230 years ago, Manifesto Empress Empress Catherine II on the accession of the Crimea to Russia was published. This event has become a natural outcome of the long-term struggle of Russia with the Crimean Khanate and Turkey, which held the Crimea in vassal addiction.

The fate of the Crimea was solved during the Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774. The Russian Army, under the start of Vasily Dolgorukov invaded the peninsula. The troops of Khan Selim III were broken, Bakhchisaray was destroyed, the peninsula was devastated. Khan Selim III escaped to Istanbul. Crimean knew and agreed with the focus of Sahib II Hire. Crimea was declared independent of the Ottoman Empire. In 1772, an agreement was signed with the Russian Empire about the Union, Bakhchisarai received a promise of Russian military and financial assistance. In the Russian-Turkish Kuchuk-Kainardzhi world of 1774, Crimean Khanate and Kuban Tatars have gained independence from Turkey, maintaining communication only on religious issues.

However, Kuchuk-Kainardzhi world could not be eternal. Russia only fixed in the Black Sea, but the Crimean Peninsula - this pearl of the Black Sea region, remained a draw. Osmanov's power was almost eliminated over him, and the influence of St. Petersburg has not yet been established. This unstable position caused conflict situations. Russian troops, for the most part were bred, the Crimean to know leaning towards the return of the former status of Crimea - to Ulya with the Ottoman Empire.

Sultan still during peace negotiations, sent a Devlet Gurya to the Crimea with a landing. The uprising began, attacks the Russian detachments in Alushta, Yalta and other places. Sahiba-Hires overthrew. Khan elected Devlet-Hire. He asked Istanbul to terminate the agreement concluded with Russia on the independence of Crimean Khanate, return the peninsula under his supreme power and take the Crimea under his protection. However, Istanbul was not ready for a new war, and did not decide on such a radical step.

Naturally, it did not like Petersburg. In the fall of 1776, Russian troops with the support of the Nogai, overcoming the rear, broke into the Crimea. They were supported and the Crimean Bays, whom Devlett IV Gary wanted to punish the support of Sahib II of the Hire. At the Crimean Tron with the help of Russian bayonets was planted Shahin Gary. Devlet Gury with the Turks left for Istanbul.

At the request of Shagin-Gurya, the Russian troops remained on the peninsula, sitting down at Ak-Mosque. Chagin (Shahin) Garyu was a talented and gifted man, studied in thessaloniki and Venice, knew Turkish, Italian and Greek. He tried to spend in the state of reform and reorganize management in the Crimea on the European sample. He was not considered national traditions, which caused irritation of the local nobility and the Muslim clergy. He was called a traitor and a versoite. To know was dissatisfied with the fact that it began to remove from government management. Almost independent of the Hana ownership of the Tatar nobility of Schigin-Gary transformed into 6 pricing (kaymacraft) - Bakhchisarai, Ak-Moshetsky, Karasubazar, Gezlevskoye (Evpatorie), Cafinskoye (Feodoskoye) and Perekopskoe. The priests were divided into district. Khan confiscated Vakufa - the land of the Crimean clergy. It is clear that the clergy and know did not forgive the Hanu attempt on their welfare. Almost his native Brothers Bahadir Giray and Arslan Giray made against the policy of Shahin Graya.

The reason for the uprising was the attempt by Khan to create the Armed Forces of the European Sample. In the fall of 1777, the riot began. In December 1777, a Turkish landing land led on the peninsula, headed by Khan Selim III appointed in Istanbul III. The uprising covered the entire peninsula. The civil war began. With the support of Russian troops, the uprising was suppressed.

At the same time, the Russian command strengthened the position in the south. At the end of November 1777, Feldmarshal Peter Rumyantsev appointed Alexander Suvorov to command the Kuban Corps. In early January 1778, he accepted the Kuban Corps and in a short time amounted to a complete topographic description of the Kuban Territory and seriously strengthened the Kuban cordon line, which was actually the border of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In March, Suvorov was appointed instead of Alexander Pozorovsky commander of the troops of Crimea and Kuban. In April, he arrived in Bakhchisarai. The commander divided the peninsula into four territorial districts, along the coast created a chain of posts at a distance of 3-4 km from each other. Russian garrisons were located in the fortresses and several dozen fortifications, enhanced by guns. The first territorial district had a center in Gezlev, the second - in the south-western part of the peninsula, in Bakhchisaraye, the third in the eastern part of the Crimea - in the Salgirsk Strengthening-Retrant, the fourth - occupied the Kerch peninsula with the center in Yenikale. Behind the squeeze was located the Major General Ivan Bagration Major Brigade.

Alexander Suvorov issued a special order in which he called on "to comply with full friendship and approve mutual consent between the Russians and various names of ordinary people." The commander began to build strengthening at the exit from the Ahtiar Bay, forcing the Turkish War Ships remaining there. Turkish ships went to Sinop. For the weakening of the Crimean Khanate and the salvation of Christians who were the first to become victims during the rebounds and landing of the Turkish troops, Suvorov, on the advice of Potemkin, began to promote the resettlement of the Christian population from the Crimea. They were moved on the coast of the Azov Sea and the mouth of the Don. From spring at the beginning of the fall of 1778, more than 30 thousand people were resettled from the Crimea in the Azovye and Novorossia. It caused irritation of the Crimean nobility.

In July 1778, the Turkish fleet of 170 pennants appeared near the Crimean coast in the Feodosian bay under the beginning of Gassan-Pasha Gaza. Turks were thinking about landing the landing. The Turkish command transferred a letter with an ultimative requirement of banning a swimming Russian courts along the coast of the Crimean Peninsula. In case of non-compliance with this requirement, Russian ships threatened to trample. Suvorov was hard and stated that it would ensure the security of the peninsula by all ways accessible to it. Turks did not dare to plant troops. Ottoman fleet silently returned to the ravis. Another demonstration of the Turkish fleet spent in September. But Suvorov's measures that strengthened the coast and ordered the Bagration Brigade to enter the Crimea, maneuvered the troops in mind the enemy fleet, respectively, his movement, again forced Ottomans to retreat.

On March 10, 1779, Anaili-Kavakskaya Convention was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. She confirmed Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty. Istanbul recognized Stegin Hire of Crimean Khan, confirmed the independence of the Crimean Khanate and the right of free passage through the Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles for Russian commercial ships. Russian troops leaving 6-thousand. The garrison in Kerch and Ynikale, in mid-June 1779 left the Crimean Peninsula and Kuban. Suvorov received an appointment to Astrakhan.

Ottomans, did not accept the loss of Crimea and the territories of the Northern Black Sea region, in the autumn of 1781 another uprising was provoked. At the head of the uprising there were the Bahadir Garyry Gurya and Arslan-Garyray brothers. The uprising began in Kuban and spread quickly on the peninsula. By July 1782, the uprising completely covered the whole Crimea, Khan was forced to flee, and did not have time to escape the officials of his administration were interrupted. New Khan elected Bahadir II Hire. He appealed to St. Petersburg and Istanbul with a request for recognition.

However, the Russian Empire refused to recognize New Khan and sent troops to suppress the uprising. Russian Empress Ekaterina II appointed commander-in-chief of Grigory Potemkin. He had to suppress the uprising and achieve the accession of the Crimean Peninsula to Russia. The troops in Crimea was appointed to lead Anton Balman, and Alexander Suvorov in Kuban. The Balme Corpus, which was formed in Nikopol, took Karasubazar, defeating the army of New Han under the beginning of Tsarevich Khalim Giraya. Bahadir captured. His brother Arslan Garyre was arrested. Most Khan supporters fled through the North Caucasus to Turkey. Potemkin again appointed Alexander Suvorov by commander in the Crimea and Kuban. Chagin Gury returned to Bakhchisarai and was restored to the throne.

Chagin Garya began to conduct repression against the rebels, which led a new rebellion. So, I was executed Tsarevich Mahmoud Gary, who announced himself Khan in a cafe. I wanted shigin giri to execute and the native brothers - Bahadir and Arslan. But the Russian government intervened and saved them, the execution was replaced by conclusion in Kherson. Russian Empress "advised" Chagin Hire to voluntarily abandon the throne and transfer his own ownership of St. Petersburg. In February 1783, Shagin Garya renounced the throne and moved to live in Russia. He lived in Tamani, Voronezh, Kaluga. Then I made a mistake, went to the Ottoman Empire. Shagina arrested, referred to Rhodes and executed in 1787.

On 8 (19), 1783, Ekaterina II government issued a manifesto on the inclusion of Crimean Khanate, Taman Peninsula and Kuban to the Russian state. By order of Potemkin, troops under the beginning of Suvorov and Mikhail Potemkin took the Taman Peninsula and Kuban, and Balman's forces entered the Crimean Peninsula. From the sea, the Russian troops supported the ships of the Azov Flotilla under the post of Vice Admiral Klokachev. Almost at the same time, the Empress sent a "careful" peninsula under the start of Captain II rank Ivan Bersenev. He got a task to choose the harbor for the fleet in the south-west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Bersenev in April inspected the bay at the village of Ahtiir, who was located near the ruins of Chersonese-Tavrichesky. He suggested turning it into the base of the future of the Black Sea Fleet. On May 2, 1783, five frigates were included in the bay and eight small vessels of the Azov military flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Klokachev. Already in early 1784, a port and fortress was laid. It was named Empress Catherine II Sevastopol - the "majestic city."

In May, the Empress sent to the Crimea who just returned from abroad after the treatment of Mikhail Kutuzov, who quickly settled the issues of a political and diplomatic nature with the remaining Crimean. In June 1783, in Karasubazar, on top of the rocks of Ak-Kai (White Scala), Prince Potemkin took the oath to the loyalty of the Russian Empire from the Tatar nobility and representatives of all the layers of the Crimean population. Crimean Khanate finally ceased to exist. The Crimean Zemstvo Government was established. Russian troops located in the Crimea received the order of Potemkin to contact "the inhabitants friendly, not to order, not to be sufficient, which the sidelines and regimental commanders have to serve."

In August 1783, Baalman was replaced by General Shanskom. He showed himself a good organizer, established the "Tauride Regional Board". In him, along with the Zemsky government, almost all local Tatarskaya know. On February 2, 1784, the decree of the Empress established the Tauride region headed by the President of the Military College in Potemkin. In her entered the Crimea and Taman. In the same month, Empress Ekaterina II provided the highest Crimean class all the rights and benefits of the Russian nobility. Lists of 334 new Crimean nobles were drawn up, which retained old land ownership.

To attract the population, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kherson were announced by open cities for all the peoples of friendly Russia. Foreigners could freely come to these settlements, live there and take Russian citizenship. In Crimea, serfs were not introduced into the Crimea, the Tatars were not privileged classes were announced by state (state) peasants. The relationship between the Crimean is known and the social groups dependent on them were not changed. Earth and income that belonged to the Crimean "king" moved to the imperial treasury. All prisoners, subjects of Russia, got freedom. It must be said that at the time of the joining of the Crimea to Russia, there were about 60 thousand people on the peninsula, and 1474 villages. The main occupation of rural residents was breeding cows and sheep.

Changes to the better, after the attachment of the Crimea to Russia, appeared literally in their eyes. Internal trading duties were eliminated, which immediately increased the trade turnover of the Crimea. Crimean cities of Karasubazar, Bakhchisarai, Feodosia, Gezlev (Evpatoria), Ak-Mosque (Simferopol - It became the administrative center of the region) began to grow. The Tauride region was divided into 7 counties: Simferopolsky, Levkopolsky (Feodosian), Perekopansky, Evpatoria, Dneprovsky, Melitopol and Fanagori. In the peninsula, Russian state peasants were seased, retired soldiers, immigrants from Commonwealth and Turkey. Potemkin for the development of agriculture in the Crimea invited foreigners in the field of gardening, viticulture, silkgrounds and forestry. Salt mining was increased. In August 1785, all the ports of Crimea were released from the payment of customs duties for 5 years and customs custody transferred to the rear. The turnover of Russian trade on the Black Sea by the end of the centuries increased several thousand times and amounted to 2 million rubles. The peninsula created a special office for the leadership and development of "farming and housekeeping". Already in 1785, the Vice-Governor of Crimea K. I. Gablitsa held the first scientific description of the peninsula.

Potemkin had tremendous energy and ambition. On the shores of the Black Sea, he was able to realize many projects. The Empress fully supported him in this matter. In 1777, she wrote Grimma in 1777: "I love non-painted countries. Believe me, they are the best. " Novorossia - was indeed a "non-painted" territory, where you could implement the most amazing projects. Fortunately, Potemkin had full support for the empress and huge human, and the material resources of Russia. In fact, he became a kind of Vice-Emperor of the South of Russia, who had a complete will to implement his ideas. Military and political victories were combined with the rapid administrative, economic, naval and cultural development of the region.

G. A. Potemkin on the Monument "1000th anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod.

In the bare steppe there were whole cities and ports - Sevastopol, Kherson, Melitopol, Odessa. Thousands of peasants and workers were aimed at the construction of canals, embankments, fortifications, shipyards, moorings, enterprises. Forests were frozen. The flows of immigrants (Russian, Germans, Greeks, Armenians, etc.) rushed to Novorossia. The population of the Crimean Peninsula by the end of the century increased to 100 thousand people, mainly due to immigrants from Russia and Malorus. The richest lands of South Russian Steppes were mastered. In record deadlines, a Black Sea Fleet was built, which quickly became the master of the position on the Black Sea and won a series of brilliant victories over the Turkish fleet. Potemkin planned to build a magnificent, not inferior to the Northern capital, the southern capital of the empire - Ekaterinoslav on the Dnieper (now Dnepropetrovsk). It was about to build a huge cathedral, more of the Vatican St. Peter, theater, University, Museums, Exchange, Palaces, Gardens and Parks.

Diversal talents of Potemkin touched the Russian army. The Almighty Favorite of the Empress was a supporter of a new tactics and strategy of warfare, encouraged the initiative of commanders. Replaced the German type close uniforms on a light and convenient uniform of a new sample, more adapted for fighting. Soldiers were forbidden to wear braids and enjoy powder, which was for them to be tormented.

The transformations went so quickly that when in 1787, the Russian government of Catherine II traveled to the peninsula through the pin, visiting Karasubazar, Bakhchisarai, Laspi and Sevastopol, Potemkin was what boasts. It is enough to remember the Black Sea Fleet as part of three linear ships, twelve frigates, twenty small ships, three bombarded ships and two branders. It was after this journey Potemkin received from the Empress the title of "Taurry".

It is clear that Istanbul did not accept the loss of Crimean Khanate. Osmans, which England pounded, was actively preparing for a new war. In addition, the interests of Russia and Turkey came across the Caucasus and the Balkan Peninsula. It ended with the fact that Istanbul demanded to return the Crimean Peninsula in an ultimative form, but received a decisive refusal. On August 21, 1787, the Turkish fleet attacked Russian from the western coast of the Crimean Peninsula, which served as a signal to the beginning of the new war. In the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791. Success accompanied Russian weapons. In Moldova, Rumyantsev had a number of heavy lesions, Golitsyn took Iasins and Khotyn. The Army Potemkin captured Ochakov. Suvorov defeated the Turkish army under the Rymnik. The "impregnable" Ishmael and Anapa were captured. The Black Sea Fleet in the battle series defeats the Turkish fleet. The Yaski peace treaty consolidated all Northern Black Sea for the Russian Empire, including the Crimean Peninsula.

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Many changes occurred in the world for 2014. For some, they went unnoticed, others just began to read the news more often, for the third world became war.

For this year, a lot has changed. "The Crimea Peninsula and the city of Sevastopol moved to the Russian Federation," this will sound for many descendants of the 2014 referendum. It will be in 20, 30, maybe 40 years. And now alone will say: "Crimea returned home", others will argue: "Russia occupied the Crimea."

Before you consider it more about considering the events of the beginning of 2014 and understand what the Crimea joining the Crimea to Russia is breathing, it is worth a little excursion to the past and learn how the history of the Peninsula and Russia is connected.

Transition of the Crimea under the power of the Russian Empire

In July 1774, the war of Russia ended with the Ottoman Empire. Following the victor, a number of the Black Sea cities were moved, and they received the right to have shopping and warships in the Black Sea. An independent state appeared on the Crimean Peninsula.

Already in 1774 it became clear that the joining of the Crimea is, as they say, the question of time. But he was already resolved no military, but a political way.

With the help of Russia, the previous ruler with his supporters came to power in the Crimea and the previous ruler was forced to go to Turkey. The joining of Crimea to Russia of 1783 was enshrined by the manifesto of Empress Catherine II on April 8. Since then, the history of the peninsula is inextricably linked with Russia.

Brief History of Crimea from 1921 to 1954

Crimea after joining Russia in 1783 began to radically change, infrastructure developed and production was developed, the national composition of the population was replaced.

When the Bolsheviks came to power and ended the Civil War, the Crimean ASSR was created. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russians, which were almost half of the population (49.6%), Crimean Tatars (19.4%), Ukrainians (13.7%), Jews (5.8%), Germans (4 , 5%) and other nationalities (7%).

During the Great Patriotic War in Crimea, fierce battles were walking, the long occupation was unrecognizable changed the appearance of the peninsula and the nature of its inhabitants. In the spring of 1944, a surgery for the liberation of the Crimea from the invaders began.

In 1944-1946, the Crimean Tatars were deported from the peninsula for the support of fascist Germany, the Crimean region was formed as part of Russia.

Crimea and Ukraine

In 1954, Crimea was included in the composition of this was logical and dictated by close economic and cultural ties, as well as the unity of territories. Many communications, railway and highways were associated with the mainland of Ukraine.

In 1989, the attitude of the Union's Government to the Crimean Tatars changed and their reverse migration on the peninsula began.

In early 1991, the first referendum was held, according to the results of which Crimea again received the rights of autonomy as part of the Ussr. After the breakdown, the Crimea remained as part of the already independent state of Ukraine. From 1994 to 2014, the autonomous Republic of Crimea existed. In early 2014, a new joining of Russia of Crimea took place.

Why it all started

In November 2013, protest shares began. President V. Yanukovych was delayed the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union. This served as a reason for the exit of people to the streets.

The action started with the student rally turned into a powerful movement. Tens of thousands of people organized a tent town in the center of Kiev, began to occupy administrative buildings, burn tires.

A gradually peaceful rally turned into a rigid confrontation between demonstrators and the police. There were first victims on both sides. At the same time, stocks against the existing authorities began in the western regions of Ukraine, the leaders of the city and regional councils were appointed, the monuments of the Soviet regime collapsed.

Naval coup in Ukraine

In February 2014, the action in Kiev, which became known as Euromaidan, reached his peak. Dozens of protesters and law enforcement officers were killed by unknown snipers. The opposition and protest leaders made a coup, President Yanukovych with the family fled from the country.

Proded leaders came to power, aggressively tuned against Russians, Russia, the Soviet Union. Illegal armed formations began to move from Kiev to the regions. At the beginning of response mass shares against the new regime.

Crimea: from demonstrations to the referendum

The crisis of the Ukrainian government in February 2014 led the Crimea to the need to determine his further fate. The adoption of the new power in Ukraine meant the gap of the historical, cultural, social connection of the peninsula with Russia. The surrender in Kiev, the strength of the Force, unequivocally hostile and aggressively spoke about the Russians, including those living in the Crimea.

In Kerch and other cities, protests began against the new power in Kiev, the oppression of the Russian language, the imposition of their history, the arrival of armed aggressive supporters of Euromaidan, the destruction of monuments of Soviet times. However, it is necessary to say that part of the population of Crimea supported the leaders who came to power and in general the action in the center of the capital of Ukraine. Mostly consent with the new government expressed the Crimean Tatars.

Protecting its values, culture, life and safety Residents of Crimea announced the desire to hold a referendum on which to determine the will of most citizens of the peninsula: to remain under the rule of Ukraine or to join Russia.

Preparation, implementation and results of the 2014 referendum

The date of the referendum on the fate of the Crimea was scheduled for May 25. While the peninsula carried out active preparation, in Ukraine, the United States and European countries, the issue of the illegality of such a referendum was discussed, spoke in advance about the non-recognition of its results.

Later against the background of the growing date of the voting was postponed on March 16. The people in Crimea demonstrated greater activity and the turnout exceeded 80% of the population. Crimeans realized the referendum's fatefulness. It was not the date of the joining of the Crimea to Russia, but now it is day that day on March 16 is invited to make a holiday on the peninsula.

On March 17, the results were summed up. The population of Crimea voted for the union with Russia. And the law was approved and signed, according to which the joining of Russia and Sevastopol was officially held.

Russian military in the Crimea

At the end of 2014, at the Crimean Peninsula, active movements of people in military uniform were noticed. Politicians who were illegally received power in Kiev immediately accused Russia in military aggression. In turn, Russia denied the presence of its military contingent on the peninsula, except for based divisions in accordance with the Agreement between Russia and Ukraine.

Later the military who made redeployment on the territory of the peninsula began to be called "green men" and "polite people."

It must be said that Ukraine refused to lead the autonomous republic in creating conditions for the will of the people. And, thanks to the presence of the Russian military contingent, which had the right to be on the peninsula, the accession of the Crimea to Russia occurred peacefully.

Issues of the legality of the disconnection of the Crimea from Ukraine

Ukraine and its allies immediately declared the illegal actions of the Government of Crimea and Russia. The results of the referendum and the very fact of its holding, according to the leaders of many countries, are illegal. The countries of the European Union and the United States did not recognize the accession of the Crimea to Russia and continue to assert that the peninsula is under the occupation.

At the same time, they supported a unconstitutional coup in Kiev, and moreover, representatives of the United States and European countries met with Evromaidan activists and even advised his leaders.

The announcement of the referendum in Crimea was adopted by the legal government of the Autonomous Republic. The turnout on the voting plots showed the interest of the population in solving the issue of the continued life of the peninsula in the conditions of the growing crisis in Ukraine and the world. The absolute majority, exceeding 90% of those who voted, expressed the accession of the Crimea to Russia.

International right implies the possibility of a people living on a certain territory, to solve their fate. And the population of the Crimea did it. The autonomy of the republic as part of Ukraine allowed the government to declare a referendum, and so it happened.

The first months after the referendum

The transition period is difficult to give residents of the peninsula. The accession of the Crimea to Russia 2014 is undoubtedly the most important historical event in the life of the whole country. But what was the life of Crimeans in the near future?

In March-April 2014, enterprises and banks began to close on the peninsula, the payments on the cards and cash desks stopped. Ukrainian businessmen withdraw their assets.

The interruptions of water and electricity began, unemployment grew, and the queues for reissuing documents did not add joy on the weekdays of Crimean. In April-May, the first wave of refugees from the south-east of Ukraine joined the peninsula, where the armed confrontation between the Kiev authorities began with the militia of Lugansk and Donetsk regions.

How many months of the Crimea to Russia have become perceived after a few months? The reviews were the most different. Someone succumbed to longing and panic due to the worsening economic situation. Others showed readiness to go on the chosen path through any obstacles. The life of the peninsula has changed and not in all areas for the better, but Crimeans live and rejoice in change.

They have not yet changed the numbers of cell phones, did not bring hryvnia from turnover, they did not receive new license plates on cars, but three-color flags are waved everywhere.

How Crimean celebrated the new 2015

The accession of Crimea to Russia of 2014 added troubles and experiences to the life of the indigenous population. At these concerns, someone did not notice the approach of the new year. In cities, the light and water are increasingly disconnected, prices are growing just like traffic jams, new jobs have not yet created, so many will meet the holidays modestly: no work - no money.

Already soon a year, how the joining of Crimea to Russia took place. Opinions are still different. But here and there you can hear the call: "Nehow, survive."
In 2015, Crimean is still a lot of change, but they have already learned to patience. The main thing is that many of them celebrate is calm, which allows you to look into the future without fear.

Russia after the joining of Crimea

Many political scientists, economists, entrepreneurs believe: Russia's accession to Russia costs the country so expensive that it was cheaper to redeem the peninsula in Ukraine. Sanctions, the initiator of which were the United States, by the summer of 2014 began to be felt in the work of Russian enterprises. The finance system of the country is destabilized.

Even large enterprises are forced to reduce the amount of products that are expected and employee decreases are expected, and therefore, unemployment growth throughout the country.

The United States was supported by the majority of the European Union. Sanctions are all tightened, Russia is accused of occupying the Crimea and active assistance to the militia of the southeast of Ukraine. Kiev authorities constantly make statements about the presence of regular Russian troops at their sovereign territory.

Europe and the United States strive to isolate the Russian economy, to engage the financial markets, make it play on their rules. But the situation did not come out of control, the country has serious allies, the economy begins to reoriented to new markets.

signed and published manifesto on the accession of the Crimea to Russia ...

Catherine Crimea.

The long-term geopolitical struggle for the possession of the Crimea between Turkey and Russia ended in favor of the Russian Empire. This struggle was accompanied by numerous wars for almost a thousand years. At the time of signing the manifest, Crimean Khan was forced to renounce the throne. Crimean Khanna ceased to exist. Part of the Crimean-Tatar nobility fled to the Osmans Turkgers, part, along with the deposited Khan, asked Russia's defense.

The manifesto on the accession of the Crimea prepared the bright prince Grigory Potemkin - secretly marked with Catherine. Potemkin is known for history, rather as a secret husband of the empress, but as a wise statesman and her right hand. He as a governor of the southern lands of Russia supervised the Crimean question.

Old Russian history of Crimea.

Although on April 19, 1783, it was customary to consider the official date of the accession of the Crimean Peninsula to Russia, in fact, the Crimea was Russian long before, during the time of the ancient Kievan Rus. Kiev princes, distributing the specific principality of their numerous offspring and the closest relatives, unuse and brothers, put on the reign and in Tmutarakan, which was conquered in the Khazar campaign by Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich in 965. Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich belongs to the famous phrase "I go on you."

According to the manuscript chronicles in 988, the Tmutarakan principality, which included part of the Black Sea and Crimea, was owned by Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. The capital - the city of Tmutarakan was located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Taman. These territories were attached to ancient Russia as a result of the defeat of Hazar Kaganate in the 10th century. Then the prince of Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich was then tmutarakanya and his sons Oleg and Roman alternately. After the reign of Oleg, the Russian chronicles mention Tmutarakan as the Russian principality last time in 1094. Then, the nomads of the Polovtsians were cut off from the main Russia, which, however, divided their influence on Tmutarakan and the Crimean Peninsula with Byzantine. The Byzantine Greeks and Genoese settled in Crimea and brought with them the Christian religion to the peninsula.

Tatar-Mongols and Russian-Turkish wars.

The next period in the history of the Crimea is associated with Tatar-Mongolian conquests, when, after a few victorious centuries, Genghis Khan and his descendants were brought to themselves most of Asia and Europe. Further, when Tataro - Mongols broke up into many states: the Great, White, Blue and Golden Horde, the Tatars settled in Crimea. For several centuries, Crimean Khanate tried to conduct an independent policy, having lavain between the interests of stronger neighbors, then hitting the Turkish protectorate, then a friend against her with Moscow. For example, when Ivan the Terrible, Crimean Khans performed with Lithuanians and Poles against the Moscow principality, they went to the Allies to the Moscow King, sending him to the service of his sons. Then they suddenly unfolded 180 degrees and tried to win the Astrakhan from Moscow. In Peter, the first Crimean Hanice firmly opposed Russia on the side of the Turks. The Russian-Turkish war is 1686 - 1700, most likely, and began due to frequent devastating raids of the Crimean Tatars on the southern borders of Russia. Tatars robbed seleniums and captured Russians, selling them then into slavery. The most striking Slavic men, the Ottomans replenished the ranks of Yanychar. The episode of this war is widely known - the capture of Peter the first Turkish fortress of Azov. Below reproduction with azov tagged by the troops of Peter:

The war with the Ottoman Empire ended in the Bakhchisarai world, who did not bring a full return to Russia of its original ancient land. Crimea, Podolia and part of Western Ukraine remained under the Turks, and the other part of Western Ukraine seized Poles. Such a sharp position of the southern borders of Russia remained for a long time, to trips Catherine Great.

Accurate joining date and modern history of the Crimea.

Given the outlined, the date of the Catherine Manifesto on April 19 should be considered not the date of the accession of the Crimea to Russia, but the date of his first reunification with it. The date of the attachment of the Crimea, I think, should be considered 988, when Tmutarakan was mentioned in the chronicles, as the Russian principality and its specific prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, or even the date of defeat of the Khazar Kingdom (Kaganata), Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich in 965. In that year, Prince Svyatoslav consistently conquered the Khazar cities of Sarkel, Sumkecz, named after taking, respectively, White Vyzhy and Tmutarakania. Then the semender and the capital of Khazaria ITIL were conquered. In the modern history of Crimea, too, a lot of dramatic peripetias. First, the Crimea, the Voluntarist stroke of the pen Nikita Khrushchev, was given to the beloved of this ruler Ukraine. Then, the criminal Belovezhsky treaty departed to another state. Finally, in 2014, the will of the people returned to Russia, thus restored, thus historical and humanitarian justice.

About nutritional and elimination problems.

On January 8, 1783, the Russian Emergency Messenger Yakov Bulgak received from the Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid written consent to the recognition of the Russian authorities over Crimea, Kuban and Tamanu. It became a significant step towards the final accession to Russia of the Crimean Peninsula. Today, the main milestones in the intricacies of the history of Russia and the Crimea.

Crimean Tatars came to Russia for robberies and seizure of slaves

Crimean Khanate was distinguished from the Golden Horde in 1427. From the end of the XV century, the Crimean Tatars performed constant raids on Russia. About once a year, they, bypassing the steppe posts, deepened into the border area per 100-200 km, and then rotated back, the avalanche is estimated for everything on its path, engaged in robbees and seizure of slaves. Tatars had a special tactic: they were divided into several detachments and, trying to attract Russian to 1-2 places on the border, attacked the place left without protection. Quite often, the Tatars sat on the horses of stuffed people so that their army seemed more.

Trade of slaves was the main article of income for the Crimean Khanate. Captured captives sold on the Middle East, Turkey and even to European countries. After raids in Constantinople, 3-4 ships came with Russian slaves. And in just 200 years, more than 3 million people were sold at the slave Crimean markets.

The fight against the Crimean Tatars was the main article of Russian military spending

A significant part of the treasury Rus went to the military spending necessary to combat the Tatars. It is worth noting that this struggle had variable success. At times, Russian managed to beat off the prisoners and defeat the Tatars. So, in 1507, Prince Holmsky with his army broke the Tatars on the Oka. In 1517, the Tatar detachment of 20 thousand people reached Tula, where he was defeated by the Russian army, and in 1527, the Crimeans were defeated on the river is the island. It is worth saying that to track the movement of the Crimean troops was very difficult, so most often the Tatars went to the Crimea with impunity.

In 1571, Tatars plundered Moscow

Take some major city, as a rule, Tatars were not under power. But in 1571, Khan Davlet-Girea taking advantage of the fact that the Russian army went to the Livonian war, destroyed and loossed Moscow.

Then the Tatars took 60 thousand captives - almost the entire population of the city. A year later, Khan decided to repeat his raid, hatching ambitious plans of Muscovy's accession to their possessions, but suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of young people. In that battle, the latter-guy lost almost all the male population of Khanate. But take a hiking on the Crimea to finish the enemy, at that time the Russians could not, because the principality was weakened by the war on two fronts. 20 years, until a new generation has grown, the Tatars were not disturbed by Russia. In 1591, Tatars again committed a raid to Moscow, and in 1592 Crimean troops plundered Tula, Kashir and Ryazan lands.

Ivan Grozny planned to consolidate the Crimea for Russia

Ivan Grozny understood that it is possible to eliminate the Tatar threat to only one way, - capturing Tatar territories and consolidating them for Russia. So the Russian king acted with Astrakhan and Kazan. And with the Crimea "dealt" Ivan the Terrible did not have time - the West imposed Russia, who began to increase the power, Livonian war.

Feldmarshal Minich first of the Russians entered the Crimea

On April 20, 1736, the Russian army of 50 thousand people headed by the town of Tsaritsanka. It passed a month, and through the pin the army entered the Crimea. The Russians took the storm storm, advanced in the peninsula, and after 10 days he took Gezlev, where the monthly food supply was kept for the entire army. At the end of June, the Russian army already approached Bakhchisaray, and after two strongest Tatar attacks, the Crimean capital was taken and completely burned together with the Khan Palace. Russians stayed in the Crimea month and returned in the fall. Then the Russians lost 2 thousand people in hostilities and half of the army from local conditions and diseases.

And again after 2 decades, Crimean raids resumed. Russians, unlike many eastern peoples, never killed children and women in the enemy. In February 1737, the grown sons decided to take revenge on the killed fathers. The Crimeans took a return raid through the Dnieper, killed General Leslie and took a lot of prisoners.

Prince Dolgorukov received a sword for the Crimea with diamonds and the title of Crimean

The next time the Russians went to the Crimea in the summer of 1771. Troops under the command of Prince Dolgorukova broke the 100th thousandth Army of Crimean Tatars in the battle at Feodosia and occupied Arabat, Kerch, Yenikale, Balaklava and Taman Peninsula. On November 1, 1772, Crimean Khan signed an agreement, under the conditions of which Crimea became independent Khanate under the patronage of Russia, and the Black Sea ports of Kerch, Kinburn and Yenikale passed Russia. Russians freed more than 10 thousand Russian prisoners and left, leaving garrisons in the Crimean cities.

July 10, 1775 Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov received a sword from the Empress with diamonds, diamonds to the Order of St. Andrey the First Called and the title of Crimean.

Potemkin won the Crimea for Russia bloodlessly

The final conquest of the Crimea was only possible after the conclusion of the Kychuk-Kainardzhi world between Russia and Turkey in 1774. The main merit in solving this problem belongs to Gregory Potemkin.

« Crimea puts out our borders to the Crimea ... Put now that your Crimea is yours, and that there is no more warts on the nose - that suddenly the position of the borders is excellent: the Turkish borders are bordered by us directly, because the case must have directly with us right, and not Under the name of others ... You are obliged to raise the glory of Russia ..."Postekin wrote at the end of 1782 in writing Catherine II. Listening to the opinion of the favorite, on April 8, 1783, Ekaterina II issued a manifesto on the accession of the Crimea. In the manifest, the local residents of the Empress promised " holy and unshakably for themselves and successors of the throne of our prepolate to keep them in the equal to the natural subjects, to protect and protect their faces, property, temples and their natural faith ...».

So thanks to the foresight, Gregory Potemkin bloodlessly "pacified the last nest of Mongolian dominion."

Nikita Khrushchev presented the Crimea to Ukraine

In the first years of the existence of the USSR, Crimea was part of the RSFSR. In 1954, Crimea was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. In 1990, after the collapse of the USSR and the acquisition of Ukraine of independence in the Crimea, autonomy was formed.

The president of the Autonomous Republic became Yuri Bags. He adhered to a pro-Russian orientation. But soon Meshkov was removed from power, and the autonomy of the Crimea was significantly cut.

Doctor of Historical Sciences Ilya Zaitsev read in the library of foreign literature a lecture on the history of relations between Russia and the Crimean Khanate from 1772 to 1783, when the Crimea declared independence, and after 10 years he became part of the Russian Empire. "Lenta.ru" recorded the basic theses of lectures.

On November 1, 1772, in the city of Karasubazar, the Russian Ambassador in Crimean Khanate Evdokim Shcherbinin and Khan Sakhib Guri signed a peace treaty; On January 29, 1773 in St. Petersburg, this agreement was ratified by the Russian side. He began to proclaim the "Union, friendship and power of attorney between Russia and the Crimean Khanate" and guaranteed the independence of Khanate from both the Russian and Ottoman Empire. However, in 10 years, April 8, 1783, Crimea became part of the Russian Empire.

This event is the first experience in Russia's history of accession not just Islamic territory, but a highly developed Islamic state. The conquests of Islamic kingdoms occurred in the history of Russia and earlier (curriculus examples of Kazan and Astrakhan can be given), but before the joining of Crimea there were no cases of appeal to the Muslim socio-political doctrine at the state-legal level.

"Ideal" Islamic device

This doctrine does not imply any boundaries between sacred and worldly, secular and religious, which is a very important difference from the European understanding of the state. The perfect Islamic state is the community of believers, which follows Sharia. From the point of view of Fick, (Muslim doctrine about the rules of conduct - approx. "Tape.ru") The state is not a legal entity and a member of any disputes, and God himself becomes the only source of sovereignty.

It is not necessary to do without a figure of a caliph, which will be the key to understanding the situation in the Crimea in the XVIII century. Caliph is not a public person, as European researchers often consider, Khalif is a guarantor of Sharia in the community. When a person pays taxes or serves in the army, he does not fulfill obligations to the state, but demonstrates his attitude towards God. Here, with such an ideal Islamic device, the Russian Empire faced when it came to the decision of the Crimean issue.

Karasubazar Mir

There were many treaties between Russia and the Crimean Khanate, but they were signed from a modern point of view not between countries, but between individual personalities - for example, between the Crimean Khan and the Moscow king. These were interpersonal agreements that, after the death of one of the counterparties, ceased to act, and they had to be signed again.

The Karasubazar Agreement dated November 1, 1772 was the first interstate agreement signed in all European secular rules. From the side of Russia, he assured Evdokim Shcherbinin, who before that he managed Slobodskaya Ukraine, and from the side of Khanate - the newly elected Khan Sakhib-Gary. It was a peace treaty about good neighborly relations. It was announced that "neither the Russian Empire, nor Ottoman ports and other foreign, no one can interfere with anything, but, by election and decree of Khan, the Donosimo will be the highest Russian yard."

The eternal dilemma between the choice of the Khan and its purpose from the ports in this case was rejected. The Russian side insisted that Khan in no way should be approved by the Ottoman Empire - about this only a turning order should be conveyed to St. Petersburg.

Krymchan did not fully understand and did not realize that they were signed for the document, since it was a purely European category, inaccessible to their understanding and in no way mating with Sharia norms. Russia operated on European legal concepts and spoke in a secular language, and Crimea spoke from the point of view of religious law. By signing the document, the parties obviously implied completely different things.

This agreement, except for the independence already mentioned, had several important consequences: he confirmed the citizenship of the big and small cabardium (Vassals of the Crimean Khanate), which was then the subject of a dispute between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; In addition, Crimean Hanice pledged not to help the opponents of Russia with their troops.

Kerch and Yeni-Kale (the fortress, laid at the very beginning of the XVIII century near Kerch) were to stay beyond the Russian Empire, since the Russian troops were held at the Crimean Peninsula under the leadership of Vasily Dolgorukov, - they were imposed on the Crimean side by force. This agreement reduced all the achievements of Crimean diplomacy.

Another important point in a peace treaty was another important point: guarantees of the former possessions of the Khan on the Kuban side and overpayment (part of the Kherson region and land closer to Odessa). There was no economic activity there, but this land was important for the Crimea as the pastures of the Nogai - the subjects of the Crimean Khan. The contract also allowed free trade for citizens of both countries; A separate article was stipulated by the presence of the Russian Consul and the guarantee of its security from the Khanov.

Russia since the 60s of the 18th century, since the Kane of the Permanent Representative of the Russian Empire, did not see the need to send His Consul to St. Petersburg and did not understand why the Russian consul is needed in Crimea. In addition, Crimean Han quite reasonably suspected that this mission of Russians can turn into a focus of the decomposition of the state. To some extent it happened.

Over time

A key role in the events of that time was played by Han Shahin-Gary, Brother Sakhib-Hire, who signed an agreement with the Russians. He held the position of Calga (the second most important person after Khan in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate).

Portrait I. B. Lampy Senior

To solve issues related to the further status of the Crimea, Shahin Garya was sent to St. Petersburg, where he spent more than a year. Upon arrival, he has long refused to go to Nikita Panin (Russian diplomat, chief adviser on foreign policy issues in Catherine II - approx. "Tape.ru") And demanded that he came to him first, and then refused to shoot a hat on the audience. At first, Catherine belonged to the future Khan well and even mentioned him in his correspondence with Voltaire, calling the "Crimean Dofin" (such title was herself the heirs of the French throne - approx. "Tape.ru"), "Nice Small", with which "the case apparently will succeed."

Hanom, Shahin Garya, began to hold reforms that played a sore joke with him and configured the most part of the population of Crimea against him. But if you look at the conversion of Shahin-Hire through the prism of the European Society, the image of a not quite disappearance of a person gets up to us - the creator of the program that clearly outlined his time.

He unified the supplied system, tried to approve the classes of the Crimean Nobility, built in the Russian model (which was obviously impossible), conducted reforms in the army, focusing on Russian experience, began to minor coin.

To Shahin Gurya, the Army of Crimea was a feudal militia led by Beem (the highest military rank - approx. "Tape.ru") To which nomads of Nogai joined. Osmans loved to throw the Crimean army in their campaigns (both to the West and in Persia) in the bake. Shahin introduced the regular army and the recruitous service, a bit different from the Russian: he took one person from five yards.

To create a regular army, he used Russian advisers who, naturally, worked for money, and among them there were a lot of passing. When Khan decided to move the entire army in the Russian form, the army rebelled.

Shahin Garya tried to change the tax system. Before the reform, it was simple: one pillow was taken from Nemusulman, another - with Jamaatov, free Muslim communities, that is, the faded peasants who were treated with general use. And Nemusulman, and Jamaat paid a fixed submit to their BEY, in the administrative subordination of which they were. Shahine on the European sample introduced the same submail for all, and also ordered the fees for weddings, the manufacture of wine and so on. It was an attempt to reform the traditional Crimean structure under European norms.

New Khan conducted an administrative reform: in the newly acquired southern lands of Khanate, he made about 40 kaymakans (an administrative-judicial unit, which in turn shared on Kadyliki - the districts headed by the judges). Shahin-Garya first introduced a system of spups, which, too, did not like everyone. Activities that brought certain income, such as customs, food institutions or any production, were given to a person who could make money in the treasury ahead. Of course, the amount of spouds came out less timely payout, but the advantage of this scheme was the rapid treasury replenishment.

The reforms touched the Hana himself. He was not afraid to shave his beard, the trapes sitting on a chair, enjoyed the devices and, which was completely fantastic, went to the carriage. His activities, nasty Islamic law, caused strong discontent of the population.

"Salvation" Christians

A convenient moment for the overthrow of the Shahin-Gurya originated when the Russian government was taken out of the Crimea of \u200b\u200balmost all Christians (Russians, Armenians and Greeks). It was thought of how good, but turned around the tragedy. In Russia, for a long time, it was believed that Christians should not live under the Islamic power, so Russian diplomats first tried to enter an item on the eviction of Christians from the Crimea to the Karasubazar treaty, but Khan was opposed, and this item remained only in the draft agreements. Then it was decided to evict Christians from the Crimea on their own for the newly acquired by Russia of the Earth in the Mariupol district. Organized this operation and commanded Eya Count Alexander Suvorov, representatives of the Greek clergy from Crimea were agitated for departure from Crimea.

Image: Public Domain

The mobilization of Christians was held successfully, but when people came to a new place, it turned out that there was not enough money for the construction of housing, and the lands that they were allocated to horticulture and growing grapes were evicted to a naked steppe. As a result of the wicker and bad weather conditions in the winter of 1778-1779, people died from hunger and frost. The exact number of dead is unknown, the plausible figure is about 50 thousand people. This operation has undermined the number of Crimean Christians who succumbed to propaganda.

By 1781-1782, the crisis broke out on the peninsula: Khan reforms caused dissatisfaction with almost all the inhabitants of Crimea, they refused to obey his orders and went to the mountains. Initially, the rebels even appealed to the Russian government with a request to shift Khan, but the Russian empire did not want to support anyone, except for representatives of the official authorities. All this time, the complex questions of the interaction between Crimea, Russia and the Ottoman Empire solved the Count Nikita Panin, who led the foreign policy of the Russian Empire, but in 1781 he resigned, and Alexander Neborodko, who replaced him, had a completely different idea of \u200b\u200bthe fate of the Crimea.

In 1782 it became clear that Khan did not cope with the unrest, and Neborotodeko decided that it was necessary to act hard: Russian troops were introduced on the peninsula. At the same time, the first written mentions appeared in St. Petersburg that it would be nice to include the Crimea to the Russian Empire, in order not to mess with footballs, which, besides, cannot manage the situation on the peninsula. By the spring of 1783, a manifesto was prepared for the inclusion of the Crimea in Russia. More than three hundred years of the history of Crimean Khanate on this ended. Who is to blame for this - Shahin Gary or International Policy? Answer this question is definitely very difficult.

Death in Rhodes

The fate of the Shahin-Gurya reformer has developed tragic. After the publication of April Manifesto Catherine in 1783 it became clear that he would never return to Crimea. Russians thought for a long time, what to do with it. After the joining of the Crimea, he lived in Russia for four years - in Voronezh, Kaluga and Kiev, and then he asked himself about the departure.

At first he went to the Bulgarian city of Karnabad, from there Ottomans referred to him on Rhodes Island, where many khans spent their last days. Shahin-Giren lived for some time on the island, and then he was given the oppression of Muslims in the Crimea and attempt to travel on the side of Russia, and in 1787 they were executed. According to the legend, in the 20s of the XIX century on the Rhodes, they were fishing to build a barracks for Yanychar, and stumbled upon the old cesspool, in which they found the head of the former Khan.