes, in the denominator - the countdown of Lag. The fractional feature is always carried out in parallel parallels using a ruler, the ends of the line should not appear beyond the sides of the imaginary rectangle, the fusy fusion numbers. The height of each digit should be approximately 4 mm.

A prerequisite for the accuracy of the number is the constant control of all measurements and calculations. It is necessary to firmly remember that only true courses and true delets are being laid on the map, and the distance passed by the ship is removed with a circulale with a side frame of the map in the latitude in which the measured distance lies.
The graphical view should be taken carefully and clean, without blots, subtle with a pencil; Course lines carry out thin, but clear. Too solid pencil scratches the card, too soft - smears on it. The gum must be soft, pencil. It is best for working on a map to have separate medium hardness (TM, T, M) pencils, and observation records in the navigator notebook (RCS) and navigation journal to produce softer pencils.

§ 49. Circulation of the ship. Methods for accounting circulation in the laying

The ability of the ship to change the direction of its movement and move along the curvilinear trajectory under the action of the steering wheel, derived from the diametral plane, or under the action of machines, or that and the other is called turning. The curvilinear trajectory, which describes the center of gravity of the ship moving when the steering plane is derived from the diametral plane is called circulation. Consider the nature of the circulation of the ship, and then receiving circulation metering during laying.
Suppose on the ship, following a rectilinear course, when he was at the point N (Figure), a command of the steering wheel was filed. On the transfer, the response of the steering and the execution of the team will take some time during which the ship
continues to follow the same course. As soon as the steering wheel is shifted, hydrodynamic forces will begin to operate on the ship, deflecting the stern to the side, the opposite side of the handling of the steering wheel; In the same side, the center of the ship's severity is shifted (section AB). The ship's course begins to change to the side where the steering wheel is laid; The ship begins to turn (roll) in the desired side. At the same time, hydrodynamic forces arise, acting on the body of the ship and causing a change in the direction of movement. The center of gravity of the ship describes the curve of the VDC, which is the name of the circulation curve or simply circulation.
The time interval from the moment of feeding the command to the steering wheel to the moment when the ship's course begins to change, is called a dead gap or a preliminary circulation period. The distance of the explosive, to which the center of gravity of the ship shifts towards the opposite side of the turn, is called the reverse shift of the ship on circulation. Usually it does not exceed half the width of the ship and the laying is neglected.
The duration of the dead gap in different ships is not the same and depends on the time required for the steering wheel, the inertia of the ship, the effects of wind and unrest and under adverse conditions can reach one minute.

The duration of the dead interval of the navigator should be well known and always take into account so that the start of the actual turn of the ship is possible more accurately coincided with the point of origin calculated and on the card.
In the initial period, the circulation is somewhat different from the circumference (AVS arc) and does not have a constant radius, but after rotation by 90-120 ° its radius becomes constant, and the established circulation of SDE is practically a circle arc. During circulation, the diametral plane of the ship does not coincide with the tangent to the trajectory of the center of gravity of the ship, and it amounts to it some qc corner, called the circulation drift angle; In this case, the nose of the ship is directed inside the circulation.

Distance to "D between the line of the initial ship and circulation point, where the center of gravity of the ship is located after turning to the first 180 °, is called the tactical circulation diameter (DC). The distance de between circulation points corresponding to the turn on the subsequent 180 °, is the name of the diameter. Du the established circulation. The time during which the ship performs the turn to the first 180 °, is called the circulation half period and is denoted by T180 °.

During circulation, the water resistance to the movement of the ship increases and the actual speed of the ship becomes less than with the same number of row shovels on a straight course. This phenomenon is called the loss of speed on circulation. It can reach 50-60%.

From the elements of circulation, the tactical diameter and semi-period of circulation have the highest value for the number. The tactical circulation diameter is usually expressed in cable or meters. It depends on a number of factors that include, in particular, the design features of the ship (its length, width, displacement, the area of \u200b\u200bthe steering wheel, etc.). For this ship, these factors can be considered permanent, and the tactical diameter-dependent mainly from the wheelchair angle. The greater the wheelchair angle, the less the diameter of the circulation. The magnitude of the tactical diameter of circulation also affects the excitement of the sea and the wind; In addition, the speed of the ship's course, its differential and sediment affluence also influence.

Semitment of circulation depends mainly on the speed of the ship's course and angle of the wheelchair. With increasing speed, stroke and angle of the steering wheel, it decreases. When graphically surges, the circulation is taken into account if the gasket is carried out on the map of the scale I: 500,000 and larger. Circulation can be taken into account by graphic methods or, if their accuracy is insufficient, using special tables.

Graphic circulation accounting is based on an approximate view of the circulation of the ship as an arc of a circle with a diameter equal to the tactical diameter of circulation. The value of the tactical diameter of circulation at different angles of the steering wheelchair is determined on the basis of observations performed when determining the maneuverable elements of the ship, and is entered into the reference tables of the navigator. When taking into account the circulation, two private tasks may occur.

Task 1.
The course and line of the initial course are given; The course to which you need to turn; The moment of time and the countdown of lag began a turn (they are noticed at the moment when the ship began to roll).
Find a point of the end of the turn through which the new course line should be laid.
This task is solved as follows (drawing at the bottom of the left).

On the line of the initial course of receptions, disassembled in the previous paragraph, the point of commencement of turning V. From it towards the ship turning perpendicular to the initial course, a straight line is carried out, according to which the segment in the scale of the map of the RC car circulation radius is deposited. From the circumference of the circulation solution, which thus obtained in this way (on the map scale) of the circulation radius, the circle arc is carried out. Then the parallel line with the help of the vehicle is set in the direction of the new true course of the ship and is supplied so that the line of the ruler condemned the circumference. From the point of touch C is carried out direct, which is a line of a new course of the ship. At the point with the circulation ends, a new course begins. To find the end point of the turn with more accurately, the perpendicular of the new course line is lowered from the center of the circulation - its base and appears to the end point of the rotation.

Task 2.
3Ads Line of the initial course of the ship and the new course line.
Find a point in which the ship should start turning to turn out to be on the specified course line after circulation, and the end of the rotation point.
This task has to be solved when turning to the line of the crust, on the axis of the fairway when swimming in narrowness, etc. it is solved as follows (drawing on the left below).

In parallel, the line of the initial course in the distance from it equal to the RC circulation radius, auxiliary straight EF is carried out. This line is selected such a point that the circle carried out from it from the center of the radius equal to the ziruulation radius (on the map scale) concerned both the initial and lines of the specified course. The first of the touch points found in this way A is the desired point of the start of rotation; The second is the end of the turn. To apply these points more precisely, from the center of the circulation o, it is necessary to lower the perpendicular to the line of the initial course and on the line of the specified course. The command on the steering wheel should be served, not reaching the point A at a distance passing by the ship for the dead time interval.

Table methods of circulation accounting.
With all the simplicity and clarity of graphic accounting of circulation, it has a significant disadvantage - low accuracy. Therefore, in cases where more accurate circulation accounting is needed, resort to tabular methods. The basic dependences underlying tabular circulation methods are also based on the circulation representation as an arc of the circle, the radius of which is equal to half the tactical diameter of circulation. To account for circulation in this method, except for radius, you need to know the following elements of circulation:
a - corner of the ship (the angle between the lines of old and new courses);
CER - intermediate course;
SA is the length of the rotation path at the angle A (swimming on circulation);
Ta - rotation time at an angle A;
Q - Currency angle of the intermediate course;
but- intermediate swimming (the length of the intermediate course line);
D1 - Distance to the new course line over the old course.
The relationships that link these values \u200b\u200bare clear from the drawing on the left.

The angle of rotation A is the difference of new and initial courses:
The Triangle of the WMD, as formed by two tangents and chord, connecting the point of touch, is a challenged; hence,< СВМ = < СМВ = q. (< - это угол). Угол a, как внешний угол треугольника, равен сумме двух внутренних углов:

a \u003d 2q, from where q \u003d a / 2. (157)

Consequently, the KSR \u003d IR1 ± Q \u003d IR1 ± A / 2.

The determination using a magnetic compass directions to the sea is complicated by the fact that on the steel vessel, the magnetic arrow is installed not in the magnetic meridian, and in the determined vertical plane passing through the axis located in the equilibrium of the magnetic arrow on the vessel, i.e. the plane of the compassary meridian. The angle between the magnetic and compassary meridians was the name of the deviation of the compass (b).

The deviation is caused by the action of the magnetic field of the vessel on the arrow of the compass. With the change in the angle between the diametrical plane of the vessel and the magnetic power lines of the Earth, the magnetic field of the vessel is changed. Therefore, the magnitude of the deviation with the change in the course of the vessel changes. Theoretically, the magnitude of the deviation can reach from 0 to 180 ° K O St or W. The deviation is considered to be a plus sign, if the compatary meridian is rejected east of magnetic, and with a minus sign - if to the west (Fig. 15).

Compass courses and bearer

Directions defined relative to the compassary meridian are called compass. The angle between the nordic part of the Compass Meridian and the course line is called compass course (QC). The angle between the nordic part of the Compass Meridian and the line of bearing (from the compass to the guideline) is called compass Pelengom (KP). OKP-reverse compass bearing, the value differing from KP by 180 °.

From fig. 15 shows that compass directions on a magnetic compass differ from magnetic to the value of deviation ± 6. The dependence between compass and magnetic directions is established by formulas:

From here

Knowing compass directions, deviation and magnetic decline, you can determine the true directions:

In practice, to determine the true directions through compass takes the algebraic amount of declination and the deviation, which is called amend compass AMK (in fig. 16 corners between true and compass meridians). Amendment Compass AMK \u003d D + 8.

Fig. sixteen

If the Compass Meridian is rejected to the east of the true, the amendment has a plus sign, if to the West - minus. The calculation of true directions lead by formulas:

On the ships of the mixed river - the sea of \u200b\u200bswimming, except for magnetic compasses, gyroscopic compasses (gyrocompas) are installed. The axis of the gyrocompas gyroscope is set to about the direction of the true meridian, and its tracking system allows you to directly transmit this direction to the signposts (repeaters) of the gyrocompass installed on the movement of the bridge and in all posts of the ship management. The guide moment of the gyrocompass is many times more than a magnetic compass, and does not depend on the magnetic field of the Earth. However, like any device, the gyrocompass has amendment, which, in contrast to the magnetic compass correction, is indicated by AGK. The amendment is attributed to the plus sign, if the nordic part of the gyroscopic meridian (the vertical plane passing through the axis of the gyroscope or the gyroscope system) is rejected to the O ST from the nordic part of the true meridian, and the minus sign - if to W.

The dependence between the compass directions on the gyrocompas and true is expressed by formulas:

Where kkgk is a compatible gyrocompass course. From formulas (12)
The ratio between gyroscopic and magnetic compass courses is expressed by formulas:
The calculation of the gyrocompass course corresponding to the specified magnetic course is made by the formula

Determination of residual deviation

When the deviation of the main magnetic compass (according to which the course is prescribed) turns out to be over ± 3 °, and for the way (according to which the vessel is controlled) is over ± 6 °, it should be destroyed. The essence of the destruction of deviation is to create with permanent magnets and soft steel, placed in close proximity to the magnetic compass, magnetic forces equal to the magnitude, but opposite in the direction of the magnetic forces of the vessel.

However, the deviation is completely impossible to destroy. Therefore, the deviation in permissible limits remains and is called "residual". To account for residual deviation when swimming, it is determined and contributed to the table. All methods for determining residual deviation are based on the fact that it is set to the difference between known magnetic and taken on the compass by the beads of any reference point, i.e.

To determine the residual deviation in large ports on external raids, special polygons are equipped, consisting of fan of stems with well-known magnetic bearing. Maneuvering accordingly, crosses the lines at eight equifiable courses (usually on the main and fourth rumbach) and at the time of the intersection of the stem, they take on the main compass. The difference between the famous magnetic and received compass pelers on each of the eight courses will give residual deviation in these courses. If there is no fan of the stems, then the deviation can be determined by one stem, the magnetic direction of which is known or can be determined by the true direction and the known magnitude of the decline. The principle of determining residual deviation remains the same.

Sometimes a remote subject can be used to determine the residual deviation, and the lowest distance to it must be at least 300 radii circulation. Deploying the machines or with the help of a tug on a barrel (anchor), take eight KP on the selected item on eight courses (after 45 °) and the Middle KP is taken for magnetic bearing. The difference between the received middle bearing and the compass on the relevant course will show the deviation in this course.

In some ports, residual deviation is determined by the method of "mutual beads". It consists in the following. On the shore, where the magnitude of declining in the observation area is constant, the magnetic compass is installed and the direction of the shores of the coast compass is taken on the shores of the coast compass from the vessel. The difference between these bells corresponds to the magnitude of the deviation. To obtain the difference between MP and KP in any area of \u200b\u200bnavigation, you can install a compass on the boat made from a non-magnetic material (wood), and the vessel, taken along this compass, will correspond to the MP.

Deviation can be determined by the pelers of heavenly shining.

To do this, on eight courses take the KP of some shone, write down each time and count the IP shone at the same moments of time. Deviation is calculated for each course by the formula

To increase the precision direction finding, you need to choose with low height, for example, the sun during sunrise and entering.

The deviation of traveling compasses is determined simultaneously with the main compaction of their courses and is calculated by the formula