The process of destruction of microbes by cells by the eaters. A big war with a small enemy, or how to destroy bacteria. And what is our body

What do you know about them?

At the end of the twentieth century it became clear that the bacteria would certainly dominate in the Earth's biosphere, making up more than 90% of its biomass. Each view has many specialized types of viruses. According to preliminary estimates, the number of types of bacteriophages is about 10 to 15 degrees. To understand this figure, it can be said that if every person on Earth is to open one new bacteriophage every day, then the description of all they will need 30 years. Thus, bacteriophages are the most poorly studied creatures in our biosphere. Most bacteriophages known today belong to Caudovirales detachment - tailed viruses.

Their particles are of size from 50 to 200 nm. The tail of different lengths and shapes ensures the addition of the virus to the surface of the host bacteria, the head (capsid) serves as a repository for the genome. Genomic DNA encodes structural proteinsforming the "body" of bacteriophage and proteins that ensure the reproduction of the phage inside the cell in the infection process. It can be said that bacteriophage is a natural high-tech nano-object. For example, the tails of the phages are a "molecular syringe", which pouches the wall of the bacterium and, shrinking, injected its DNA inside the cell.

How bacteriophage acts

Bacteriophages for reproduction use a bacterial cell unit, "reprogramming" it on the production of new copies of viruses. Final stage This process is lysis, the destruction of the bacterium and the liberation of new bacteriophages.

If potential victims are not too much or external conditions are not too suitable for effective reproduction of phages, the advantage is obtained by phages with a lysogenic development cycle. In this case, after introducing the phage DNA bacterial, the mechanism of infection does not immediately launch, and until time, there is inside the cell in passive state, often introduced into the bacterial genome. In such a state of the program, the virus can exist for a long time, passing together with a chromosome bacterium cell division cycles. And only when bacterium falls into a favorable medium favorable for reproduction, a littic cycle of infection is activated. At the same time, when the phage DNA is exempt from the bacterial chromosome, often captured and neighboring sites Bacterial genome, and their content can later be transferred to the next bacterium, which is infected with bacteriophages. This process (transduction of genes) is considered the most important means of transferring information between prokaryotes - organisms without cell cores.

The photograph made using an electron microscope shows the process of fixing the bacteriophages (coliphages T1) on the surface of the bacterium E. coli.

All these molecular subtleties were not known in the second decade of the twentieth century, when "invisible infectious agents that destroy bacteria" were opened. But without an electron microscope, with the help of which in the late 1940s, for the first time, it was possible to obtain images of bacteriophages, it was clear that they were able to destroy bacteria, including pathogens. This property was immediately demanded by medicine. The first attempts to treat the phages of dysentery, wound infections, cholera, typhoids and even the plague were accurate enough, and the success looked quite convincing. But after the start of the mass production and the use of phage preparations, Euphoria was replaced by disappointment. About what bacteriophages, how to produce and apply their dosage forms, was still known very little. Suffice it to say that, according to the results of the tests taken in the United States in the late 1920s, in many industrial phagereparations, the bacteriophages actually did not turn out at all.

Problem with antibiotics

The second half of the twentieth century in medicine can be called "era antibiotics". However, the Penicillina Penicillina Penicillina, Alexander Fleming, warned in his Nobel lecture that the stability of microbes to penicillin occurs quite quickly. For the time being, antibiotic resistance was compensated by the development of new types of antimicrobial drugs. But since the 1990s it became clear that humanity loses the "Arms Race" against microbes. Primar first of all the uncontrolled use of antibiotics not only in therapeutic, but also in preventive purposes, and not only in medicine, but also in agriculture, food Industry and everyday life.

As a result, resistance to these drugs began to be produced not only in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the most ordinary microorganisms living in soil and water, making "conditional pathogens". Such bacteria comfortably exist in medical facilities, occasionating plumbing, furniture, medical equipment, sometimes even disinfecting solutions. People with a weakened immunity, which in hospitals most, they cause severe complications.

Bacteriophage is not a living creature, but a molecular nano-mechanism created by nature. The tail of the bacteriophage is a syringe that skeins the wall of the bacteria and injected the viral DNA, which is stored in the head (capside) inside the cell.

It is not surprising that the medical community hits an alarm. In the past, 2012, the general director of WHO Margaret Chen made a statement predicting the end of the era of antibiotics and the defenselessness of humanity before infectious diseases. However, the practical possibilities of combinatorial chemistry are the foundations of pharmacological science - far from being exhausted. Another thing is that the development of antimicrobial means is a very expensive process that does not bring such profits as many other medicines. So the horror stories about "superbacteries" is rather a warning that encourages people to search for alternative solutions.

At the medical service

It is quite logical about the revival of interest in the use of bacteriophages - natural enemies of bacteria - for the treatment of infections. Indeed, over the decades of "era of antibiotics", bacteriophages actively served as science, but not medicine, but a fundamental molecular biology. It is enough to mention the decoding of "Triplets" genetic code and DNA recombination process. Now the bacteriophages are known enough to reasonably choose phages suitable for therapeutic purposes.

Advantages of bacteriophages as potential drugs are many. First of all, these are their indiscretion. Although changing the genetic apparatus of bacteriophage is also much easier than the bacteria, and even more so - at the highest organisms, this is not necessary. You can always choose something suitable in nature. It is more likely about breeding, fixing the demands of the properties and reproduction of the necessary bacteriophages. This can be compared with the removal of breeds of dogs - driving, guard, hunting, hounds, fighting, ornamental ... All of them remain dogs, but optimized under a certain type of action, necessary person. Secondly, bacteriophages are strictly specific, that is, they destroy only a certain type of microbes, not inhaling the normal microflora of the person. Thirdly, when the bacteriophage finds the bacterium that it must be destroyed, it begins to multiply in the process of its life cycle. Thus, the dosage is not as sharp. Fourth, bacteriophages do not cause side Effects. All cases of allergic reactions using therapeutic bacteriophages were caused by either impurities from which the drug was not purified enough or toxins released during the mass death of bacteria. The last phenomenon, the "Effect of Gersheimer", is often observed when applying antibiotics.

Two sides of the coin.

Unfortunately, the shortcomings of medical bacteriophages also a lot. SAMI the main problem Specifies from dignity - the high specificity of the phages. Each bacteriophage infects a strictly defined type of bacteria, not even a taxonomic appearance, but a number of narrower varieties, strains. Conditionally speaking, as if the watchdoggy dog \u200b\u200bbegan to bark only on black raincoats, the two-meter growth in black raincoats, and the teenager did not react in the shorts into the house. Therefore, for the current phage preparations, there are no cases effective application. The drug made against a certain set of strains and perfectly attending streptococcal angina in Smolensk may be powerless against all the signs of the same angina in Kemerovo. The disease is the same, caused by the same microbe, and Streptococcus strains in different regions are different.

Konstantin Miroshnikov:
Since bacteriophages in nature, the inconspicuous amount and they constantly fall into the human body with water, air, food, then the immunity simply ignores them. Moreover, there is a hypothesis about the symbiosis of bacteriophages in the intestine regulating the intestinal microflora. It is possible to achieve some immune reaction only with long-term introduction into the body of large doses of phages. But in this way, allergies can be achieved on almost any substances. Finally, it is very important that bacteriophages are inexpensive. Development and production of the drug consisting of precisely selected bacteriophages with fully deciphered genomes cultured according to modern biotechnology standards on certain strains of bacteria in chemically clean environments and spent high cleaning, on orders of magnitude cheaper than for modern complex antibiotics. This allows you to quickly adapt the phageneperating drugs to changing pathogenic bacteria sets, as well as apply bacteriophages in veterinary medicine, where expensive medications are not economically justified.

For the most efficient use of bacteriophage, accurate diagnosis of pathogenic microbe is needed, up to strain. The most common diagnostic method is a cultural sowing - it takes a lot of time and the required accuracy does not give. Fast methods - typing with a polymerase chain reaction or mass spectrometry - are being introduced slowly due to the high cost of equipment and higher qualifications for laboratory technicians. Ideally, the selection of the phas components of the drug could be made against the infection of each particular patient, but it is expensive and in practice is unacceptable.

Another important lack of phages is their biological nature. In addition to the fact that bacteriophages to maintain infectiousness require special conditions for storage and transportation, such a method of treatment opens up space for a variety of speculation on the topic "Foreign DNA in Man". And although it is known that bacteriophage in principle cannot infect the human cell and introduce its DNA into it, to change the public opinion is not easy. From biological nature and quite large, compared to low molecular weight drugs (the same antibiotics), the third limitation flows size - the problem of delivery of bacteriophage to the body. If the microbial infection develops there, where the bacteriophage can be applied directly in the form of droplets, spray or enema, - on the skin, open wounds, burns, nasopharynk, ears, eye mucous membranes, ears, and a large intestine - does not arise problems.

But if infection occurs in the internal organs, the situation is more difficult. Cases of successful cure of kidney or spleen infections with ordinary oral administration of bacteriophage preparation are known. But the penetration mechanism itself is relatively large (100 nm) phage particles from the stomach in the bloodstream and internal organs It is understood poorly and highly varies from the patient to the patient. Bacteriophages are powerless and against those microbes that develop inside the cells, such as tuberculosis and leprosy pathogens. Through the wall of the human cell, the bacteriophage cannot do.

It should be noted that you should not oppose the use of bacteriophages and antibiotics for medical purposes. With their joint action, a mutual increase in the antobacterial effect is observed. This allows, for example, to reduce the dose of antibiotics to values \u200b\u200bthat do not cause pronounced side effects. Accordingly, the mechanism for developing the bacteria of stability to both components of the combined drug is almost impossible. The expansion of the arsenal of antimicrobial drugs gives more degrees of freedom in choosing a treatment technique. Thus, the scientifically based development of the concept of application of bacteriophages in antimicrobial therapy is a perspective direction.

Bacteriophages are not so much alternative as an addition and enhancement in the fight against infections.

But still see how

Option 1

A1. What is the name of the science about the structure of a person and its organs?

1) Anatomy 3) Biology

2) physiology 4) hygiene

A2. What kind of brain department call a small brain?

1) medium brain 3) oblong brain

2) spinal cord 4) cerebellum

A3. Which muscle group includes temporal muscles?

1) to the Mimic 3) to the respiratory

2) to chewing 4) to the motor

A4. What is the name of the process of destroying microbes by the eater cells?

1) Immunity 3) phagocytosis

2) brucellosis 4) immunodeficiency

A5. What is the name of the enzyme gastric juicecapable of acting only in an acidic environment and split protein on simpler connections?

1) hemoglobin 3) cerebellum

2) hypophysis 4) pepsin

A6. What are the nervous formations that transform perceived irritations into nervous impulses?

1) sensitive neurons 3) inserted neurons

2) receptors 4) synapses

A7. What is the name of an excessive increase in blood pressure?

1) Hypertension 3) hypotension

2) Allergy 4) arrhythmia

IN 1. What functions perform the organs of the nervous and endocrine system?

AT 2. What is the name of the constant composition of the liquids constituting internal

IN 3. What is the name of a liquid containing weakened microbes or their poisons?

AT 4. Who opened the central braking?

AT 5. What are the rhythmic oscillations of the walls of the arteries?

C1. What kind of secretion is the pancreas? Explain why?

C2. What consequences will cause a violation of the kidneys in humans?

Control work on biology for grade 8

Option 2.

A1. What is the name of a warm salted liquid that connects all human organs among themselves, providing them with oxygen and nutrition?

1) Fabric fluid 3) lymph

2) Blood 4) Intercellular Liquid

A2. What is the name of the brain department, which ensures coordination and coherence of movements, as well as the balance of the body?

1) oblong brain 3) cerebellum

2) hypothalamus 4) medium brain

A3. What type of fabric is bone tissue?

1) connecting 3) muscular

2) epithelial 4) nervous

A4. What is the main part of the plasma?

1) Lymph 3) Erythrocytes

2) water 4) uniform elements

A5. What is the name of the largest iron of our body, located in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm?

1) thyroid 3) pancreas

2) spleen 4) liver

A6. With what is the contact between neurons and cells of the working bodies?

1) using synapses 3) with a wandering nerve

2) Using Alveol 4) using receptors

A7. What is the form of lymph?

1) from blood 3) from tissue fluid

2) from the intercellular substance 4) from the gastric juice

IN 1. What is the name of a transparent semi-liquid mass, filling the inner space of the eyeball?

AT 2. What is the gray matter of the brain?

IN 3. What is the name of the lack of vitamins in the body?

AT 4. Where is the gas exchange?

AT 5. What is the name of the organic ability to rhythmically excited under the influence of impulses that arise in it without external stimuli?

C1. Call at least 3 criteria that allow you to attribute a person to the mammalian class.

C2. Is it possible to persuade the III group of blood with a group of blood and why? Why do blood i group can be transfused to all four groups?

Answers

Option 1

A3 - 2.
A4 - 3.

A5 - 4.
A6 - 2.

B1 - regulatory
B2 - Homeostasis

B3 - Vaccine

B4 - I.M.Sechenov

B5 - Pulse

C1 - mixed secretion. The part of the pancreas cells highlights the hormones directly into the blood (insulin), the other part is the pancreas entering the duodenum in the ducts.

C2 - kidney - organ of the excretory system. Violation of their work can lead to a violation of homeostasis (change in the composition of the inner medium) and to the body poisoning

Option 2.

A3 - 1.
A4 - 2.

A5 - 4.
A6 - 1.

B1 - vitreous body
B2 - from the bodies of neurons

B3 - hypovitaminosis

B4 - in alveoli lungs and tissues

B5 - automatism

C1 - the presence of uterus and mammary glands, light alveolar type, the heart includes 4 chambers, a constant body temperature, thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by a diaphragm.

C2 - it is impossible, because the meeting of agglutinins β, contained in the blood of group II, with agglutinogenes in the blood component of the group III will lead to agglutination. There are no agglutinogen in the blood of the group A and B, so it can be observed with all groups of blood.

Criteria for evaluation of answers

For each correctly performed task under the leafer, 1 point is calculated, only 7 points.

For each correctly performed task under the leafer, 2 points are accrued, only 10 points.

For each properly performed task under the leafer with 3 points, only 6 points are calculated.

TOTAL - 23 points

80-100% - rating "5"

60-80% - rating "4"

40-60% - rating "3"

0-40% - score "2".

Explanatory note

For intermediate biology certification in the 8th grade a set test tasks (2 options). They are drawn up taking into account the state educational standard. Content educational material correlated with the amount of time drawn to the study of biology in the 8th grade of the basic curriculum (2 hours a week / 68 hours per year).

All questions and tasks are divided into three levels of complexity (A, B, C).

Level A - basic (A1-A7). Each task is provided by 4 answers, only one of which is correct.

The level B - contains 5 tasks (B1-B5). Each task of this level requires a brief response (in the form of one or two words).

The level of C - elevated complexity contains 2 tasks (C1-C2). When executing this task you want to write a detailed answer.

For execution test work Announced 45 minutes (1 lesson).

and. about. Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Bioengineering Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. Shemyakina and Ovchinnikova RAS
"Popular Mechanics" №10, 2013

At the end of the twentieth century it became clear that the bacteria would certainly dominate in the Earth's biosphere, making up more than 90% of its biomass. Each view has many specialized types of viruses. According to preliminary estimates, the number of types of bacteriophages is about 10 15. To understand this figure, it can be said that if every person on Earth is to open one new bacteriophage every day, then the description of all they will need 30 years.

Thus, bacteriophages are the most poorly studied creatures in our biosphere. Most bacteriophages known today belong to Caudovirales detachment - tailed viruses. Their particles are of size from 50 to 200 nm. The tail of different lengths and shapes ensures the addition of the virus to the surface of the host bacteria, the head (capsid) serves as a repository for the genome. The genomic DNA encodes the structural proteins that form the "body" of bacteriophage, and proteins that ensure the reproduction of the phage inside the cell in the process of infection.

It can be said that bacteriophage is a natural high-tech nano-object. For example, the tails of the phages are a "molecular syringe", which pouches the wall of the bacterium and, shrinking, injected its DNA inside the cell. From this point on, the infectious cycle begins. Its further steps consist of switching the mechanisms of the life of the bacteria to maintain the bacteriophage, the reproduction of its genome, building a plurality of copies of viral shells, the packaging in them DNA of the virus and, finally, the destruction (lysis) of the master's cell.

In addition to the constant evolutionary competition of protection mechanisms in bacteria and attacks in viruses, the cause of the current equilibrium can be considered that bacteriophages specialized in their infectious action. If there is a large colony of bacteria, where the following generations of phages will find their victims, the destruction of bacteria with lytic (killing, literally dissolving) phages goes quickly and continuously.

In such a state of the program, the virus can exist for a long time, passing together with a chromosome bacterium cell division cycles. And only when bacterium falls into a favorable medium favorable for reproduction, a littic cycle of infection is activated. At the same time, when the phage DNA is exempt from the bacterial chromosome, the neighboring portions of the bacterial genome are often captured, and their content can continue to be transferred to the next bacterium, which is infected with bacteriophages. This process (transduction of genes) is considered the most important means of transferring information between prokaryotes - organisms without cell cores.

The first attempts to treat the phages of dysentery, wound infections, cholera, typhoids and even the plague were accurate enough, and the success looked quite convincing. But after the start of the mass production and the use of phage preparations, Euphoria was replaced by disappointment. About what bacteriophages, how to produce and apply their dosage forms, was still known very little. Suffice it to say that, according to the results of the tests taken in the United States in the late 1920s, in many industrial phagereparations, the bacteriophages actually did not turn out at all.

Problem with antibiotics

First of all, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics not only in therapeutic, but also in preventive purposes, not only in medicine, but also in agriculture, food industry and everyday life. As a result, resistance to these drugs began to be produced not only in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the most ordinary microorganisms living in soil and water, making "conditional pathogens".

Such bacteria comfortably exist in medical facilities, occasionating plumbing, furniture, medical equipment, sometimes even disinfecting solutions. People with a weakened immunity, which in hospitals most, they cause severe complications.

At the medical service

It is quite logical about the revival of interest in the use of bacteriophages - natural enemies of bacteria - for the treatment of infections. Indeed, over the decades of "era of antibiotics", bacteriophages actively served as science, but not medicine, but fundamental molecular biology. It is enough to mention the decoding of the "triplets" of the genetic code and the DNA recombination process. Now the bacteriophages are known enough to reasonably choose phages suitable for therapeutic purposes.

This can be compared with the elimination of breeds of dogs - driving, guard, hunting, hounds, fighting, ornamental ... All of them remain dogs, but optimized under a certain type of action necessary for a person. Secondly, bacteriophages are strictly specific, that is, they destroy only a certain type of microbes, not inhaling the normal microflora of the person.

Thirdly, when the bacteriophage finds the bacterium that it must be destroyed, it begins to multiply in the process of its life cycle. Thus, the dosage is not as sharp. Fourth, bacteriophages do not cause side effects. All cases of allergic reactions using therapeutic bacteriophages were caused by either impurities from which the drug was not purified enough or toxins released during the mass death of bacteria. The last phenomenon, the "Effect of Gersheimer", is often observed when applying antibiotics.

Two sides of the medal

Unfortunately, the shortcomings of medical bacteriophages also a lot. The most important problem stems from the dignity - the high specificity of the phages. Each bacteriophage infects a strictly defined type of bacteria, not even a taxonomic appearance, but a number of narrower varieties, strains. Conditionally speaking, as if the watchdoggy dog \u200b\u200bbegan to bark only on black raincoats, the two-meter growth in black raincoats, and the teenager did not react in the shorts into the house.

Therefore, for the current phage preparations, there are cases of ineffective applications. The drug made against a certain set of strains and perfectly attending streptococcal angina in Smolensk may be powerless against all the signs of the same angina in Kemerovo. The disease is the same, caused by the same microbe, and Streptococcus strains in different regions are different.

From biological nature and quite large, compared to low molecular weight drugs (the same antibiotics), the third limitation flows size - the problem of delivery of bacteriophage to the body. If the microbial infection develops there, where the bacteriophage can be applied directly in the form of droplets, spray or enema, - on the skin, open wounds, burns, nasopharynk, ears, eye mucous membranes, ears, and a large intestine - does not arise problems.

But if infection occurs in the internal organs, the situation is more difficult. Cases of successful cure of kidney or spleen infections with ordinary oral administration of bacteriophage preparation are known. But the penetration mechanism itself is relatively large (100 nm) phage particles from the stomach in the bloodstream and in the internal organs is understood poorly and will vary greatly from the patient to the patient. Bacteriophages are powerless and against those microbes that develop inside the cells, such as tuberculosis and leprosy pathogens. Through the wall of the human cell, the bacteriophage cannot do.

The expansion of the arsenal of antimicrobial drugs gives more degrees of freedom in choosing a treatment technique. Thus, the scientifically based development of the concept of application of bacteriophages in antimicrobial therapy is a perspective direction. Bacteriophages are not so much alternative as an addition and enhancement in the fight against infections.

Before you start discussing methods of combating microorganisms, I would like to note that many of them are very useful for human organism. The destruction of bacteria, normal in the thick intestine, usually leads to a rapid reproduction of various pathogens. Therefore, increasingly popular becomes differential methods, allowing you to target harmful bacteria, not assimary or restoring the normal microflora in a timely manner, which a person owes its health.

The methods of combating bacterial livestock are divided into chemical, biological and physical, as well as methods of asepsis and antiseptics. Aseptic - the complete destruction of bacteria and viruses, antiseptics - measures aimed at the maximum possible decrease in the activity of reproduction of harmful microorganisms. Physical attributes include the following ways:

Steaming and autoclaving. Allows you to significantly reduce the number of bacteria in food. This method is successfully used in crop production, allowing you to reduce the content of unwanted microorganisms in the Earth. The surviving bacteria and viruses may be present in the form of an argument.
Pasteurization is a long heating at temperatures below the boiling point of water. Allows you to preserve some vitamins and organic compounds and the taste of food. Invented Louis Pasteur and is named in his honor.
Treatment ultraviolet radiation. It implies the use of a special lamp that radiates light in a shortwave (ultraviolet) range. Allows not only to get rid of bacteria living on the surfaces, but also from harmful microorganisms in the air. Recently, lamps capable of working in rooms are created without harming to man, plants and animals in them.

Exposure to high temperatures. It allows you to efficiently get rid of heat sensitive microbes, as well as destroy the spores of bacteria.
Impact of low temperatures. Effective for thermophilic bacteria and viruses. Preference is given to the methods of rapid frost, the use of which does not allow microbes to form a dispute. Fast freezing is also used to explore the native (alive) structure of fungi, bacteria and viruses.

Chemical destruction of bacteria is also divided into aseptics and antiseptics. The spectrum of the substances used is very wide and is updated annually new, more and more secure for people and animals. Their creation is based on knowledge of the structure of bacteria and viruses and their interaction with different chemicals. Ways to spread chemical disinfectants are constantly improved. So, can be applied:

soaking (sanitation),
spraying (a great way to destroy microbes in the air),
wash dishes and surfaces,
a combination with physical methods of struggle against bacteria, fungi, viruses and dispute (the use of hot solutions, boiling, inclusion of a bactericidal lamp and the like).

Operating rooms and laboratories. Asepsis

In this case, the most stringent ways are used to get rid of almost all bacteria in the room. The processing of premises by disinfectants is combined with the use of quartzing. The room includes lamps with rigid ultraviolet radiation, destructive for all living cells, including those that are in the air.

Given the aggressiveness and toxicity of the methods used for humans, processing is carried out using overalls, and the inclusion of lamps involves the absence of people and animals indoors.

Selective destruction of microorganisms. Food industry

Production of many useful food is impossible without microorganisms. Cultures of useful microbes, supported for the production of fermented dairy products, solid cheeses, kvass, beer, wine, baking, fermentation of tea and coffee and other purposes, have the property to be contaminated by a third-party microflora. This leads to a violation of production technology and reduce the quality of food. To combat pollutant microflora, special environments are used, the control of the composition of which is the key to the purity of cultivated crops. At the same time, the dishes and equipment in the intervals between the technological cycles are subjected to the same processing as laboratories and operating rooms (disinfectants and quartz lamps). Control of the content of the microbes and the dispute on the surfaces and in the air of the work premises can be carried out using crops on the nutrient media.

Destruction of microorganisms with drugs. Infections and dysbacteriosis

The emergence of antibiotics allowed the doctors to make a significant breakthrough in part of the treatment of severe infectious diseases of man and animals. However, it was clear that the destruction of bacteria sensitive to antibiotics in the thick intestine of a person is fraught with the appearance of digestive disorders and in its symptoms may be similar to intestinal infections. Moreover, some of the states that cannot be treated with antibiotics are easily cured by the use of bacterial crops living in a fat intestine of a person.
On the other hand, the discovery in the stomach bacteria responsible for the development of gastritis destroyed the myth that the bacterial microflora cannot exist in an acidic medium of gastric juice. Studying the mechanisms that protect these pathogens from destroying and digesting in the stomach opened new page In the study of microbes. The appearance of tests for the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to antibiotics made it possible to choose those of them that are most effective and cause minimal damage to the useful inhabitants of the colonist. Preparations consisting of disposal of useful microbes, and living dairy products that restore the microflora of the thick bowel have become the final stage of treating all infections. Separate direction It is the development of synthetic materials for capsules capable of withstanding high acidity in the stomach and dissolved in an alkaline intestinal environment.

At the sight of viruses

The task of preservation of the microflora of the large intestine perfectly performs the treatment of bacterial infections with bacteriophages. These are very specific viruses with its structure having high degree The selectivity of the destruction of target bacteria. Figure preparations for children in a period of newborn are especially effective when antibiotics can cause more harm than good, destroying the young and not yet formed the microflora of the fat intestine of the baby.

And what about our body?

The study of the methods that the human body is protected from infections is very useful for understanding the processes, the interaction of the bacterial ecosystem of the thick bowel with the immune system. As is known, microorganisms and their disputes living in the thick intestine are able to defend themselves from the destruction of neutrophils, since there are no receptors to which they react on the surface of these cells.
Having the ability to chemotaxis (directed towards certain chemicals) and phagocytosis, neutrophils carry out the basic protection of the body from bacteria and their dispute, making his way through the walls of the vessels into the focus of inflammation. Details of the relationship between the immune system with the inhabitants of the Tolstoystone are still studied. It is known that a healthy microflora in the colon improves the immunity of the body, and also competitively displaces the pathogens and their disputes, holding their number under strict control.

Processing of organic waste and agriculture

Microbes living in a thick intestine, work quite effectively and beyond it, squeezing out of composts as their feed base disappears. Some of their number is preserved in the form of an argument that can survive unfavorable conditions and form a new generation of bacteria with a change in the composition of the nutrient medium. All methods listed above are used to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms and dispute capable of improving soil fertility - both free-live and symbiontes. The control of organic and cavalous soil pollution is most often carried out by the presence of proteis (Proteus) in them, which will be eagerly settled in the thick intestine and are considered to be conditionally pathogenic microflora.

I work as a doctor veterinary medicine. I am fond of ballroom dancing, sports and yoga. Priority I put a personal development and development of spiritual practices. Favorite themes: Veterinary, biology, construction, repair, travel. Tabo: jurisprudence, politics, IT technologies and computer games.

Final test for academic year

Option 1

A1. What is the name of the science about the structure of a person and its organs?

1) Anatomy

2) Physiology

3) Biology

4) Hygiene

A2. What kind of brain department call a small brain?

1) medium brain

2) spinal cord

3) oblong brain

4) cerebellum

A3. Which muscle group includes temporal muscles?

1) to the Mimic

2) to chewing

3) to respiratory

4) to the motor

A4. What is the name of the process of destroying microbes by the eater cells?

1) Immunity

2) Brucellites

3) Phagocytosis

4) Immunodeficiency

A5. What is the name of the gastric juice enzyme capable of acting only in an acidic medium and a cleaving protein on simpler compounds?

1) hemoglobin

2) pituitary gland

3) cerebellum

A6. What are the nervous formations that transform perceived irritations into nervous impulses?

1) sensitive neurons

2) receptors

3) inserted neurons

4) synapses

IN 1. Install the sequence of the digestive channel departments in humans.

A) Famine

B) mouth cavity

B) fat intestine

E) stomach

E) esophagus

Answer: ________________________

AT 2. Choose the correct answer: What characterize therapeutic serum is characterized?

1) 1) are used to prevent infectious diseases

4) 4) in the body of antibodies are prevented

5) 5) are used to treat infectious diseases

In 3. Choose the correct answer: What is the internal human body formed?

6) tissue fluid

AT 4. Choose the correct answer: How does a human skeleton differ from the mammalian animal skeleton?

1) spine without bending

2) Stop vaulted

C1. What is the function of respiratory organs?

C2. What is removed from the body through the kidneys?

Final for academic year

Option 2.

A1. What is the name of a warm salted liquid that connects all human organs among themselves, providing them with oxygen and nutrition?

1) Fabric Liquid

4) intercellular substance

A2. Where does the brain division begins on the right and left half?

1) at the cerebellum level

2) at the level of the oblong brain

3) at the middle brain level

4) at the level of the spinal cord

A3. What type of fabric is bone tissue?

1) connective tissue

2) epithelial tissue

3) muscle tissue

4) nervous tissue

A4. What is the main part of the plasma?

3) Erythrocytes

4) shaped elements

A5. What is the name of the largest iron of our body, located in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm?

1) thyroid gland

2) Selezenka.

3) pancreas

A6. With what is the contact between neurons and cells of the working bodies?

1) with the help of synapses

2) with alveoli

3) with a wandering nerve

4) using receptors

IN 1. What signs are therapeutic serums?

1) are used to prevent infectious diseases

4) In the body of antibodies, not long

5) Used to treat infectious diseases

6) after administration cause diseases in light shape

B2 Install the sequence of the digestive channel in humans.

A) Famine

B) mouth cavity

B) fat intestine

E) stomach

E) esophagus

Answer: | ________________________

2. Vz. What is a skeleton of a person different from the skeleton of mammals?

1) spine without bending

2) Stop vaulted

3) spine S-shaped curved

4) The facial type of skull prevails over the brain

5) chest compressed in the spinal abdominal direction

6) ore cage compressed from sides

AT 4. What is the internal environment of the human body?

2) bodies of chest and abdominal cavities

3) the contents of the stomach and intestines

4) cytoplasm, core and organo

6) tissue fluid

C1. Name the main criterion, which allows you to attribute a person to the class of mammals.

C2. How does the brain connect with the dorsal?