Types of thinking Are common to all people, although each person has a number of certain cognitive abilities. In other words, each person can take and develop various processes of thinking.

Content:

Thinking is not congenital, but rather develops. Despite the fact that all personality and cognitive characteristics of people motivate preference to one or several types of thinking, some people can develop in themselves and practice any type of thinking.

Although traditionally thought is interpreted as concrete and limited activities, this process is not unambiguous. That is, there is no single way to implement thinking and reasoning processes.

In fact, many certain ways of thinking were identified. For this reason, today the idea is that people can imagine different ways of thinking.

Types of man thinking

It should be noted that each type of human thinking More effective in performing specific tasks. Certain cognitive actions can benefit more than one type of thinking.

Therefore, it is important to know and learn to develop different types of thinking. This fact allows you to maximize the use of human cognitive abilities and develop different abilities to solve various tasks.

Deductive thinking is the type of thinking that allows us to conclude, conclusion from a number of prerequisites. That is, this is a mental process that begins with "total" to achieve a "concrete".

This type of thinking focuses on the cause and origin of things. It requires a detailed analysis of aspects of the problem to be able to lead conclusions and possible solutions.

This is a method of reasoning, which is very often used in everyday life. People analyze elements and everyday situations to draw conclusions.

In addition to everyday work, deductive thinking is vital for the development of scientific processes. It is based on deductive thinking: it analyzes the associated factors to develop hypotheses and conclude.

Critical thinking is a mental process based on analyzing, understanding and evaluating how knowledge is organized that claims to represent things.

Critical thinking uses knowledge to get to an efficient output, more reasonable and justified.

Therefore, critical thinking analytically evaluates ideas to bring them to specific conclusions. These findings are based on morality, values \u200b\u200band personal personal principles.

Thus, thanks to this type of thinking, cognitive ability is combined with. Therefore, it defines not only a way of thinking, but also the way of being.

The acceptance of critical thinking directly affects human functionality, since it makes it more intuitive and analytical, allowing it to take good and wise decisions based on specific realities.

Inductive thinking determines the method of thinking, which is opposite to deductive. Thus, this method of thinking is characterized by searching for explanations of general.

Getting conclusions on a large scale. It seeks distant situations to turn them into relevant and, thus, summarizes the situation, but without resorting to the analysis.

Therefore, the purpose of inductive thinking is to study tests that allow measure the likelihood of arguments, as well as the rules for building strong inductive arguments.

Analytical thinking is a breakdown, separation and analysis of information. It is characterized by ordered, that is, it is a sequence of rational: comes from common to particular.

It always specializes in finding a response, so in the search for arguments.

Investigative thinking is focused on the study of things. It makes it a thorough, concerned and insistent way.

It consists of a mixture of creativity and analysis. That is, part of the assessment and study of the elements. But his goal does not end with the most examination, but requires the formulation of new issues and hypotheses in accordance with the aspects studied.

As follows from his name, this type of thinking is basic for research and development and evolution of species.

Systemic or systematic thinking is the type of reasoning, which occurs in a system formed by various subsystems or interrelated factors.

It consists of a highly structured type of thinking, the purpose of which is to understand the more complete and less simple idea of \u200b\u200bthings.

Try to understand the functioning of things and solve the problems that generate their properties. This implies the development of complex thinking, which has so far been applied to the three main directions: physics, anthropology and sociopolitics.

Creative thinking includes cognitive processes that create the ability to create. This fact motivates the development of elements with new or different from the rest through thought.

Thus, creative thinking can be defined as the acquisition of knowledge characterized by originality, flexibility, plasticity and fluidity.

Today it is one of the most valuable cognitive strategies, since it allows you to formulate, build and solve problems in a new way.

The development of this type of thinking is not easy, so there are certain methods that allow you to achieve this.

Synthetic thinking is characterized by analyzing various elements that make up things. Its main goal is to reduce ideas on a particular topic.

It consists of the type of vital arguments in favor of learning and personal study. The idea of \u200b\u200bsynthesis allows you to recall the items, because they are subjected to a consolidated process.

This is a personal process in which each person forms a significant whole of those parts that the subject represents. Thus, a person can remember a few features of the concept, covering them in a more general and representative concept.

Questioning is based on issues and questions about important aspects.

Thus, questioning thinking determines the method of thinking, which arises due to the use of questions. In this reasoning there is always the reason because it is this element that allows you to develop your own thinking and receive information.

Through raised questions, data obtained that allow us to develop a final conclusion. This type of thinking is mainly used to address issues in which the most important element is information obtained through third parties.

Diverse (divergent) thinking

A variety of thinking, also known as lateral thinking, is a type of reasoning, which discusses, doubts and consistently searches for alternatives.

This is a process of thinking, which allows you to generate creative ideas by studying a variety of solutions. It is an antithesis of logical thinking and tends to manifest itself spontaneously and smoothly.

As follows from the name, its main goal is based on discrepancy with previously established solutions or elements. Thus, it sets up the type of thinking, closely associated with creative.

It consists of a type of thinking that does not seem natural in people. People tend to associate and associate such elements with each other. On the other hand, a variety of thinking is trying to find different solutions for those that are performed as usual.

Convergent thinking

On the other hand, convergent thinking is the type of reasoning opposite to different thinking.

In fact, the divergent thinking is controlled by neural processes in the right of the brain hemisphere, the convergent thinking will be determined by the processes in the left hemisphere.

It is characterized by functioning through associations and relationships between the elements. He does not have the opportunity to imagine, search or explore alternative thoughts and usually leads to the creation of a single idea.

Intellectual thinking

This type of reasoning, a recent appearance and invented by Michael Gelbo, makes a link to a combination between the diverging and converging thought.

Thus, intellectual thinking, which includes aspects of parts and appraisers of convergent thinking and binds them with alternative and new processes associated with divergent thinking.

The development of this reasoning allows you to link creativity with the analysis, postulating as a thoughts with a high ability to achieve effective solutions in multiple areas.

Conceptual thinking

Conceptual thinking involves the development of reflection and self-assessment of problems. It is closely related to creative thinking, and its main goal is to find specific decisions.

However, in contrast to different thinking, this type of reasoning focuses on a review of previously existing associations.
Conceptual thinking implies abstraction and reflection, and it is very important in different scientific, academic, everyday and professional areas.

It is also characterized by the development of four main intellectual operations:

Subordination: consists of binding specific concepts with wider concepts in which they are included.

Coordination: It is to associate specific concepts included in wider and more generalized concepts.

Infraordination: It deals with a certain interconnection of two concepts and aims to determine the specific features of concepts, relations with others.

Exception: It consists of detecting elements that are characterized by the fact that they differ or are not equal to other elements.

Metaphorical thinking

Metaphorical thinking is based on the establishment of new connections. This is a very creative type of reasoning, but it does not focus on creating or obtaining new elements, and on new relationships between existing elements.

With this type of thinking, you can create stories, develop imagination and generate new links through these elements between well differentiated aspects that share some aspects.

Traditional thinking

Traditional thinking is characterized by using logical processes. It focuses on the solution and focuses on finding similar real-life situations to search for elements that may be useful for permission.

It is usually developed using rigid and pre-developed schemes. This is one of the basics of vertical thinking, in which the logic acquires a unidirectional role and develops a linear and consistent path.

This is one of the most frequently used types of thinking in everyday life. It is unsuitable for creative or original elements, but it is very useful for solving everyday situations and relatively simple.

Hello dear readers! The information that a person receives from reality helps him to imagine both the outer and the inner side of the object or phenomenon, remember the items, to predict the changes in them over time, mentally go to the distant horizons. All this becomes possible using the ability to think. Today I set a goal to tell about what kinds of thinking are in psychology, to systematize knowledge and fold a full-fledged picture.

Definition

Psychology determines the thinking as a process of human cognitive activity, during which communication and relationships between the phenomena of reality find conscious reflection.

Features of the way of thinking

There are only two of them, but they are very important to distinguish the ability to think with other processes (perception, for example):

1. Indirect character. What is understood by indirectness? Thinking is always indirect knowledge: some properties through others, unknown with the help of the famous. Rely on the data obtained by empirically, as well as the previously acquired experience of theoretical knowledge.
2. Generalization. The knowledge of the general and essential in the objects of reality is carried out due to the fact that all these objects are interconnected. The general manifests itself through a specific one cannot exist isolated.

Forms of mental activity

Psychologists allocate three main forms:

• concept
• judgment,
• review.

The concept reflects the main signs of the subject, exists like the meaning of the word. It is abstract, generalizable: We cannot see the cat at all, we cannot hear the sound at all, we cannot try to taste at all. The concept is impossible to grasp the senses, but it is possible to submit.

The judgment reflects the relationship between objects of reality, their properties. It contains a statement or denial of some kind of reflection on the subject and its signs. The judgment reveals the essence of the concept. To understand any phenomenon - it means to be ready to express the right judgment about him. For example, take the concept of "metal". "All metals carry out electricity" - a faithful judgment about him.

The conclusion is able to analyze several judgments and on their basis to make a new one. For example, back to the concept of "metal". The first judgment: "Silver is metal." Second judgment: "All metals carry electricity." Conclusion: "Silver conducts electricity."

This is how the forms of thinking in psychology are linked: one follows from the other.

Thinking and speech

The process of reflections is very closely related to the perception, because it is formed on its basis. No less close is the connection of thoughts with speech. It is a major means of formulation, transmission of thought.

Despite the close relationship, thinking and speech in psychology is not identical. Think does not mean internally talk. This can be checked: try to express one and the same thought different words. Was it? But it is not always easy (or in general it is possible) to choose the necessary words to accurately express my thoughts.

Thinking operations

Any mental activity is performed thanks to thinking operations. In psychology, they allocate six:

1. Comparison.
   K.D. Ushinsky called this operation the basis for understanding any item: we learn it only by comparing with another or distinguished from the other.
2. Analysis.
   Imaginary separation of the item into several parts, studying their properties.
3. Synthesis.
   The opposite operation, whose task mentally connect to a single disparate elements.
4. Abstraction.
   Allocation of one essential feature in the analysis process, its in-depth study without distraction to everyone else.
5. Generalization.
   Closely related to the previous operation: the signs allocated during abstraction is the basis for combining objects by groups.
6. Specification.
   Imaginary transition from the common to the private, corresponding to this common.

How does the ability to think?

The ability to reflect existing links between the objects of reality has existed in the first months of the child's life. Next, its development will depend on the life experience of a small man, his activities, mastering speech, school education.

In psychology, the development of thinking traditionally passes the following steps:

1. Direct perception of objects by a child, operating them in the first years of life provides a clear-effective form of thinking. The child at this stage thinks only about the subject of activity, ceases to think about it when the activity stops.
2. Mastering the speech helps proceed to the generalization of things as well as their properties. First, the concepts that the child uses is only a specific character, but later the values \u200b\u200bstart increasingly becoming abstract.
3. In preschool age, the child actively begins to interest the reasons, consequences. It can compare objects, allocate their main features, use simple abstract concepts.
4. Junior school age leads to the fact that targeted mental activity appears. Although the baby is increasingly generalizing concepts, his thinking still relies on the presentation, is shaped. Therefore, it is very important to comply with the principle of visibility in training.
5. On average and older school age, the ability to abstract thinking with the use of logical operations is developing. This contributes to the assimilation of patterns characteristic of nature and society, the formation of the worldview. It is of great importance to speech, with which you learn to transmit your thoughts clearly.

Different views on the nature of thought activity

How does the ability to think, with which it is connected, what place it takes in knowledge - these questions were interested in many psychologists. In psychology, the concept of "thinking" considered almost every school through his prism. Especially interesting to me the following theories seem:

1. Würzburskaya school. O. Kulpe and others reviewed the process of thinking as an internal act, independent activity. They broke it off from other practical activities, language, as well as sensory perception.
2. Concept of intelligence J. Piaget. The researcher does not use the word thinking, replacing it with intelligence. But he studied five stages of development of intellectual operations.
3. Ontogenetic thinking theory. L.S. Vygotsky with students considered the process of the development of thinking as a result of the assimilation by the child developed historically mental operations. What is noteworthy, this process can be controlled.

Interestingly, the psychology is now the development of thinking continues to be actively interested. New concepts are created. For example, D. Caneman's theory about slow and fast thinking types.

The degree of freedom is directly proportional to the latitude of human thinking. So I wish you to improve. As a task, I propose to build a logical chain: a concept - judgment - conclusion. Write in the comments, what judgments and conclusions are born about friendship.

Sincerely, Alexander Fadeev.

Add to bookmarks: https: // Site

Hello. My name is Alexander. I am the author of the blog. For more than 7 years, we are developing sites: blogs, lending, online shopping. Always pleased with new acquaintances and your issues, comments. Add to social networks. I hope the blog will be useful for you.

Page 14 of 42

Views of thinking.

In psychology, the next simplest and somewhat conditional classification of thinking types is most adopted and distributed:

1) vividly effective;

2) visual-shaped;

3) verbal-logical;

4) Abstract logical.

Obviously effective thinking - Type of thinking based on direct perception of objects in the course of action with them. This thinking is the most elementary type of thinking, arising in practical activity and is the basis for the formation of more complex thinking. Basic characteristic obviously effective thinking it is determined by the possibility of observing real objects to have a relationship between them in real conversion of the situation. Practical cognitive objective actions are the basis of any later forms of thinking.

Imagination-Vide thinking characterized by supporting on representations and images. When visual-shaped thinking the situation is converted in terms of image or presentation. The entity operates with visual images of objects through their shaped views. In this case, the image image allows you to combine a set of heterogeneous practical operations in a holistic picture. Mastering with visual-shaped representations expands the scope of practical thinking.

In the simplest form, visual-shaped thinking arises mainly from preschoolers, i.e. At the age of four - seven years. Communication of thinking with practical actions, although they are preserved, but is not so close, straight and immediate, as before. In the course of the analysis and synthesis of the knowledgeable object, the child is not necessarily and far from always should touch the object that interested his object. In many cases, systematic practical manipulation (operation) is not required with an object, but in all cases it is necessary to clearly perceive and clearly represent this object. In other words, preschoolers are thinking only by visual images and do not have the concepts (in a simple sense).

Verbal-logical thinking - type of thinking carried out using logical operations with concepts. With verbally logical thinking, operating with logical concepts, the subject can cognize substantial patterns and unobservable relationships of the studied reality. The development of verbal-logical thinking is preserved and streamlines the world of shaped presentations and practical actions.

Abstract-logical (distracted) thinking- type of thinking based on the allocation of essential properties and bonds of the subject and distraction from other, insignificant.

Vite-effective, visual-shaped, verbal-logical and abstract-logical thinking are consistent stages of the development of thinking in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis. Currently, psychology convincingly shown that these four types of thinking coexist in an adult and function when solving various tasks. All kinds of thinking are closely interrelated. When solving problems, verbal reasoning is based on bright images. At the same time, the solution even the simplest, the most specific task requires verbal generalizations. Therefore, the described types of thinking cannot be assessed as more or less valuable. Abstract logical or verbal-logical thinking cannot be a "ideal" thinking at all, the end point of intellectual development. So further improvement of thinking is associated in psychology with the expansion and concretization of the spheres of the application of the learned mental norms and techniques.

In addition, the selection of thinking can be made on various bases. So, relying on various sources related to the study of thinking, the following types of thinking can be distinguished (see Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Classification of thinking of thinking on various bases

According to the nature of the tasks solved, distinguisure and practical thinking.

Theoretical thinking is thinking based on theoretical reasoning and conclusion.

Practical thinking - Thinking based on judgments and conclusions based on solving practical tasks. Theoretical thinking is the knowledge of laws and rules. The main task of practical thinking is the development of means of practical transformation of reality: setting a goal, creating a plan, project, scheme. Practical thinking was studied by BMPlovov. It has been established that an important feature of practical thinking is that it is deployed in the conditions of a tough time deficit and current risk. In practical situations, the possibilities for testing hypotheses are very limited. All this makes practical thinking in a certain attitude more complex than the theoretical thinking.

According to the degree of exploration of thinking over time, intuitive and discursive, or analytical thinking.

Discursive (analytical) thinking- Thinking, mediated by the logic of reasoning, and not perception. Analytical thinking is expressed in time, it has clearly pronounced stages, represented in the consciousness of the most thoughtful person.

Intuitive thinking - Thinking on the basis of direct sensual perceptions and directly reflecting the impacts of objects and phenomena of the objective world. Intuitive thinking is characterized by the speed of leakage, the absence of well-pronounced stages is minimally conscious. Three criteria are usually used to distinguish between discursive and intuitive thinking: 1) temporary (process time); 2) structural (membership in the stages); 3) the level of awareness (representation in the consciousness of the thinking).

According to the degree of novelty and originality, distinguished and productive thinking in their functional purpose.

Reproductive thinking - Thinking based on images and ideas, hoped from some specific sources.

Productive thinking - Thinking based on creative imagination.

In their activities, people face such objects that are integrity. For orientation in such objects, a person needs to be able to allocate external and internal content in them, their inner essence and its external manifestations. In this regard, according to the type of knowledge, theoretical and empirical thinking is distinguished.

Theoretical thinking - Thinking aimed at the knowledge of the internal content and essence of complex system objects. The main mental action associated with such knowledge is analyzed. Analysis of a holistic system object detects a certain coming-up (or attitude) in it, acting as a genetically baseline basis for all its private manifestations. This initial relationship serves as a universal or significant source of becoming a holistic system object. Problemoretical thinking consists in detecting this initial substantial bond, with subsequent allocation, i.e. abstraction, and, in the future, with this initial connection of all possible private manifestations of the system object, i.e. Production of action.

Empirical thinking - Thinking aimed at knowing the external manifestations of the subjects under consideration and phenomena. The main operations of empirical thinking is a formulation and classification that are associated with the actions of abstraction and generalization of the same properties, items and phenomena. The informative product of the implementation of these actions is general representations (or empirical concepts) on these subjects and phenomena. Empirical thinking performs very important and necessary functions in the daily life of people, as well as in the sciences in the initial stages of their development.

In functional purpose, critical and creative thinking distinguish.

Critical thinking aims to identify deficiencies in the judgments of other people.

Creative muscular It is associated with the opening of fundamentally new knowledge, with the generation of own original ideas, and not with the evaluation of other people's thoughts. Opposite the conditions for their implementation: the generation of new creative ideas should be completely free from every criticism, external and internal prohibitions; Critical selection and assessment of these ideas, on the contrary, requires rigor to yourself and other, does not allow an overded assessment of their own ideas. In practice, there are attempts to combine the benefits of each of these species. For example, in the well-known methods of controlling the mental process and increase its effectiveness ("brainstorming") creative and critical thinking as different modes of conscious work are used at different stages of solving the same applied tasks.

One of the traditional differences in thinking by types is based on the analysis of the content of the means of thinking-ideal or verbal. In this regard, a visual and verbal thinking is distinguished.

Visual thinking - Thinking based on images and ideas of objects.

Verbal thinking - Thinking that operates the distracted sign structures. It has been established that for a full mental thinking, one people need to see or represent objects, others prefer to operate with distracted sign structures. In psychology, it is believed that the visual and verbal types of thinking are "antagonists": the carriers of the first are difficult to reach even simple tasks presented in the mark form; The media of the second is not easy to provide tasks requiring operating visual images.

Thinking - a form of reflection, establishing communication and relationship between knowledgeable objects. Think means to produce operations using formal logic.

Views on the problem. Defining the concept of thinking

From the point of view of psychology

In psychology, thinking is a set of mental processes underlying knowledge; Thinking is exactly the active side of the knowledge: attention, perception, the process of associations, the formation of concepts and judgments. In a closer logical sense, thinking contains only the formation of judgments and conclusions by analyzing and synthesizing concepts.

Thinking is an indirect and generalized reflection of reality, a type of mental activity consisting in the knowledge of the essence of things and phenomena, natural ties and relations between them.

Thinking as one of the mental functions is a mental process of reflection and knowledge of the substantial relations and relations of objects and phenomena of the objective world.

The information received by a person from the surrounding world allows a person to represent not only the external, but also the inner side of the subject, represent items in the absence of them themselves, to anticipate their change in time, to rush to the thought into the unawrs, Dali and the microworld. All this is possible due to the process of thinking. In under thinking Understand the process of the cognitive activity of an individual characterized by a generalized and mediated reflection of reality. The objects and phenomena of reality possess such properties and relationships that can be learned directly, with the help of sensations and perceptions (colors, sounds, shapes, placement and movement of bodies in the visible space).

First feature of thinking - His mediated character. The fact that a person cannot know directly, he knows indirectly, indirectly: some properties through others, unknown - through the famous. Thinking always relies on the data of sensual experience -, ideas - and on previously acquired theoretical knowledge. Indirect cognition and there is knowledge mediated.

Second feature of thinking - His generalization. Generalization as knowledge of common and significant in objects of reality is possible because all the properties of these objects are associated with each other. The general exists and manifests itself only in a separate one, in a specific one.

Generalizes People express themselves through speech, language. The verbal designation refers not only to a separate object, but also to a whole group of similar objects. Generalization is also inherent in images (ideas and even perceptions). But there it is always limited to clarity. The word allows you to generalize endless. Philosophical concepts of matter, movement, law, entity, phenomena, quality, quantities, etc. - The widest generalizations expressed by the word.

The results of the cognitive activity of people are fixed in the form of concepts. The concept is a reflection of the essential signs of the subject. The concept of the subject arises on the basis of many judgments and conclusions about him. The concept as a result of summarizing the experience of people is the highest product of the brain, the highest level of knowledge of the world.

Thinking of a person proceeds in the form of judgments and conclusions. The judgment is a form of thinking, reflecting the objects of reality in their connections and relationships. Each judgment has a separate idea of \u200b\u200bsomething. The consistent logical connection of several judgments necessary in order to solve any mental task, to understand something, find an answer to the question, is called reasoning. The argument has a practical meaning only when it leads to a certain conclusion, conclusion. Review and will answer the question, the result of the search for thought.

Review - This is a conclusion from several judgments that gives us a new knowledge about the subjects and phenomena of the objective world. The conclusions are inductive, deductive and by analogy.

Thinking is the highest stage of knowledge of the man of reality. The sensual basis of thinking are sensations, perception and presentation. Through the senses, these single body communication channels with the world around the world - information enters the brain. The content of the information is processed by the brain. The most difficult (logical) form of information processing is the activity of thinking. Solving the mental tasks, which in front of a person puts life, he reflects, makes conclusions and thus knows the essence of things and phenomena, opens the laws of their connection, and then on this basis converts the world.

Thinking is not only closely associated with sensations and perceptions, but it is formed on the basis of them. The transition from the feeling to thought is a complex process that consists, first of all, in the allocation and separation of the subject or a sign of it, in distraction from a particular, unit and establishment of a significant, common for many items.

Thinking is mainly as solving tasks, questions, problems that are constantly nominated by life. Solving tasks should always give a person something new, new knowledge. The search for solutions is sometimes very difficult, so thinking activities are usually - the activity is active, requiring concentrated attention, patience. The real process of thought is always a process not only cognitive, but also emotional-volitional.

For human thinking, a more substantially relationship is not with sensual knowledge, but with speech and language. In a more strict understanding speech - The communication process mediated by the language. If the language is an objective, historically established system of codes and the subject of special science - linguistics, then the speech is the psychological process of formulating and transmitting thoughts by means of language.

Modern psychology does not believe that the inner speech has the same structure and the same functions as the deployed external speech. Under the inner speech, psychology implies a significant transitional stage between an intention and expanded external speech. The mechanism that allows you to recodle the general meaning in a speech statement, i.e. The inner speech is, first of all, not a detailed speech statement, but only preparatory Stage.

However, the inseparable communication of thinking with the speech does not mean that thinking can be reduced to speech. Thinking and speech is not the same thing. Think, do not mean talking about yourself. Evidence of this can be the possibility of expressing the same thoughts with different words, as well as the fact that we do not always find the necessary words to express our thought.

An objective material form of thinking is language. The thought becomes thought for himself and for others only through the word - oral and written. Thanks to the language of thought, people are not lost, but are transmitted in the form of a knowledge system from generation to generation. However, there are additional means of transmitting the results of thinking: light and sound signals, electrical impulses, gestures, etc. Contemporary science and technology are widely used as a universal and economical means of transmitting information.

Thinking is also inextricably linked both with the practical activity of people. Every type of activity implies thinking, accounting for action, planning, observation. Acting, a person solves any tasks. Practical activity is the main condition for the emergence and development of thinking, as well as the criterion of truth of thinking.

Thinking processes

The mental activity of a person is a solution to a variety of thought tasks aimed at disclosing the essence of something. The mental operation is one of the ways of mental activity, through which a person solves mental problems.

Thinking operations are diverse. This is an analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction, concretization, generalization, classification. Which logical operations will apply a person, it will depend on the task and on the nature of the information that he exposess mental processing.

Analysis and synthesis

Analysis - This is a mental decomposition of the whole on a part or a mental allocation from the whole parties, actions, relationships.

Synthesis - reverse analysis of the process of thought, this is to combine parts, properties, actions, relationships to one whole.

Analysis and synthesis are two interrelated logic operations. Synthesis, as well as analysis, can be both practical and mental.

Analysis and synthesis were formed in human practical activity. People constantly interact with objects and phenomena. The practical development of them and led to the formation of mental analysis and synthesis operations.

Comparison

Comparison - This is the establishment of similarities and differences in objects and phenomena.

Comparison is based on the analysis. Before comparing objects, it is necessary to highlight one or more signs of them, which will be compared.

The comparison may be one-sided, or incomplete, and multilateral, or more complete. Comparison, as analysis and synthesis, may be different levels - surface and deeper. In this case, the person's thought comes from the external signs of similarities and differences in the inner, from visible to hidden, from the phenomenon to the essence.

Abstraction

Abstraction - This is a process of mental distraction from some signs, the sides of the parties to the best knowledge of it.

A person mentally allocates some sign of the subject and considers it isolated from all other signs, temporarily distracted by them. An isolated study of individual features of the object while simultaneously distraction from all the rest helps a person to understand the essence of things and phenomena deeper. Thanks to the abstraction, a person could break away from a single, concrete and climb to the highest level of knowledge - scientific theoretical thinking.

Specification

Specification - The process, reverse abstraction and inextricably associated with it.

Specification is the return of thought from the total and abstract to a specific detention.

Thinking activity is always aimed at obtaining any result. A person analyzes objects compares them, abstracts individual properties in order to identify common in them to disclose the patterns that manage their development to master them.

The generalization, therefore, is the allocation in objects and phenomena of the general, which is expressed in the form of concept, law, rules, formulas, etc.

Views of thinking

Depending on what place in the mental process is occupied by the word, image and action, how they relate to each other, distinguish three types of thinking: Specifically effective, or practical, specifically-shaped and abstract. These types of thinking are allocated also on the basis of the characteristics of the tasks - practical and theoreticals.

Specifically effective thinking

Vividly effective - Type of thinking, based on direct perception of objects.

Specifically effective, or subjectual, thinking is aimed at solving specific problems in the conditions of industrial, constructive, organizational and other practical activities of people. Practical thinking is primarily technical, constructive thinking. It consists in understanding the technique and in the ability of a person to solve technical tasks. The technical activity process is the process of interaction between mental and practical components of work. Complex operations of abstract thinking are intertwined with human practical actions are inextricably linked with them. Characteristic features Specifically effective thinking are bright pronounced observation, attention to detail, Protentials and skill use them in a specific situation, operating with spatial images and schemes, the ability to quickly move from reflection to action and back. It is in this form of thinking that the unity of thought and will is mostly manifested.

Specifically-shaped thinking

Vite-figurative - kind of thinking, characterized by supporting on representations and images.

Specifically-shaped (visual-shaped), or artistic, thinking is characterized by the fact that the abstract thoughts, generalizations, the person embodies into specific images.

Abstract thinking

Wonder-logical - Type of thinking carried out using logical operations with concepts.

Abstract, or verbally logical, thinking is directed mainly to finding general patterns in nature and human society. Abstract, theoretical thinking reflects general connections and relationships. It operates mainly by concepts, wide categories, and images, representations in it play a supporting role.

All three kinds of thinking are closely connected with each other. Many people are equally developed specifically efficient, specifically-shaped and theoretical thinking, but depending on the nature of the tasks that a person decides, then one is one, then the other, then the third type of thinking.

Types and types of thinking

Practically effective, visual-shaped and theoretically distracts - these are interrelated types of thinking. In the process of historical development of mankind, human intellect was originally formed during practical activities. So, people learned to measure the experimental areas, and then a special theoretical science was gradually emerged on this basis - geometry.

Genetically the earliest kind of thinking - practically effective thinking; The determining value in it is actions with objects (in its infancy, it is also observed in animals).

Based on the practical effective, manipulative thinking arises imagination. For him, it is characterized by operating visual images in the mind.

The highest stage of thinking is distracted, abstract thinking. However, here thinking keeps links with practice. As they say, there is nothing more practical than the right theory.

Thinking of individuals is also divided into practically effective, shaped and abstract (theoretical).

But in the process of life, the same person acts on the fore, another type of thinking. So, household deeds require practically effective thinking, and a report on a scientific topic - theoretical thinking, etc.

Structural unit of practical effective (operational) thinking - act; artistic - form; scientific thinking - concept.

Depending on the depth of the generalization, empirical and theoretical thinking distinguish.

Empirical thinking (from Greek. Empeiria - experience) gives primary generalizations based on experience. These generalizations are made on a low level of abstraction. Empirical knowledge is the lowest, elementary stage of knowledge. Empirical thinking should not be mixed with practical thinking.

As noted by a well-known psychologist V. M. Heat ("The Mind of Communication"), many psychologists for the only sample of mental activities take the work of a scientist, theorist. Meanwhile, practical activity requires no smaller intellectual efforts.

The mental activity of the theorist is concentrated mainly on the first part of the path of knowledge - temporary departure, retreat from practice. Mental activity practice is focused mainly on its second part - on the transition from abstract thinking to practice, i.e., on that "hit" in practice, for which theoretical retreat is produced.

A feature of practical thinking is thin observation, the ability to concentrate attention on the individual details of the event, the ability to use to solve a private problem is particularly and isolated, which was not entirely in theoretical generalization, the ability to quickly move from reflection to action.

In practical thinking of a person, the optimal ratio of his mind and will, cognitive, regulatory and energy capabilities of the individual. Practical thinking is associated with the operational formulation of priority purposes, the development of flexible plans, programs, a great composure on a tense activity.

Theoretical thinking reveals universal relationships, explores the object of knowledge in the system of its necessary connections. Its result is the construction of conceptual models, the creation of theories, a summary of experience, disclosure of the patterns of development of various phenomena, whose knowledge provides conversion activities of a person. Theoretical thinking is inextricably linked with practice, but in its final results has relative independence; It is based on preceding knowledge and, in turn, serves as the basis of subsequent knowledge.

Depending on the standard / nonstandarity of the solid tasks and operational procedures, algorithmic, discursive, heuristic and creative thinking differ.

Algorithmic thinking Focused on pre-established rules, a generally accepted sequence of actions required to solve typical tasks.

Discursive (from Lat. Discursus - reasoning) thinking Based on the system of interconnected conclusions.

Heuristic thinking (From Greek. Heuresko - I find) - this is a productive thinking consisting in solving non-standard tasks.

Creative thinking - Thinking, leading to new discoveries, fundamentally new results.

There are also reproductive and productive thinking.

Reproductive thinking - Play previous results. In this case, thinking closes with memory.

Productive thinking - Thinking, leading to new cognitive results.