A number of researchers believe that the crowd is a special biological organism. It operates according to its own laws and does not always take into account the interests of individual components, including their safety.

Very often, the crowd becomes more dangerous than the natural disaster or accident that formed it. However, she does not look for alternative solutions and does not see the consequences of her decision, sometimes the main ones, as in a case typical of fires: a jump from a doomedly high height. A crowd can form in many cases, including when committing terrorist actions.
Categorical commands, an ardent conviction that there is no danger and even the threat of execution of alarmists, as well as the strongest emotional brake or miracle, can stop the crowd. It is to miracles that cases should be attributed when a strong-willed person, who enjoys the confidence of the audience, managed to prevent a dramatic development of events.
Many special handbooks strongly recommend physical suppression of the instigator of the panic. Because it is immeasurably easier to stop the beginning psychological fire than to stop the crowd that has set in motion.
The leader immediately needs to find assistants who should "cut the crowd", sometimes literally - holding hands and chanting.
The main psychological picture of the crowd looks like this:
Decrease in the intellectual beginning and increase in the emotional.
A sharp increase in suggestibility and a decrease in the ability for individual thinking.
The crowd needs a leader or an object of hatred. She will gladly obey or smash.
The crowd is capable of both terrible cruelty and self-sacrifice, including in relation to the leader himself.
The crowd quickly fizzles out, having achieved something. Divided into groups, people quickly come to their senses and change their behavior and assessment of what is happening.
In the life of a street (especially political and social) crowd, such elements as the first stone in a shop window and first blood are very important. These steps can lead the crowd to a fundamentally different level of danger, where collective irresponsibility turns each member of the crowd into a criminal. From such a crowd you need to leave immediately.
How to survive in the crowd? The best rule- far to get around it !!! If this is not possible, by no means go against the crowd. If the crowd has carried you away, try to avoid both its center and its edge. Dodge everything that is stationary on the way, otherwise you may just be crushed. Do not cling to anything with your hands, they can be broken. If possible, zip up. High heels can cost you your life, as can an untied shoelace. Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc.
If something has fallen (anything), in no case do not try to pick it up - life is more expensive. In a dense crowd, with the right behavior, the probability of falling is not as great as the probability of squeezing. Therefore, protect the diaphragm with your clasped hands, folding them over your chest. Pushes from behind should be taken on the elbows, the diaphragm should be protected by arm tension.
The main task in the crowd is not to fall. But if you still fell, then you need to protect your head with your hands and immediately get up. This is very difficult, but it can be done if you use this technique: quickly pull your legs up to you, group up and try to stand up with a jerk. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will be constantly knocked down. Therefore, with one foot you need to rest (with a full sole) on the ground and straighten up sharply, using the movement of the crowd. But, nevertheless, it is very difficult to get up, preliminary protection measures are always more effective.
This universal rule, by the way, fully applies to the beginning of the “crowd” situation itself. At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be near the stage, changing rooms, etc. - in the center of events. Avoid walls (especially glass), partitions, mesh. The tragedy at the stadium in Sheffield (England) showed that most of the dead were crushed by the crowd on the barrier walls.
If the panic started due to a terrorist act, do not rush to exacerbate the disorder with your movement: do not deprive yourself of the opportunity to assess the situation and accept the right decision.
To do this, use the techniques of auto-training and express relaxation. Here are simple tricks, from which you need to choose the closest for yourself.
Even breathing promotes even demeanor. Take a few breaths in and out.
Look at something blue or imagine a rich blue background. Think about it for a second.
To bring down the beginning emotional confusion, you can turn to yourself by name (preferably out loud), for example: “Kolya, are you here?”. And confidently answer yourself: "Yes, I'm here !!!".
Imagine yourself as a television camera that looks at everything a little from the side and from a height. Assess your situation as an outsider: what would you do in this person's place?
Change your sense of scale. Take a look at the eternal clouds. Smile through force, bring down fear with an unexpected thought or memory.
If the crowd is dense but motionless, you can try to get out of it using psychosocial tricks, for example, pretending to be sick, drunk, crazy, pretending to be sick, and so on. In short, you have to force yourself to keep your composure, be informed, and improvise.

Rules for safe behavior in the crowd in the event of a panic

The appearance of the crowd is possible in crowded places. As a rule, this happens at holidays, concerts, festivities, near stadiums after the end of sports matches.

As long as thousands of people follow the established order of behavior or move evenly along the allotted routes, the situation is relatively safe. But in the event of an incident or an obstacle on the way, the crowd turns into a source of increased danger to human health and life. It is very difficult to stop excited people or control their actions. Sometimes this is almost impossible.

According to psychologists, the crowd is one of the most hazardous phenomena city ​​life. Tellingly, it does not take into account the interests of individual people, including the safety of their lives.

A large crowd of people depersonalizes. The person behaves like everyone else. And it is difficult to resist the influence of the crowd. The paradox is that normal law-abiding people in the crowd can behave aggressively and destructively, completely out of control of their actions and deeds. After all, the crowd gives rise to a feeling of impunity in a person. And this is fraught with the fact that it is far from being the best, but its hidden vices spill out, representing a danger to others.

To avoid possible troubles, everyone needs to know the basic rules of behavior in crowded places.

Once at the venue of a mass cultural, entertainment or sports event, do not try to get into the most dense crowd of people in a limited space. Remember, no spectacle compensates for possible inconvenience, injury, squeezing in the crowd.

If you have to deal with crowded aisles at the venue of the mass spectacle, violation of the rules fire safety and public order, the correct action is to leave the event.

Study in advance the ways of possible evacuation when visiting the place of the alleged congestion of people. It's in your best interest. At the same time, do not disregard fences, stairs, courtyards, windows, emergency exits and routes.

What to do if you find yourself in a moving crowd when leaving a concert or stadium?

First of all, it is necessary to adhere to the general speed of the flow of traffic, do not push, do not push on those in front. Pushes from behind and from the side must be restrained with arms bent at the elbows and pressed to the body. Ask the most restless neighbors to keep order or skip ahead.

How to deal with strong pressure?
Do not grab onto protruding objects, try to get around them, stay away from glass windows, mesh fences, turnstiles, stages. Umbrella, bag, press tightly to the body. It is better to move a long scarf from the neck to the lower back, turning this source of suffocation danger into a means of protection. When moving in a crowd, never bend down for anything, do not pick up fallen things, money, and do not even tie an untied shoelace. The main task is to stand on your feet at any cost. Caution: Falling inside a moving crowd is life-threatening. But if this does happen, remember the important recommendations: when you fall, do not think about your clothes or bag, bend your arms and legs, protect your head with your hands, and your stomach by bending and pulling your legs to the body. Then quickly try to put your hands and one foot on the ground and straighten up sharply in the direction of people's movement. If it doesn't work right away, don't despair and try again.

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Study in advance the ways of possible evacuation when visiting the place of the alleged congestion of people. It's in your best interest. At the same time, do not disregard fences, stairs, courtyards, windows, emergency exits and routes.

1. Rules for safe behavior in the crowd

The occurrence of panic or general spontaneous aggression, the cause of which may be general hysteria provoked by a mass protest, or fear caused by a fire or other disaster; or an overly emotional football match and much more, can turn a large number of ordinary people into a crowd that can sweep away and destroy everything in its path. Any mass event is a source of increased danger. This, for example, has recently been warned by the organizers of most rock concerts right on the entrance tickets.

Social psychologists highlight a few simple recommendations on how not to become a victim of the crowd: do not go against the crowd; if necessary, cross the crowd (cross it tangentially or diagonally, while following the movement of the checkered piece); do not look into the eyes of people in the crowd and do not move with your eyes down to the ground (moving with your eyes down is the movement of the victim). The gaze should be directed just below the face with the inclusion of the so-called peripheral vision. This view will allow you to keep track of the whole situation without fixing on individual details.

Experts distinguish between two types of behavior in the crowd: on the street and indoors. In many ways they converge, but there are nuances. In a confined space (at a concert or other mass event), when danger arises, people suddenly start looking for salvation at the same time, that is, they want to get out of this room. In the vast majority of cases, this happens randomly. Especially active are people who are far from the exits. They begin to press with all their might on those in front, and as a result, most of the "front" are pressed against the walls. There is a stampede, as a result of which, in the most direct sense, very many people can be (and are) crushed between a stone wall and a wall of human bodies.

Experts advise remembering exit points and ways to them, because those who know where the nearest exit is are more likely to escape. It is especially important to rush to him before the crowd starts to move. However, when the crowd has gained full strength, an attempt to move through its thickness can have the most negative consequences. Experts believe that the most reasonable thing is to wait until the main stream subsides. In their opinion, rushing into narrow passages when the crowd has already gained strength is permissible only in the event of a fire, which also spreads very quickly, or when, as a result of the extensive combustion of plastic materials and coatings, a “gas chamber” forms in the hall.

Beware of walls and narrow doorways. To do this, you need to try:

Getting into the "mainstream", which, however, is also unsafe;

Go back a little, where it’s still freer;

Try to lie down on top of the human stream and, rolling or crawling in a plastunsky way, make your way to a less crowded place. This is especially true when saving children: often this technique is the only hope. A child simply will not be able to survive in a distraught crowd of adults, if only because of his height. Therefore, if you have the strength, it is better to put the child on your shoulders and move on like this. Or two adults can, facing each other, create a kind of protective capsule for a child from their bodies and hands.

If it is impossible to wait, then rush into the crowd, but with your head, but at the same time, you must empty your pockets as much as possible (even better - completely), since almost any object with enormous pressure in the middle of the crowd can cause serious injury not only to yourself, but and any of the people around.

It is necessary to remove from oneself long, too loose clothes, moreover, equipped with metal parts, as well as everything that can squeeze the neck, i.e. jacket lacing, tie, medallion on a cord, pectoral cross on a chain, any jewelry and bijouterie. Hands should not be pressed to the body, they should be bent at the elbows, fists pointing up, then the hands can protect the chest. You can also clasp your palms in front of your chest.

The street crowd is considered to be not as dangerous as in a confined space. However, psychologists do not agree with this, believing that the street crowd more often acts as a carrier of aggressive moods and that the street crowd surpasses the crowd in a confined space in terms of the number of deliberate victims.

In general, the rules of conduct during mass street gatherings do not differ much from those given above, but still have their own characteristics. The first rule is: Don't join the crowd, no matter how much you want to see what's going on. If you find yourself in a crowd, let it carry you, but try to get out of it. When the crowd approaches, it is necessary to retreat to the side streets and alleys, also using the passage yards. Some survival manuals also recommend that, if it is impossible to escape to neighboring streets, use entrances as shelters through which you can climb onto the roofs of houses. But the entrances can be closed (which most often happens recently). Then, in the same manuals, it is recommended to break the windows of apartments located on the first floors, and through them to penetrate into the entrances.

Once in a moving crowd, you need to stay away from any walls and ledges. All kinds of metal gratings are especially dangerous in these cases. If the crush has become threatening, immediately, without hesitation, get rid of any burden, especially a bag with a long belt and a scarf. Clothing should be comfortable, tight-fitting, preferably sporty (the same applies to shoes, which should be tightly laced). On the street, you should stay on the edge of the crowd, and not strive into the thick of things.

If knowing the location of the nearest emergency exits can be useful in an enclosed area, knowing the topography of the area in an open area will be just as useful. No need to try to resist the spontaneous movement of the crowd, cling to walls or lampposts.

You can not stop and try to pick up anything. Also, no injury should cause a stop. If you fall, try to get back on your feet as quickly as possible. At the same time, do not lean on your hands (they will be crushed or broken). Try to stand on your soles or on your toes at least for a moment. It is necessary to get up exactly in the direction of the movement of the crowd. If you can’t get up, curl up in a ball, protect your head with your forearms, and cover the back of your head with your palms.

If there are still people in the crowd who have not lost their heads and are able to protect children and women, then it is quite possible to organize joint actions and sooner or later get out of the dense crowd. To do this, line up in a wedge, inside which you place children and women, after which, pushing the scattered people around, drift to the side.

You can drift through the crowd like a ship on a river. Evaluate the direction in advance and purposefully move along it.

The appearance of the crowd is possible in crowded places. As a rule, this happens at holidays, concerts, festivities, near stadiums after the end of sports matches.

As long as thousands of people follow the established order of behavior or move evenly along the allotted routes, the situation is relatively safe. But in the event of an incident or an obstacle on the way, the crowd turns into a source of increased danger to human health and life. It is very difficult to stop excited people or control their actions. Sometimes this is almost impossible.

According to psychologists, the crowd is one of the most dangerous phenomena of urban life. Tellingly, it does not take into account the interests of individual people, including the safety of their lives.

A large crowd of people depersonalizes. The person behaves like everyone else. And it is difficult to resist the influence of the crowd. The paradox is that normal law-abiding people in the crowd can behave aggressively and destructively, completely out of control of their actions and deeds. After all, the crowd gives rise to a feeling of impunity in a person. And this is fraught with the fact that it is far from being the best, but its hidden vices spill out, representing a danger to others.

To avoid possible troubles, everyone needs to know the basic rules of behavior in crowded places.

Once at the venue of a mass cultural, entertainment or sports event, do not try to get into the most dense crowd of people in a limited space. Remember, no spectacle compensates for possible inconvenience, injury, squeezing in the crowd.

If you have to deal with crowded aisles in the venue of a mass spectacle, violation of fire safety rules and public order, the correct action is to leave this event.

Study in advance the ways of possible evacuation when visiting the place of the alleged congestion of people. It's in your best interest. At the same time, do not disregard fences, stairs, courtyards, windows, emergency exits and routes.

What to do if you find yourself in a moving crowd when leaving a concert or stadium?

First of all, it is necessary to adhere to the general speed of the flow of traffic, do not push, do not push on those in front. Pushes from behind and from the side must be restrained with arms bent at the elbows and pressed to the body. Ask the most restless neighbors to keep order or skip ahead.

How to deal with strong pressure?

Do not grab onto protruding objects, try to get around them, stay away from glass windows, mesh fences, turnstiles, stages. Umbrella, bag, press tightly to the body. It is better to move a long scarf from the neck to the lower back, turning this source of suffocation danger into a means of protection. When moving in a crowd, never bend down for anything, do not pick up fallen things, money, and do not even tie an untied shoelace. The main task is to stand on your feet at any cost. Caution: Falling inside a moving crowd is life-threatening. But if this does happen, remember important recommendations: when you fall, do not think about your clothes or bag, bend your arms and legs, protect your head with your hands, and your stomach by bending and pulling your legs to the body. Then quickly try to put your hands and one foot on the ground and straighten up sharply in the direction of people's movement. If it doesn't work right away, don't despair and try again.

In order for a large number of ordinary people to turn into a crowd with all the ensuing consequences, panic or general spontaneous aggression must arise.

However, these two factors are often closely related.

At the same time, thousands, hundreds, or even dozens of people (it's not a matter of quantity) suddenly lose their individuality and turn into one many-headed beast that is capable of sweeping away and destroying everything in its path.

In order for the human mass to become "explosive", a kind of psychological detonator is needed, which can be a general hysteria provoked by a mass protest or, on the contrary, a demonstration of loyal feelings; fear caused by fire or other disaster; An unprofessional rock concert or an overly emotional football match...

The list of reasons that can turn a crowd into a crowd, unfortunately, can go on and on.

Too often, people who succumb to mass psychosis later themselves could not figure out why this happened. The explanation here should be sought at the level of primitive instincts. It was they who, in ancient times, helped people survive together, when much, it would seem, beings that were much stronger and adapted to cruel conditions, disappeared without a trace.

But today, like any atavism, the herd instinct is an undoubted danger to the human collective. The only thing that a truly intelligent person can oppose to such an instinct is reason. Try, being in an aggressive crowd, not to succumb to the general feeling, this kind of “negative charm”.

But remember: the crowd does not accept "apostates" and is able to deal with anyone who disagrees with general psychosis (for the mere fact of demonstrated disagreement) in the most cruel way.

It's not so easy to take and keep your individuality when the human sea carries you nowhere. However, there is no choice: if you do not preserve your individuality, then you can lose not only your human appearance, but life itself. After all, the crowd is merciless not only in relation to those who disagree, but also to its ordinary members.

2. Behavior of the crowd and safe behavior in it

In the behavior of the crowd, both ideological influences are manifested, with the help of which certain actions are prepared, and changes in mental states that occur under the influence of any specific events or information about them. In the actions of the crowd, there is a docking and practical implementation of both ideological and socio-psychological influences, their interpenetration into the real behavior of people.

Joint feelings, will, moods turn out to be emotionally and ideologically colored and repeatedly strengthened.

The situation of mass hysteria serves as a backdrop against which the most tragic actions often unfold.

As already mentioned, one of the types of crowd behavior is panic. Panic is emotional condition, arising as a result of either a lack of information about some frightening or incomprehensible situation, or its excessive excess and manifested in impulsive actions.

There are many factors that can cause panic. Their nature can be physiological, psychological and socio-psychological. There are known cases of panic in everyday life as a result of catastrophes and natural disasters. In panic, people are driven by unaccountable fear. They lose self-control, solidarity, rush about, do not see a way out of the situation.

The factors that have a particularly strong influence on the behavior of the crowd are as follows.

Superstition is a fixed false opinion that arises under the influence of fear experienced by a person. However, there may be a superstitious fear, the causes of which are not recognized. Many superstitions are associated with belief in something. They affect a variety of people, regardless of the level of education and culture. For the most part, superstition is based on fear, and it is magnified many times over in a crowd.

Illusion - a kind of false knowledge, entrenched in public opinion. It may be the result of a deception of the sense organ. In this context, we are talking about illusions related to the perception of social reality. A social illusion is a kind of ersatz-likeness of reality, created in the imagination of a person instead of genuine knowledge, which for some reason does not accept. Ultimately, the basis of the illusion is ignorance, which can produce the most unexpected and undesirable effects when manifested in a crowd.

Prejudice is false knowledge that has turned into a belief, more precisely, into a prejudice. Prejudices are active, aggressive, assertive, and desperately resist true knowledge. This resistance is so blind that the crowd will not accept any arguments that contradict prejudice.

The psychological nature of prejudice lies in the fact that a person's memory captures not just an opinion (knowledge), it also retains the feeling, emotion, attitude that accompanies this knowledge. As a result, memory is highly selective. Facts and events that contradict a certain opinion are not always analyzed at the level of consciousness. And, of course, they are discarded under the influence of emotions, which usually overwhelm, overwhelm the crowd.

In cases where the widespread stereotypes of public opinion are oversaturated with emotions, a mass psychosis may occur, during which people are able to commit the most reckless acts, cease to be aware of all the consequences of their actions.

The factors that determine the character of the opinions and beliefs of the crowd are of two kinds: immediate factors and distant factors. The immediate factors influencing the crowd act on the ground already prepared by distant factors - without this they would not have caused such crushing results, which often strike a raging crowd. Factors capable of impressing the crowd itself always appeal to their feelings, and not to reason.

A number of researchers believe that the crowd is a special biological organism. It operates according to its own laws and does not always take into account the interests of individual components, including their safety.

Very often, the crowd becomes more dangerous than the natural disaster or accident that formed it. However, she does not look for alternative solutions and does not see the consequences of her decision, sometimes the main ones, as in a case typical of fires: a jump from a doomedly high height.

Categorical commands, an ardent conviction that there is no danger and even the threat of execution of alarmists, as well as the strongest emotional brake or miracle, can stop the crowd. It is to miracles that cases should be attributed when a strong-willed person, who enjoys the confidence of the audience, managed to prevent a dramatic development of events.

The leader immediately needs to find assistants who should "cut the crowd", sometimes literally - holding hands and chanting.

The main psychological picture of the crowd looks like this:

Decrease in the intellectual beginning and increase in the emotional.

· A sharp increase in suggestibility and a decrease in the ability to think individually.

· The crowd needs a leader or an object of hatred. She will gladly obey or smash. The crowd is capable of both terrible cruelty and self-sacrifice, including in relation to the leader himself.

· The crowd quickly fizzles out, having achieved something. Divided into groups, people quickly come to their senses and change their behavior and assessment of what is happening.

· In the life of a street (especially political and social) crowd, such elements as the first stone in the window and the first blood are very important. These steps can lead the crowd to a fundamentally different level of danger, where collective irresponsibility turns each member of the crowd into a criminal. From such a crowd you need to leave immediately.

How to survive in the crowd? The best rule is to avoid it far!!! If this is not possible, by no means go against the crowd. If the crowd has carried you away, try to avoid both its center and its edge. Dodge everything that is stationary on the way, otherwise you can simply be crushed, smeared. Do not cling to anything with your hands, they can be broken. If possible, zip up. High heels can cost you your life, as can an untied shoelace. Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc.

If something has fallen (anything), in no case do not try to pick it up - life is more expensive. In a dense crowd, with the right behavior, the probability of falling is not as great as the probability of squeezing. Therefore, protect the diaphragm with your clasped hands, folding them over your chest. Pushes from behind should be taken on the elbows, the diaphragm should be protected by arm tension.

The main task in the crowd is not to fall. But if you still - fell, then you need to protect your head with your hands and immediately get up. This is very difficult, but it can be done if you use this technique: quickly pull your legs up to you, group up and try to stand up with a jerk. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will be constantly knocked down. Therefore, with one foot you need to rest (with a full sole) on the ground and straighten up sharply, using the movement of the crowd. But, nevertheless, it is very difficult to get up, preliminary protection measures are always more effective.

This universal rule, by the way, fully applies to the beginning of the “crowd” situation itself. At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be near the stage, locker rooms, etc. - in the center of events. Avoid walls (especially glass), partitions, mesh. The tragedy at the stadium in Sheffield (England) showed that most of the dead were crushed by the crowd on the barrier walls.

If the panic started due to a terrorist act, do not rush to exacerbate the disorder with your movement: do not deprive yourself of the opportunity to assess the situation and make the right decision.

To do this, use the techniques of auto-training and express relaxation. Here simple tricks, from which you need to choose the closest for yourself.

Regular breathing helps to maintain even demeanor. Take a few breaths in and out.

· Look at something blue or imagine a rich blue background. Think about it for a second.

In order to bring down the beginning emotional confusion, you can turn to yourself by name (better out loud), for example: “Kolya, are you here?”. And confidently answer yourself: "Yes, I'm here !!!".

· Imagine yourself as a television camera that looks at everything from a little side and from a height. Assess your situation as an outsider: what would you do in this person's place?

· Change the sense of scale. Take a look at the eternal clouds. Smile through force, bring down fear with an unexpected thought or memory.

If the crowd is dense but motionless, you can try to get out of it using psychosocial tricks, for example, pretending to be sick, drunk, crazy, pretending to be sick, and so on. In short, you have to force yourself to keep your composure, be informed, and improvise.

Let's move on to specific examples. Suppose you are among many other people at a concert or other mass event, albeit in a fairly large, but still closed room. And suddenly there was a heart-rending cry: “Fire!!!” The whole point here is a sudden change in the general (including yours) mood. After all, you came here with everyone in order to enjoy the concert of your favorite artist or watching a movie about which you heard favorable reviews. And suddenly - "Fire!!!". That is, a positive mood diametrically changes to a negative one. There is a lot of stress. And now the people who have gathered in a closed room suddenly begin all at the same time to seek salvation, that is, they want to get out of this room. Of course, everything happens chaotically, there can be no talk of any organization. Unfortunately, this is the case in the vast majority of cases. Especially active are people who are far from the exits. They begin to press with all their might on those in front, and as a result, most of the "front" are pressed against the walls. There is a stampede, as a result of which, in the most direct sense, many people can be (and are!) Crushed between a stone wall and a wall of human bodies. Of course, those who have not lost their heads, who know where the nearest exit is, are more likely to be saved. It is especially important to rush to him before the crowd starts to move. However, when the crowd has gained full strength, an attempt to move through its thickness can have the most negative consequences. By the way, having gone to such a mass event, do not be lazy even before it starts, pay attention to where the dimly glowing inscription "Emergency Exit" is located. Do it just like that, just in case. After all, there may not be another opportunity. Suppose you did not have time to be in the forefront of the fleeing. Then, in some cases, it makes sense to wait until the main stream of fugitives subsides. True, this requires considerable restraint and composure, as well as the ability to realistically assess the situation. After all, often the danger that you do not see with your own eyes can seem more formidable than the real danger. And this, by the way, also explains the mechanism of mass panic in the crowd. In general, experts believe that rushing into narrow passages when the crowd has already gained strength is permissible only in the event of a fire, which also spreads very quickly, or when, as a result of extensive combustion of plastic materials and coatings, a “gas chamber” forms in the hall. But, rushing into the crowd, be sure to empty your pockets as much as possible (even better - completely!)! After all, almost any object with enormous pressure in the middle of the crowd is capable of causing serious injury to both yourself and any of the people around you. Be sure to get rid of pencils and pens, wallet, calculator or notebook ... In general, everything that has at least some rigidity. For paper money, you can make an exception (just make sure that they are not rolled up into a tube), but get rid of coins completely. Throw away greed: life is more precious than any material values! With long, too loose, besides, clothes equipped with metal parts, also part without regret. Anything that can squeeze the neck, i.e. jacket lacing, tie, medallion on a lace, pectoral cross on a chain, discard as soon as possible. This is the case when an amulet designed to bring good luck can cause death. And in general, any jewelry and costume jewelry, no matter how expensive they are for you, throw them on the floor as soon as possible. Of course, glasses in such a situation should also be absent on the face. Never let your shoelaces come loose. While there is still time, tighten them with a dead knot! An untied lace is fraught with a fall in the crowd, and no one has ever managed to get up in such a situation. In any case, your hands should not be pressed to the body. Let them be bent at the elbows, fists pointing up, then the hands will be able to protect the chest. You can also clasp your palms in front of your chest. After all, the most dangerous thing in a crowd is to lose the ability to breathe as a result of squeezing from all sides. Try to take precautionary measures in advance before the crowd gets too dense. And this will inevitably happen, since when a large mass of people exits through narrow doors, a “funnel effect” inevitably occurs. In general, places of constriction, and hence the greatest pressure, dead ends and ledges should be avoided. In the middle of the crowd is definitely dangerous. But even more dangerous is to be near the wall. Indeed, in this case, a person can be seriously injured not only by a nail that is not completely hammered, but even by an electrical outlet that is quite harmless under other circumstances. Therefore, beware of walls and narrow doorways. To do this, you can try to: - get into the "main stream", which, however, is also unsafe; - go back a little, where it is still more free; - no matter how paradoxical it sounds, try to lie on top of the human stream. Here, of course, difficulties may arise, but it is better to experience the pokes of comrades in misfortune on your ribs than to be trampled under their own feet or to be tightly ground to the wall by some kind of ledge. Only to go over the heads (yes, that's right - over the heads!) It is necessary, rolling or crawling in a plastunsky way. We urge you to use this last trick in all cases when it comes to children! After all, a child simply cannot survive in a distraught crowd of adults, and none of the adults accompanying him alone can protect him! Two adults can still try, facing each other, to create from their bodies and hands a kind of "protective capsule" for the child. If an adult has sufficient physical data, it can also be advised to put the child on his shoulders and in this position move along with the crowd. In general, when going to some mass event, from the very beginning, do not forget that it is a source of increased danger. This, for example, has recently been warned by the organizers of most rock concerts right on the entrance tickets.

Conclusion

As the statistics show largest number victims in the event of riots and terrorist acts is observed in crowded places. People, being in the crowd, when extreme situation endanger their health, and in extreme situations - and life. Therefore, it is very important to know the following basic rules of safe behavior in the crowd:

Be in the safest place of the crowd: away from stands, garbage containers, boxes, packages, bags, from the center of the crowd, from glass showcases and metal fences;

In the event of unrest, panic, take off your tie, scarf, free your hands, bend them at the elbows, press them to the body, covering vital organs, fasten all buttons and zippers, do not grab onto trees, poles, fences;

The main thing is to stay on your feet, in case of a fall, you should curl up on your side, protecting your head, sharply pull your legs under you and rise in the direction of the crowd;

Do not draw attention to yourself with statements of political, religious and other sympathies, attitudes towards what is happening;

Do not approach groups of people behaving aggressively;

Do not react to ongoing skirmishes.

Try to leave the crowd.

Bibliography

1. American sociological thought. - M., 1994.

2. Lebon G. Psychology of peoples and masses. - St. Petersburg, 1996.

3. Mitrokhin S. Treatise on the crowd // XX century and the world. - 1990. No. 11.

4. Moskovichi S. Age of crowds. - M., 1996.

5. Criminal mob. - M., 1998.

6. Psychology of domination and submission: Reader. - Minsk, 1998.

7. Psychology of the masses: Reader. - Samara, 1998.

8. Psychology of crowds. - M., 1998.

9. Rutkevich A.M. The Man and the Crowd // Dialogue. - 1990. - No. 12.

10. Freud 3. "I" and "It". - Tbilisi, 1991.

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Many of you probably like to attend noisy public events. These are holiday concerts, football matches and fairs. As a rule, there are a lot of people at such events. - a set of measures to help maintain safety in crowded places. The Land of the Soviets will give several recommendations that will help you avoid troubles and accidents in the crowd.

When people come to a concert or any other festive event, as a rule, they behave calmly and peacefully, looking forward to having a good time. At the same time, without hurrying, they politely let each other pass at the entrance. And as soon as this event ends, everyone immediately leaves their seats and quickly moves towards the exit. As a rule, in this case, there is a large influx of people, a traffic jam is formed. It also happens that the movement of people takes the form of orderly to spontaneous.

There have been cases in history when spontaneous crowded crushes killed a large number of people. A prime example Such tragedies are served by the coronation of Nicholas II, when a thousandth crowd moved to the place of distribution of refreshments on the Khodynka field. Then, several thousand people were injured and killed in the stampede. In the people's memory, Stalin's funeral was also imprinted with monstrous crushes on Trubnaya Square - not only people died in the stampede, but also the horses on which the policemen were sitting.

To protect yourself and your loved ones from unpleasant surprises and injuries, you need to learn a few simple but important rules of behavior in the crowd.

• If the crowd formed at the normal end of the event, it is usually peaceful. In this case it's better to just wait, when its density is discharged, the flow of people will subside, and already calmly leave the half-empty territory. If you are in a hurry, it is better to go to the exit in advance and be the first to leave immediately after the end of the festive show.
• If you suddenly find yourself in a densely compressed crowd - do not resist movement, try to move away from the center, but do not go completely along the edge, while trying to avoid protruding objects, pillars, columns, glass showcases, also standing strollers or pedestals. And do not grab them in any case.
• Observing the rules of behavior in the crowd, Do not take with you to crowded events a large amount of money and valuables.
• Shoes must be comfortable, tight-fitting, and women are better off wearing flat shoes.
• If you drop something, then don't bend over to pick it up. People following you may trip over you and fall on top of you.
• On you there should be no sharp objects(brooches, protruding hairpins), you should also not wear a tie or neckerchief.
• Desirable do not take children in a mass gathering of people, and if you are already with the child, then take him in your arms or on your neck. Explain to the child in advance, depending on the age, what to do if he gets lost. A small child should know his first and last name, his parents' names and address, and as soon as his parents are found missing, he should loudly call for help. Discuss with an older child the place where you will meet in case you lose sight of each other. The child must learn the rules of behavior in the crowd by heart.
• We also advise you know one or two numbers by heart mobile phones your loved ones in case you lost your phone in the crowd, and suddenly there will be an opportunity to call and inform your family about your location or arrange a meeting at a certain place.

People come to festive events with a certain mood, wanting to enjoy what they see and hear, or just to communicate. No one even suspects that sometimes enchanting celebrations can be remembered not only for their bright colors, but also for an accident or an unexpected tragedy. Therefore, the Land of Soviets advises you remember these simple rules of behavior in the crowd and wants to never get into trouble.

Classification of types of panic

Panic

One of the most dangerous psychological states of the crowd, requiring certain organizational measures to prevent their development, is panic. Panic– it is one of the most visible and politically important forms of mass mob behavior.

Panic is an emotional state arising as a result of either a lack of information about some frightening or incomprehensible situation, or, on the contrary, as a result of its excess and manifested in impulsive actions. Accordingly, on the basis of panic, panic crowds with specific behavior arise.

In the generally accepted sense, “panic” is precisely understood as mass panic behavior. The origin of the term also reminds of this: the word "panic", almost identical in many languages, comes from the name of the Greek god Pan, the patron saint of shepherds, pastures and herds. His anger was attributed to "panic" - the madness of the herd, rushing into the abyss, fire or water for no apparent reason. “Starting suddenly, this madness spread with frightening speed and drew the whole mass of animals to death. The fleeing crowd is a typical case of panic behavior. Numerous cases of panic behavior outside the crowd are also known, for example, stock market panic ... Sometimes these cases are defined as panic agiotage, which refers to mass excitement, accompanied by feverish activity aimed at getting rid of a possible danger.

Research shows the following character traits panic:

1) a stampede is always directed away from danger (no attempts are made to somehow influence the onset of danger);

2) the direction of flight during panic is not accidental - a familiar road is chosen or the one that the majority moves on;

3) asocial stampede - the strongest ties can be interrupted (mother can leave the child, husband - wife, etc.);

4) a panicked person does not think well, he always believes that the situation is extremely dangerous (the stampede will stop as soon as the person begins to think that he is outside the danger zone).

The crowd can only stop the strongest emotional brake. There are cases in history when a strong-willed person managed to stop a distraught crowd. Among the means are ardent persuasion, categorical commands, and even the execution of alarmists (resolute suppression of the instigators of panic is recommended, including physical).

Conditions for the emergence of mass panic:

a) socio-situational(general atmosphere of mental tension, causing a state of anxiety, expectation of difficult events). The likelihood of the development of mass panic moods and panic actions increases during periods of exacerbation of the current situation. When people are anticipating some kind of event, they become especially susceptible to all kinds of frightening information.

b) general psychological(fear, lack of information; unexpectedness of a frightening event, strong mental excitement, extreme surprise).

in) physiological conditions(fatigue, hunger, intoxication). Fatigue, hunger, alcohol or drug intoxication, chronic lack of sleep, etc. weaken people not only physically, but also mentally, reduce their ability to quickly and correctly assess the state of affairs, make them more susceptible to emotional infection and, due to this, reduce contagiousness exposure thresholds, increasing the likelihood of mass panic.

There are two main points that determine the occurrence of panic.

1. is mainly associated with the sudden appearance of a threat to life, health, safety, for example, in the event of a fire, explosion, accident, etc.

2. can be associated with the accumulation of the corresponding "psychological fuel" and the operation of the "relay", a certain mental catalyst. Prolonged experiences, fears, accumulation of anxiety, uncertainty of the situation, perceived dangers, adversity - all this creates a favorable background for the emergence of panic, and any event can be a catalyst in this case. Panic can be caused not only by a strong fright, fear, but also manifestations that are absolutely safe in essence, for example, sounds, words, someone's behavior, some signals that have nothing to do with the expected dangers. Among the causes of panic among soldiers and officers, military psychologists name the general morale, low level of discipline, and lack of authority among commanders.

The emergence and development of panic in most of the cases described is associated with the action of a shocking stimulus, which is distinguished by something obviously unusual (for example, a siren announcing the beginning of an air raid). Rumors are a common cause for panic. It is known, for example, that in the summer of 1917 Russia had one of the most abundant harvests. Nevertheless, in the fall, famine broke out in the country. He was promoted by mass panic, which was caused by rumors of an impending famine, she literally devastated the stalls, barns and bins.

The occurrence of panic or general spontaneous aggression, the cause of which may be general hysteria provoked by a mass protest, or fear caused by a fire or other disaster; or an overly emotional football match and much more, can turn a large number of ordinary people into a crowd that can sweep away and destroy everything in its path. Any mass event is a source of increased danger.

Panic can be classified by scope, depth of coverage, duration and destructive consequences.

ü By scale distinguish between individual, group and mass panic.

When group and mass panic, the number of people captured by it is different:

- group - from two or three to several tens and hundreds of people (if they are scattered),

- mass - thousands or more people. Mass panic should be considered when in a limited, enclosed space (on a ship, in a building, etc.) it covers the majority of people, regardless of their total number.

ü Under the depth of coverage refers to the degree of panic infection of consciousness. In this sense, we can talk about mild, medium panic and panic at the level of complete insanity.

· slight panic can be experienced when transport is delayed, in a hurry, a sudden, but not very strong signal (sound, flash, etc.). At the same time, a person retains almost complete self-control, criticality. Outwardly, such a panic can be expressed only by slight surprise, concern, muscle tension, etc.

· Medium panic characterized by a significant deformation of conscious assessments of what is happening, a decrease in criticality, an increase in fear, and exposure to external influences. A typical example of a medium panic is buying up goods in stores when fair or fictitious rumors circulate about price increases, disappearance of goods from sale, etc. Medium-level panic often manifests itself during military operations, during small transport accidents, fire (if it is close, but not directly threatening), and various natural disasters.

· Complete panic (panic at the level of complete insanity) - panic with a blackout, affective, characterized by complete insanity - comes with a feeling of great, mortal danger (obvious or imaginary). In this state, a person completely loses control over his behavior. He can run anywhere (sometimes right into the hotbed of danger), rush about senselessly, perform a wide variety of chaotic actions, deeds, absolutely exclude their critical assessment, rationality and ethics. Classical examples of complete panic are the behavior of people on the ships "Titanic", "Admiral Nakhimov" (in the latter case, the speed of events did not allow panic to unfold "at full power"), as well as during war, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, etc.

ü By duration panic can be

• momentary panic(seconds and several minutes) is, for example, a panic in a bus that has lost control, etc.
• Long enough(tens of minutes, hours) there is panic during earthquakes that are not deployed in time and are not very strong.

· prolonged panic(several days, weeks) - this is a panic during long-term military operations, for example, the blockade of Leningrad; after the Chernobyl accident.

In cases of panic, as well as mass spontaneous behavior in general, a special role is played by rhythm. Spontaneous means unorganized, devoid of an internal rhythm of behavior. If there is no such "pacemaker" in the crowd itself, it must be set from outside. A case that took place in the 1930s became widely known. after the end of one of the mass rallies at the Winter Velodrome in Paris. People, rushing to the exit, began to crush each other, and everything was ready for a tragic end. However, a group of fellow psychologists happened to be in the opening of the stairs, who, realizing what could now begin, began to chant loudly and rhythmically, which later became famous: “Don’t-push!”. The chanting of this slogan-order was instantly picked up by the majority of those present, and the panic stopped.

The episode with the fire at the Paris Grand Opera is also known, when the crowd was also ready to rush out of the smoking building, sweeping away everything in its path, but was stopped in an unusual way. Several desperate daredevils, standing up to their full height in one of the boxes of the second tier, began to yell (it was difficult to call it singing) the national anthem. After a few seconds, neighbors began to join them. Gradually, the rest began to, if not sing, then still stop - after all, it was the national anthem. As a result, the theater met, as always, the late firefighters with the performance of the anthem, to which the firefighters also joined. Then people were taken out, and the fire was extinguished.

The role of rhythmic and, separately, choral rhythmic music is of great importance for the regulation of mass spontaneous behavior. For example, she can get it organized in seconds. It is no coincidence that subbotniks and Sundays, demonstrations and other mass or pseudo-mass actions of the Soviet era greeted people with bravura, marching, incendiary music. The role of choral singing of soldiers on the march is known. It is no coincidence that most of the revolutionary songs written at different times, different people in different countries have a similar rhythm. Chilean Venceremos, american We shall overcome the French "La Marseillaise" or the Polish "Varshavyanka" - the rhythm of all these songs, along with the corresponding content, was a kind of means of confronting fear and panic in acute situations.

How to survive in the crowd? The best remedy- bypass the crowd.

What if it's not possible? Social psychologists make a few simple recommendations, how not to become a victim of the crowd:

in no case do not go against the crowd;

if necessary, cross the crowd (cross it tangentially or diagonally, while following the movement of the checkered piece);

Do not look into the eyes of people in the crowd and do not move with your eyes down on the ground (moving with your eyes down is the movement of the victim). The gaze should be directed just below the face with the inclusion of the so-called peripheral vision. This view will allow you to keep track of the whole situation without fixing on individual details.

Specialists distinguish two types of crowd behavior: on the street and in room. In many ways they converge, but there are nuances.

Many rules are universal, because fully refer to the beginning of the very situation "crowd". At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be near the stage, locker rooms, etc. - in the center of events. Avoid walls (especially glass), partitions, mesh. The tragedy at the stadium in Sheffield (England) showed that most of the dead were crushed by the crowd on the barrier walls.

In a confined space (at a concert or other mass event), when danger arises, people suddenly start looking for salvation at the same time, that is, they want to get out of this room. In the vast majority of cases, this happens randomly. Especially active are people who are far from the exits. They begin to press with all their might on those in front, and as a result, most of the "front" are pressed against the walls. There is a stampede, as a result of which, in the most direct sense, very many people can be (and are) crushed between a stone wall and a wall of human bodies.

AT enclosed space:

Remember the exit points and the paths to them, because those who know where the nearest exit is are more likely to escape.

It is especially important to rush to the exit before the crowd starts to move. However, when the crowd has gained full strength, an attempt to move through its thickness can have the most negative consequences, so the most reasonable thing is to wait until the main stream subsides. Rushing into narrow aisles when the crowd has already gained strength is permissible only in case of a fire, which also spreads very quickly, or when, as a result of the extensive combustion of plastic materials and coatings, a “gas chamber” forms in the hall.

Beware of walls and narrow doorways. To do this, you need to try:

· get into the "mainstream", which, however, is also unsafe;

Return a little back, where it is still freer;

· try to lie on top of the stream of people and, rolling or crawling in a plastunsky way, make your way to a less crowded place. This is especially true when saving children: often this technique is the only hope. A child simply will not be able to survive in a distraught crowd of adults, if only because of his height. Therefore, if you have the strength, it is better to put the child on your shoulders and move on like this. Or two adults can, facing each other, create a kind of protective capsule for a child from their bodies and hands.

If it is impossible to wait, then rush into the crowd, but with your head, but at the same time, you must empty your pockets as much as possible (even better - completely), since almost any object with enormous pressure in the middle of the crowd can cause serious injury not only to yourself, but and any of the people around. It is necessary to remove from oneself long, too loose clothes, moreover, equipped with metal parts, as well as everything that can squeeze the neck, i.e. jacket lacing, tie, medallion on a cord, pectoral cross on a chain, any jewelry and bijouterie. Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc. Hands should not be pressed to the body, they should be bent at the elbows, fists pointing up, then the hands can protect the chest. You can also clasp your palms in front of your chest. These actions will protect your chest from squeezing.

So, in the crowd in the room NECESSARY:

Remove jewelry, ties, scarves, lace shoes into knots.

Enter the crowd at the beginning, where people are sparse, or from above, over their heads.

Use the emergency exit.

Avoid places of greatest pressure narrowing, ledges, dead ends.

IT IS FORBIDDEN:

Pour into the crowd from the side.

Bend down, pick up lost items from the floor.

Rules of conduct in crowded places (on the street):

The basic rule is every possible exception to the possibility of involving yourself in the crowd. If you must be in a large group of people, follow these rules:

Do not take children with you;

Do not take sharp (piercing, cutting) objects with you; don't wear a tie and scarf; it is better not to take bags, folders, briefcases;

It is advisable to wear shoes without laces and high heels;

Clothing should be made of strong fabric, you need to fasten it with all buttons (zippers) so that it fits snugly around the figure;

Do not take posters on poles unless absolutely necessary - they can be used as weapons. As a weapon, they can also be regarded by police officers;

It is advisable to remove various symbols from your clothes;

If you are not a correspondent, then do without a camera and a movie camera;

Try to be in close proximity to the exits from crowded places, located on the edge, not in the thick;

Take your identification documents with you.

As the street crowd approaches NECESSARY:

Quickly go to the side streets and alleys, including through the passage yards.

Go to the entrances and climb to the roofs of houses.

If the entrances are closed, break the windows of the first floors and enter the entrances through the apartments.

In extreme cases, climb onto the peaks of capital buildings, other stable elevations.

! IT IS FORBIDDEN:

Run away from the crowd in the direction of its movement.

Go into dead-end, narrowing and dug up streets.

In the moving crowd NECESSARY:

Avoid places where crowds come into contact with buildings. Showcases, fences, drainpipes are especially dangerous.

Swim in a general direction, trying to stay on your feet.

Remove scarves, ties, chains, glasses.

Tighten belts, belts, tightly tie shoelaces.

! IT IS FORBIDDEN:

Try to resist.

Grab onto stationary objects, especially cuddle up to them.

Bend down, straighten shoes, pick up lost things. Falling in the crowd is equal to death!

In the "compressed" crowd NECESSARY:

Get rid of bulky things and items in your pockets.

Protect the chest with your hands.

Raise the kids above the crowd.

! IT IS FORBIDDEN:

Raise your arms above your head, as you can die from chest compression.

Lower your arms down, as they will be impossible to pull out.

You can not stop and try to lift anything - life is more expensive! Also, no injury should cause a stop.

The main task in the crowd is not to fall. If you do fall, try to get back on your feet as quickly as possible. At the same time, do not lean on your hands (they will be crushed or broken). Try to stand on your soles or on your toes at least for a moment, and then, abruptly pushing off the ground with your feet, “emerge” (see Fig. 1). It is necessary to get up exactly in the direction of the movement of the crowd. If you can’t get up, curl up in a ball, protect your head with your forearms, and cover the back of your head with your palms.

If there are still people in the crowd who have not lost their heads and are able to protect children and women, then it is quite possible to organize joint actions and sooner or later get out of the dense crowd. To do this, line up in a wedge, inside which you place children and women, after which, pushing the scattered people around, drift to the side.

You can drift through the crowd like a ship on a river. Evaluate the direction in advance and purposefully move along it.

Rice. 1. Technique of getting up in the crowd when falling

If it is impossible to get up, curl up in a ball; protect your head with your forearms and the back of your head with your palms. (see figure 2)

Rice. 2. The position of the body in the crowd when it is impossible to rise