Scientific and technical standards for the quality of the environment. Environmental quality standards, their classification. Types of normative qualities of nature
Quality control environment it is carried out differentially in the following areas: the quality of the air basin, water basin, soil layer, food, etc. For the assessment, standards are used that limit the impact of harmful factors, which are based on a general principle: the natural adaptive capacity of the organism. When a harmful substance is exposed to the body, adaptation first occurs, then a pre-illness, and then, while maintaining the same intensity of exposure, various pathological painful effects develop, including toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergenic, gonadotropic and embryotropic. These painful effects can cause illness and even be fatal.
Environmental quality standards are subdivided into sanitary and hygienic, environmental, production and economic and temporary.
The sanitary and hygienic standards include hygienic and sanitary protection standards.
Hygienic standards mean the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of pollutants in the atmosphere, water bodies and soil, the levels of permissible physical effects - vibration, noise, electromagnetic and radioactive radiation, which do not have any harmful effect on the human body at the present time and in remote periods of time, as well as not affecting the health of subsequent generations.
If a substance has a harmful effect on the surrounding nature in lower concentrations than on the human body, then the regulation is based on the threshold of the effect of this substance on the environment.
Hygienic standards also include toxicometric indicators, which are concentrations, doses of harmful substances or physical factors that cause recorded reactions of the body.
These standards are the most widespread and uniform throughout the territory. the former USSR... Along with them, in necessary cases, stricter standards of permissible impacts for individual regions are established.
Sanitary protection standards are intended to protect public health and ensure sufficient cleanliness of water use points in the event of adverse harmful effects of pollution sources. They are used in the formation of sanitary zones of water supply sources, water points, sanitary protection zones of enterprises.
Environmental standards determine the limit of anthropogenic impact on the environment, the excess of which can threaten the preservation of optimal conditions for the joint existence of man and his external environment. They include environmental-hygienic and environmental-protective standards, as well as maximum permissible regulatory load on the environment. When establishing environmental and hygienic standards, it should be borne in mind that many living organisms are more sensitive to pollution than the person for whom existing standards, and therefore it is advisable to determine them at a level that ensures the normal vital activity of living organisms.
Environmental protection standards are aimed at preserving the Earth's gene pool, restoring ecosystems, preserving monuments of the world cultural and natural heritage, etc. They are used in the organization of protected zones of reserves, natural national parks, biosphere reserves, green areas of cities, etc.
The application of the system of indicators of maximum permissible standards for the load on the environment is aimed at preventing depletion natural environment and the destruction of its ecological ties, ensuring rational use and reproduction natural resources... These standards represent scientifically grounded maximum permissible anthropogenic impacts on a certain natural-territorial complex. consumer ecosystem standard acid
Production and economic standards are intended to limit the parameters of production and economic activity a specific enterprise from the point of view of environmental protection of the natural environment. These include technological, urban planning, recreational and other standards of economic activity.
Technological standards include: maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere, maximum permissible discharge (MPD) of pollutants into water bodies, the maximum permissible amount of fuel burned (MPT). These standards are established for each source of pollution into the environment and are closely related to the profile of work, the volume and nature of the pollution of a particular mining enterprise, workshop, unit. In this regard, they can be different even within the same mining enterprise (association). The area of the regulated impact of MPE, MPD and MPT on the quality of the environment is very wide. With the help of these standards, waste and emissions as a result of mining operations, noise pollution of the air environment, fuel consumption, etc., are limited. allow assessing the disposal systems themselves.
Urban planning standards are developed to ensure environmental safety in the planning and development of cities and other settlements.
Recreational standards determine the rules for the use of natural complexes in order to ensure conditions for good recreation and tourism.
In the case when, for one reason or another, it is not possible to develop hygienic or technological standards, temporary standards are established. As you grow scientific knowledge, development and improvement of techniques and technologies, they are regularly revised towards tightening, so that the impact on nature is minimal.
When assessing the quality of the components of the biosphere, various modifications of the considered standards are used.
Air quality assessment is carried out on the basis of the following standards.
- 1. Maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area (MPCr.z), mg / m 3. With eight-hour daily work (excluding weekends) or with a different length of the working day, but not more than 41 hours per week, this concentration throughout the working day should not cause diseases or abnormalities in the state of health that can be detected modern methods research in the process of work or in remote periods of human life.
- 2. The maximum permissible maximum one-time concentration of a pollutant in the air of populated areas (MPCr.z), mg / m 3. After inhalation within 30 minutes. this concentration should not cause reflex (including sub-sensory) reactions in the human body.
- 3. Maximum permissible average daily concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas (MPC.w), mg / m 3, which should not cause deviations in the state of health of the present and subsequent generations with indefinitely long (over several years) inhalation.
- 4. Temporarily permissible concentration (approximate safe level of exposure) of a pollutant in the air of the working area (VDCr.z), mg / m 3. The numerical values of this indicator for various substances are determined by calculation and are valid for 2 years.
- 5. Temporarily permissible concentration (approximate safe level of exposure) of a harmful substance in the atmosphere (VDCv.v), mg / m 3, the size of which is established by calculation and is valid for 3 years.
- 6. Maximum permissible emission of pollutants into the atmosphere (MPE), kg / day (or g / h). This indicator should ensure compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards in the air of populated areas under the most unfavorable meteorological conditions for dispersion. It is determined by calculation for 5 years.
- 7. Temporarily agreed emission (TSV), kg / day (or g / h). This standard is valid for no more than 5 years. It is set in the event that, for objective reasons, it is impossible to determine the MPE for the emission source in a given settlement.
- 8. Maximum permissible amount of combusted fuel (PDT), t / h. This indicator should ensure compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards for fuel combustion products in the air of populated areas under unfavorable meteorological conditions for dispersion. PDT is established by calculation for a period not exceeding 5 years.
The assessment of the quality of the water basin is carried out using a system of basic indicators.
- 1. The maximum permissible concentration of pollutants in the water of a reservoir (MPCw), mg / l, at which there should not be a direct or indirect harmful effect on the human body throughout his life, as well as on the health of subsequent generations and the hygienic conditions of water use should not deteriorate ...
- 2. The maximum permissible concentration of pollutants in the water of reservoirs used for fishery purposes, (MPCv.r), mg / l. The value of the latter for the overwhelming majority of standardized substances is always significantly less than the MPCv. This is due to the fact that toxic compounds can accumulate in the body of fish in very significant quantities without affecting their vital functions.
- 3. Temporarily permissible concentration (tentatively safe level of exposure) of pollutants in the water of reservoirs (VDKv), mg / l. The standards determined by this indicator are set by calculation for a period of 3 years.
- 4. Maximum permissible discharge (MPD), g / h (kg / day), regulating the mass of the pollutant in wastewater discharged into the reservoir. The application of this standard should ensure compliance with the sanitary and hygienic standards established for water bodies. The value of the MPD is determined by calculation for the period established by the authorities for the regulation of the use and protection of waters. After that she
is subject to revision downward, up to the termination of the discharge of pollutants into water bodies.
The assessment of the quality of the soil layer is carried out according to the standards established in accordance with the following main indicators.
- 1. Maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the arable layer of soil (MPCp), mg / kg. At this concentration value, there should be no direct or indirect negative impact on water, air and, consequently, human health in contact with the soil, as well as on the self-cleaning ability of the soil.
- 2. Temporarily permissible concentration (roughly permissible concentration) of a harmful substance in the arable layer of soil (VDKp), mg / kg. It is established by calculation and is valid for 3 years.
When assessing the noise pollution of the biosphere, the following indicators are used.
- 1. Maximum permissible noise level, (PADUSH), dB (A). Noise with such a level with daily systematic exposure for many years should not cause deviations in the state of human health and interfere with his normal work activity.
- 2. Permissible noise level (permissible sound pressure level) (PSH), dB (A), at which long-term systematic harmful effects of noise on a person are not manifested or manifested insignificantly.
- 3. Permissible ultrasound level (DUU), dB. At this level, a long-term systematic effect on the human body is not manifested or manifested insignificantly.
- 4. Maximum permissible level of infrasound (PDUI), dB. Long-term systematic exposure to infrasound with such a level on the human body should not lead to deviations in the state of health, detected by modern research methods, and disrupt normal labor activity.
- 5. Maximum permissible noise characteristic of machines and mechanisms (LDSH). This indicator should ensure compliance with hygiene standards in all octave frequency bands. Its value is determined by the results of statistical processing of the noise characteristics of the same type of machines and mechanisms.
- 6. Technically achievable noise characteristics of machines and mechanisms (TDSHH), used in cases where, for objective reasons, it is impossible to establish the level of LDSH. In this case, TDSHH is introduced for a period not exceeding the validity period of the standard or technical conditions for a machine or unit of each specific type.
The assessment of radioactive contamination of the environment is carried out using indicators of three types: the main dose limit, the permissible level and the reference level.
The indicators of the main dose limit include: acceptable dose radiation per year for those working with sources of radioactive radiation (SD), J / kg. With a systematic uniform exposure over 50 years, there should be no adverse changes in the state of human health, detected by modern research methods, at the present time and in subsequent years; the annual radiation dose limit for the population (PD), J / kg, which in practice is always set significantly less than the PDD value to prevent unjustified exposure of people.
Indicators of the acceptable level:
- - the maximum permissible annual intake of radioactive substances into the body of workers (SDA), kBq / year, which for 50 years creates a dose in the critical body equal to 1 SDA;
- - the limit of the annual intake of radioactive substances into the human body (GWP), kBq / year, which for 70 years creates an equivalent dose in the critical organ equal to 1 PD;
- - the permissible average annual content of radioactive substances in the body (critical organ) (DS), at which the radiation dose is equal to PPD or PD, kBq;
- - permissible surface contamination (soil, clothing, transport, premises, etc.) (DZ), particle / (cm / min).
Control indicators are established for planning protection measures and for operational monitoring of the radiation situation in order to prevent the excess of the dose limit of contamination. These indicators include ".
- - control annual intake of radioactive substances into the human body KGP, kBq / year;
- - control content of radioactive substances in the human body (CS), kBq;
- - control concentration of a radioactive substance in air or water with which it enters the human body, (CC), kBq / m 3.
- - control surface contamination with radioactive substances (KZ), particle / (cm-min). 1
The imperfection of the market mechanisms of Russia, like that of other CIS members, caused by the ongoing structural changes in the economy, has led to the fact that these countries have lost the power of a monopoly owner in the person of the state, which could solve economic problems, but did not develop an understanding of the importance of these problems in the private sector. sector. As a result, the regional ecological and economic problems of Russia and other CIS countries acquire catastrophic proportions.
REGULATIONS
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" does not contain the definition of standards as such, however, the literature formulates general definitions these terms.
Standard- an economic or technical indicator of the norms in accordance with which the work is performed. To normalize - to set the limits of something, to bring it back to normal.
The literature contains a definition of environmental standards: environmental standards- Indicators of permissible technogenic impact of pollution sources on ecological systems and their individual components established by state bodies. The approved environmental standards serve as the basis for establishing regulatory volumes of emissions and discharges to enterprises - standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges.
In accordance with Art. 1 Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" environmental standards are subdivided into:
1) environmental quality standards;
2) standards of permissible impact on it.
Environmental quality standards- these are standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and, subject to which, a favorable environment is ensured
They are classified into:
The standards established in accordance with the chemical indicators of the state of the environment, including the standards for the maximum permissible concentrations of chemical substances, including radioactive substances;
Standards established in accordance with physical indicators of the state of the environment, including indicators of levels of radioactivity and heat;
Standards established in accordance with biological indicators of the state of the environment, including species and groups of plants, animals and other organisms used as indicators of the quality of the environment, as well as standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms; other environmental quality standards.
These types of standards are established in the form of standards maximum permissible concentrations (MPC)- these are standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in the environment and non-observance of which can lead to environmental pollution, degradation of natural ecological systems(Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection").
In the literature, this term is formulated both as a standard that establishes quality criteria for environmental components, which reflects the maximum permissible content of harmful (polluting) substances and at which there is no harmful effect on human health and the environment, and as the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air, water bodies, soils, established by the sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities in relation to the protection of human health, other authorities in order to protect the flora and fauna, and as a standard, the amount of harmful substances in the environment, with constant contact or when exposed for a certain period of time, practically does not affect on human health and does not cause adverse consequences for his offspring, established by law or recommended by competent institutions (commissions, etc.).
The concept of environmental quality standards is based on the concept of environmental quality. According to Art. 1 Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", environmental quality- the state of the environment, which is characterized by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their combination.
For example, the concept of "ambient air quality" as a set of physical, chemical and biological properties of atmospheric air, reflecting the degree of its compliance with hygienic standards for atmospheric air quality and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality, is established in Art. 1 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air". The same Federal Law of the Russian Federation enshrines the definition of hygienic and environmental standards:
- hygienic quality standard atmospheric air - a criterion for the quality of atmospheric air, which reflects the maximum permissible maximum content of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air and in which there is no harmful effect on human health;
- environmental quality standard atmospheric air - a criterion for the quality of atmospheric air, which reflects the maximum permissible maximum content of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air and in which there is no harmful effect on the environment.
When analyzing these terms, one can see, what if the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" highlights the quality of the environment as a "state", then the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of atmospheric air" - as a combination of the corresponding properties of air... That is we can talk about different formulations these terms and the need to bring them to a "common denominator".
To assess the quality of the environment, norms and standards are used that limit the impact of harmful factors. When substantiating norms and standards, one proceeds from the general principle - the natural adaptive capacity of the organism.
When a harmful substance is exposed to the body, adaptation first occurs, then “pre-illness” and then, while maintaining the same intensity of exposure, various pathological painful effects develop, including toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergenic, teratogenic. These painful effects can cause illness and even death.
Norms and standards of environmental quality are subdivided into: sanitary and hygienic, environmental, production and economic and temporary.
2.10.1. Sanitary and hygienic standards
The sanitary and hygienic standards include hygienic and sanitary protection standards.
Under hygiene standards understand the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of pollutants in the atmosphere, water bodies and soil, the levels of harmful physical influences - vibrations, noise, electromagnetic and radioactive radiation, which do not have any harmful effect on the human body now and in the distant future, as well as on the health of future generations.
If a substance has a harmful effect on the surrounding nature in lower concentrations than on the human body, then the regulation is based on the threshold of the effect of this substance on the environment.
Hygienic standards also include toxicometric indicators, which are concentrations, doses of harmful substances or physical factors that cause recorded reactions of the body. These standards are the most widespread and uniform throughout the country. Along with them, when necessary, more stringent standards of harmful effects are established for individual regions.
Sanitary protection standards are designed to protect human health from the harmful effects of pollution sources and to ensure sufficient cleanliness of water use points. They are used in the formation of sanitary zones of water supply sources, water points, sanitary protection zones of enterprises.
2.10.2. Environmental regulations
Environmental regulations determine the limit of anthropogenic impact on the environment, the excess of which can threaten the preservation of optimal conditions for the joint existence of man and his external environment. They include environmental-hygienic and environmental-protective standards, as well as maximum permissible regulatory load on the environment.
When establishing environmental and hygienic standards it should be borne in mind that many living organisms are more sensitive to pollution than a person for whom existing standards have been established, and therefore it is advisable to determine them at a level that ensures the normal vital activity of living organisms.
Environmental protection standards are aimed at preserving the Earth's gene pool, restoring ecosystems, preserving monuments of the world cultural and natural heritage, etc. They are used in the organization of protected zones of reserves, natural national parks, biosphere reserves, green areas of cities, etc.
System application maximum permissible standards load on the environment is aimed at preventing the depletion of the natural environment and the destruction of its ecological ties, ensuring the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. These standards represent scientifically grounded maximum permissible anthropogenic impacts on a certain natural-territorial complex.
2.10.3. Production and economic standards
Production and economic standards are designed to limit the parameters of production and economic activities of a particular enterprise from the point of view of environmental protection of the natural environment. These include technological, urban planning, recreational and other standards of economic activity.
Technological standards include: the maximum permissible emission (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere, the maximum permissible discharge (MPD) of pollutants into water bodies and the maximum permissible amount of fuel burned (MPT). These standards are established for each source of pollution in the environment and are closely related to the profile of work, the volume and nature of pollution of a particular enterprise, workshop, unit. In this regard, they can be different even within the same enterprise. The area of the regulated impact of MPE, MPD and MPT on the quality of the environment is very wide. With the help of these standards, waste and emissions produced as a result of certain types of work at enterprises, noise pollution of the air environment, fuel consumption, etc. are limited. At the same time, these standards, characterizing the maximum allowable amount of pollution entering the environment in the area equipped with neutralization systems do not allow evaluating the disposal systems themselves.
Urban planning standards are developed to ensure environmental safety in the planning and development of cities and other settlements.
Recreational standards determine the rules for the use of natural complexes in order to ensure conditions for good recreation and tourism.
In cases where, for one reason or another, it is not possible to develop hygienic or technological standards, establish temporary standards. With the growth of scientific knowledge, the development and improvement of techniques and technologies, they are regularly revised towards tightening so that the impact on nature is minimal.
2.10.4. Types of standards for assessing the quality of the air environment,
water resources, soil, noise and radioactive contamination
Air quality assessment carried out on the basis of the following standards.
Maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area MPC rz, mg / m 3. With daily eight-, seven- and six-hour work (except weekends) or with a different length of the working day, but not more than 41 hours per week, this concentration throughout the working day should not cause diseases or abnormalities in the state of health that can be detected modern research methods, in the process of work or in remote periods of human life.
The maximum permissible maximum one-time concentration of a pollutant in the air of populated areas MPC mr, mg / m 3. When inhaled for 30 minutes, this concentration should not cause reflex (including sub-sensory) reactions in the human body.
The maximum permissible average daily concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas MPC cc, mg / m 3, which should not cause deviations in the health of the present and subsequent generations with indefinitely long (over several years) inhalation.
Temporarily permissible concentration (approximate safe level of exposure) of a pollutant in the air of the working area of VDK rz, mg / m 3. The numerical values of this indicator for various substances are determined by calculation and are valid for 2 years.
Temporarily permissible concentration (approximate safe level of exposure) of a harmful substance in the atmosphere of VDK av, mg / m 3, the size of which is established by calculation and is valid for 3 years.
Maximum permissible emission of pollutants into the atmosphere MPE, kg / day (g / h). This indicator should ensure compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards in the air of populated areas under the most unfavorable meteorological conditions for dispersion. It is determined by calculation for 5 years.
The temporarily agreed WAS emission, kg / day (g / h) is established if, for objective reasons, it is impossible to determine the MPE for the emission source in a given settlement. This standard is valid for no more than 5 years.
Maximum allowable amount of fuel burned PDT, t / h. This indicator should ensure compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards for fuel combustion products in the air of populated areas under unfavorable meteorological conditions for dispersion. PDT is established by calculation for a period not exceeding 5 years.
Assessment of the quality of water resources carried out using a system of basic indicators.
The maximum permissible concentration of pollutants in the water of the reservoir is MPC B, mg / l, at which there should not be a direct or indirect harmful effect on the human body throughout his life, as well as on the health of subsequent generations, and the hygienic conditions of water use should not deteriorate.
Maximum permissible concentration of pollutants in the water of reservoirs used for fishery purposes, MPC bp, mg / l. For the overwhelming majority of regulated substances, the value of this indicator is always much less than the MPC, due to the fact that toxic compounds can accumulate in the body of fish in very significant quantities without affecting their vital activity.
Temporarily permissible concentration (tentatively safe level of exposure) of pollutants in the water of reservoirs VDK „, mg / l. The standards determined by this indicator are set by calculation for a period of 3 years.
Maximum permissible discharge of MPD, g / h (kg / day), regulating the mass of the pollutant in wastewater discharged into the reservoir. The use of this indicator should ensure compliance with the sanitary and hygienic standards established for water bodies. The value of the MPD is determined by calculation for the period established by the authorities for the regulation of the use and protection of waters. After that, it is subject to a downward revision up to the termination of the discharge of pollutants into water bodies.
Assessment of soil quality carried out according to the standards established in accordance with the following main indicators.
Maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the arable layer of soil MPC P, mg / kg. At such a concentration, there should not be a direct or indirect negative effect on water, air and, consequently, human health in contact with the soil, as well as on the self-cleaning ability of the soil.
Temporarily permissible concentration (roughly permissible concentration) of a harmful substance in the arable layer of soil VDK P, mg / kg, is established by calculation and is valid for 3 years.
Noise pollution assessment the environment is carried out using the following indicators.
Maximum permissible noise level of PADUSH, dBA. Noise with such a level with daily systematic exposure for many years should not cause deviations in the state of human health and interfere with his normal work activity.
The permissible noise level (permissible sound pressure level) of the SHOWER, dBA, at which the long-term systematic harmful effect of noise on a person is not manifested or manifested insignificantly.
Permissible level of ultrasound DUU, dB. At this level, a long-term systematic effect on the human body is not manifested or manifested insignificantly.
Maximum permissible infrasound level of PDUI, dB. Long-term systematic exposure to infrasound with such a level on the human body should not lead to deviations in the state of health that can be detected by modern research methods, and disrupt normal labor activity.
The maximum permissible noise characteristic of machines and mechanisms of the PDSHH. This indicator should ensure compliance with hygiene standards in all octave frequency bands. Its value is determined by the results of statistical processing of the noise characteristics of the same type of machines and mechanisms.
The technically achievable noise characteristic of machines and mechanisms TDSHH is used in cases where, for objective reasons, it is impossible to establish its level. In this case, TDSHH is introduced for a period not exceeding the validity period of the standard or technical conditions for a machine or unit of each specific type.
Assessment of radioactive contamination environment is carried out using indicators of three groups: indicators of the main dose limit and permissible level, as well as control indicators.
Indicators of the main dose limit:
The maximum permissible dose of radiation per year for those working with sources of radioactive radiation PDD, J / kg. With a systematic uniform exposure over 50 years, there should be no adverse changes in the state of human health, which can be detected by modern research methods, now and in subsequent years;
The annual radiation dose limit for the population PD, J / kg, which in practice is always set significantly less than the PDD value to prevent unjustified exposure of people.
Indicators of the acceptable level:
the maximum permissible annual intake of radioactive substances into the body of working PDP, kBq / year, which, for 50 years, creates a dose in the critical body equal to 1 PDD;
The limit of the annual intake of radioactive substances into the human body is GWP, kBq / year, creating an equivalent dose in the critical organ for 70 years, equal to 1 PD;
The permissible average annual content of radioactive substances in the body (critical organ) of the DS, at which the radiation dose is equal to PPD or PD, kBq;
Permissible surface contamination (soil, clothing, transport, premises, etc.) DZ, particle / (cm 2 × min).
Benchmarks are established for planning protection measures and for operational monitoring of the radiation situation in order to prevent exceeding the dose limit of contamination. These indicators include:
Control annual intake of radioactive substances into the human body KGP, kBq / year;
Control content of radioactive substances in the human body KS, kBq;
Control concentration of a radioactive substance in air or water, with which it enters the human body, CC, kBq / m 3;
Control surface contamination with radioactive substances KZ, particle / (cm 2 × min).
ª Self-test questions
1. How are the norms and standards for the quality of OS subdivided?
2. What is the difference between sanitary and hygienic and environmental standards?
3. What standards are used to limit the impact of production and economic activity parameters on the environment?
4. What is the difference between the average daily, maximum one-time and temporarily permissible concentration?
5. In what cases is the VES established for the source of the emission of pollutants?
6. What standards are used to assess the quality of the air, water resources, soil, noise, radioactive contamination?
Quality standards (sanitary and hygienic):
- - maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances;
- - the maximum permissible level (MPL) of harmful physical influences: radiation, noise, vibration, magnetic fields, etc.
Impact standards (industrial and economic):
- - maximum permissible emission (MPE) of harmful substances;
- - maximum permissible discharge (MPD) of hazardous substances.
Comprehensive standards:
Maximum permissible ecological (anthropogenic) load on the environment.
Functions of environmental quality standards:
- 1. establish limit values for harmful chemical, physical and biological effects on the natural environment;
- 2. also serve to assess the state of atmospheric air, water, soil by chemical, physical and biological characteristics;
- 3. serve as one of the legal criteria for determining a favorable state of the environment;
- 4. taken into account when assessing the impact of the proposed economic activity, the implementation of which will be associated with a negative impact on nature, during the development of cities and other settlements;
Maximum permissible concentration (amount) (MPC) is the amount of a pollutant in the environment (soil, air, water, food), which, with constant or temporary exposure to a person, does not affect his health and does not cause adverse consequences in his offspring. MPC is calculated per unit of volume (for air, water), mass (for soil, food) or surface (for the skin of workers). MPCs are established on the basis of comprehensive studies. When determining it, the degree of influence of pollutants not only on human health, but also on animals, plants, microorganisms, as well as on natural communities in general, is taken into account.
Currently, in our country there are more than 1800 MPCs for harmful chemicals for water bodies, more than 400 for atmospheric air and more than 140 for soils.
The maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance in the air of the working area (MPCrz) is the maximum concentration, which, during daily (except weekends) work for 8 hours or for another duration, but not more than 41 hours per week, throughout the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health, detected by modern research methods, in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. Working area a space with a height of up to 2 m above the floor or area should be considered where the places of permanent or temporary residence of workers are located.
The maximum permissible concentration maximum one-time (MPCmr) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas, which does not cause reflex (including sub-sensory) reactions in the human body when inhaled for 20 minutes (sensation of smell, change in light sensitivity of the eyes, etc.). ).
The maximum permissible average daily concentration (MPCss) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas, which should not have a direct or indirect effect on a person with unlimited long (years) inhalation.
The maximum permissible concentration of water in a reservoir for domestic drinking and cultural and domestic water use (MPCw) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in water, which should not have a direct or indirect effect on the human body throughout his life and on the health of subsequent generations, and should not worsen the hygienic conditions of water use.
When standardizing the quality of the soil, such an indicator as the MPC of a harmful substance in the arable layer of the soil is used. The maximum permissible concentration in the arable soil layer (MPCp) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the upper, arable soil layer, which should not have a direct or indirect negative influence on human health, soil fertility, its self-cleaning ability, media in contact with it and not leading to the accumulation of harmful substances in agricultural crops.
When standardizing the quality of food, such an indicator as the MPC of a harmful substance in food is used. The maximum permissible concentration (permissible residual amount) of a harmful substance in food (MPCpr) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in food, which does not cause diseases or deviations in the state of human health for an indefinitely long time (with daily exposure).
The maximum permissible level (MPL) is the maximum level of exposure to radiation, noise, vibration, magnetic fields and other harmful physical influences, which does not pose a danger to human health, the state of animals, plants, and their genetic fund. MPL is essentially the same as MPC, but for physical influences.
There are cases when MPCs or MPCs are only at the development stage. Then they use such indicators as TEC - roughly permissible concentration, or TAC - roughly permissible level.
It should be noted that there are several approaches to the regulation of environmental pollution. First, it is possible to normalize the content of pollutants in environmental objects, on the other hand, the degree of environmental change as a result of its pollution. Recently, more and more attention is paid to the shortcomings of the first approach, in particular, the application of MPC for soils. However, the approach to standardizing the quality of the environment in terms of its transformation indicators is practically not developed. Therefore, the most optimal option is to use a combination of the two approaches.
The maximum permissible emission (MPE) or discharge (MPE) is the maximum amount of pollutants that a particular enterprise is allowed to release into the atmosphere or into a water body per unit of time, without causing them to exceed the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants and adverse environmental consequences. ...
If in the air or water of settlements where enterprises are located, the concentrations of harmful substances exceed the MPC, then for objective reasons the values of MPE and MPD cannot be achieved. For such enterprises, the values of temporarily agreed emissions of harmful substances (TSV) and temporarily agreed discharges of harmful substances (TSV), respectively, are established, and a gradual decrease in the indicators of emissions and discharges of hazardous substances to values that ensure compliance with the MPE and MPD is introduced.
At present, in Russia, only 15-20% of polluting industries operate at the MPE standards, 40-50% at the VES, and the rest pollute the environment based on limit emissions and discharges, which are determined by the actual emission over a certain period of time.
A comprehensive indicator of the quality of the environment is the maximum permissible environmental load.
The maximum permissible ecological (anthropogenic) load on the environment is the maximum intensity of anthropogenic impact on the environment, which does not lead to a violation of the stability of ecological systems (or, in other words, to the exit of the ecosystem beyond the ecological capacity).
The potential ability of the natural environment to transfer this or that anthropogenic load without disrupting the basic functions of ecosystems is defined as the capacity of the natural environment, or the ecological capacity of the territory. The resistance of ecosystems to anthropogenic impacts depends on the following indicators: 1) stocks of living and dead organic matter; 2) the efficiency of the formation of organic matter or the production of vegetation; and 3) species and structural diversity. The higher they are, the more stable the ecosystem.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a type of activity for the identification, analysis and accounting of direct, indirect and other consequences of the environmental impact of the planned economic and other activity in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation.
The standards and methods for their determination are approved by the environmental authorities and the bodies of sanitary and epidemiological supervision. However, science and production does not stand still, but is constantly expanding and improving, and when developing new standards, the developments of international research and environmental world standards are used.
In case of violation of quality standards, emissions, discharges and other harmful effects can be limited, suspended, stopped. This is prescribed by the state bodies in the field of environmental protection and sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
31. Answer. Environmental quality, environmental quality standards, their classification.
The quality of the natural environment is understood as the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms.
In more broad sense the quality of the natural environment is not limited only by the degree of compliance of natural conditions with the needs of populations, since a change in the quality of one element of the natural environment inevitably disturbs the natural balance and entails changes in other elements of the biosphere. Thus, a change in the climatic characteristics of the atmosphere can lead to landscape changes (desertification, flooding, etc.).
Assessment of the quality of the environment is carried out in a differentiated manner in a number of areas, according to which the quality of the air basin, water environment, soil layer, food, etc. is analyzed.
Environmental quality standards, their classification In law Russian Federation"On the protection of the natural environment" established requirements for the regulation of the quality of the environment and the levels of impact on the environment. The environmental quality standards define a scientifically grounded measure of combining the strict environmental requirements of society to the quality of the environment and the ability of nature users to comply with them in economic activities.
The environmental quality standards are based on three indicators:
honeyiti nskiy(threshold level of threat to human health, his genetic program);
technological(the ability of the economy to ensure the fulfillment of the established limits of impact on a person and the conditions of his life);
scientific and technical(the ability of technical means to ensure control over compliance with exposure limits in all parameters). The environmental impact standards establish requirements for the source of harmful impact, limiting it to a certain threshold value. These standards include the maximum permissible standards for discharges and emissions of harmful chemical substances, physical, biological, radiation and other effects.
32. Answer. Environmental quality regulation, basic principles and practical approaches.
Normalization of the quality of the natural environment - this is the establishment of standards for the maximum permissible human impact on nature and is the central idea of the Law "On the protection of the natural environment" - section 4 (Articles 25-34).
Under influence is understood as anthropogenic activity associated with the implementation of economic, recreational, cultural and other human interests, making changes in the natural environment.
The development of standards is carried out in three main directions:
1. hygienic regulation of the quality of the environment;
2. ecological regulation of permissible loads on the ecosystem;
3. regulation of the volumes of pollution entering the environment.
General requirements for quality standards: ecological safety of the population; preservation of the genetic fund; ensuring the rational use and reproduction of natural conditions for sustainable development of economic activity.
The task of environmental regulation - ensuring the well-being of ecological systems in general and human health, i.e. maintaining the balance established in nature within the limits of possible self-regulation.
By objects of protection unite in three groups:
1. sanitary and hygienic standards aimed at protecting human health ( MPC for water bodies of sanitary and hygienic and cultural and domestic purposes, MPC air of the working area and settlements, standards for sanitary protection zones, levels of radiation exposure, etc.);
2. production and economic standards (PDV, PDS, OBUV, various building codes and regulations);
3. proper ecological standards – PDN - maximum permissible loads on ecosystems, MPC for reservoirs used for fishery purposes, standards for the removal of natural resources (mineral, animal and plant), mining.
By principles of imposed restrictions subdivided into groups:
1. standards for the quality or state of the natural environment or object;
2. standards of impact on the natural environment, natural object or ecosystem.
Hygiene standards are established in the interests of protecting human health and preserving the genetic fund of certain species of flora and fauna.
The established and approved standards are mandatory throughout the Russian Federation (and the CIS countries).
Environmental quality standards - maximum permissible concentration (MPC) harmful substances in natural environments and objects.
Under MPC understand the maximum permissible concentration of various types of pollutants in air, water or soil, the excess of which has a harmful effect on humans, plants or animals.
MPE(maximum permissible emissions) is the mass of emissions of harmful substances per unit time from a given source or a set of sources of atmospheric pollution.
PDS (maximum allowable discharge) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for disposal at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at a control point.
PDV and PDS are the basis for planning activities and conducting expertise to prevent pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
EDK - ecologically permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the environment that do not violate the homeostatic mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystems. Based on the EDC, the EDV can be calculated.
EDN- a measure that will ensure a balance of environmental and socio-economic interests of a person - a tool for sustainable development of society.
Pollution rate - the limiting concentration of a substance entering or contained in the environment, allowed by regulatory enactments.
As criteria for quantifying the level of pollution environment are used:
Ø pollution index (FROM) - an indicator that qualitatively and quantitatively reflects the presence of a pollutant in the environment and the degree of its impact on living organisms;
Ø background concentration (FC) - the content of a substance in an environmental object, determined by the sum of global and regional natural and anthropogenic contributions;
Ø under toxic concentration understand the concentration of a harmful substance that is capable of causing the death of living organisms or the concentration of a harmful principle at different durations of exposure, disastrous living organisms for 30 days as a result of exposure to harmful substances.
Harmful substance- it is a foreign ingredient, uncharacteristic for natural ecosystems, which has a negative effect on them and the living organisms living in these ecosystems.
By chemical nature harmful substances or toxicants there are inorganic origin(mercury, lead, chromium, zinc, etc.) and organic(phenols, petroleum products, pesticides, etc.) origin.
The highest priority is heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc) with high toxicity and migration ability. The degree of environmental pollution by toxicants is determined by their chemically active migratory forms and the mechanism of migration.
Migrating Items is the transfer and redistribution of chemical elements in earth crust and on the surface of the Earth.
Indicators of the negative impact of elements and compounds on living organisms are toxicity and carcinogenicity - these are the properties of elements and compounds that negatively affect living organisms and lead to a decrease in their lifespan.
Environmental factors affecting for toxicity: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, water hardness and alkalinity.
Carcinogenic substances divided into three categories: metal-containing particles; water-soluble metal compounds; fat-soluble compounds.
To carcinogenic substances Substances whose exposure significantly increases the incidence of tumors in human or animal populations.
Chemical carcinogenic substances are subdivided into groups:
· Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic compounds;
· Aromatic nitrogen compounds;
· Aromatic amino compounds;
· Nitrosamines and nitroamines;
· Metals, metalloids and inorganic salts.
The most widespread is the classification of pollutants according to the degree of danger. In accordance with GOST in the Russian Federation, all harmful substances are divided according to the degree of danger for 4 classes:
1 - extremely dangerous
2 - highly hazardous
3 - moderately dangerous
4 - low hazard.
The danger of chemical compounds is characterized by the value of the minimum effective concentration:
· concentration threshold dose a substance that, with a single (acute) or multiple (chronic) exposure, causes obvious irreversible changes in human life;
· lethal (lethal) indicators of LD 50 - the average lethal dose, causing the death of experimental animals in 50% of cases;
· absolutely lethal dose, LD 99 , causing 100% death of animals.
33. Answer. Sanitary and hygienic standards for environmental protection and their practical use.Sanitary and hygienic standards. Sanitary and hygienic standards regulate the conditions and characteristics of zones of sources of drinking water supply, water use facilities, sanitary protection zones of enterprises and are intended to protect human health and reduce the harmful effects of pollution sources on elements of the natural environment.
Sanitary and hygienic standards, in turn, include independent groups: hygienic standards and sanitary protection.
Hygienic standards reflect the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the air, water, soil, as well as the levels of harmful physical influences (acoustic vibrations, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation), the values of which do not have any harmful effect on the human body at the present time and in the distant future, as well as the health of future generations.
If a substance has a harmful effect on the surrounding nature in lower concentrations than on the human body, then the regulation is based on the threshold of the effect of this substance on the environment.
Hygienic standards also include toxicometric indicators, which are concentrations, doses of harmful substances or physical factors that cause recorded reactions of the body. These standards are the most widespread and uniform throughout the country. Along with them, when necessary, more stringent standards of harmful effects are established for individual regions.
Sanitary protection standards are designed to protect human health from the harmful effects of pollution sources and to ensure sufficient cleanliness of water use points. They are used in the formation of sanitary zones of water supply sources, water points, sanitary protection zones of enterprises.
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