Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that motivate people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are the guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are approval from the authorities:

Reward;

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are public approval:

Praise;

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative is punishment from the official bodies:

Dismissal;

Rebuke;

The death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments by society:

Comment;

Mockery;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by the authorities, society, close people.

2. internal social control - it is exercised by the person himself. Human behavior is 70% dependent on self-control.

Compliance with social norms is called conformism - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not fulfill social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes prevailing in this society.

Positive deviation is a deviant behavior that does not cause public disapproval. These can be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, over-devotion, over-zeal, heightened feelings of pity and sympathy, over-industriousness, etc. Negative deviation - deviations that in most people cause reactions of disapproval and condemnation. These include terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, cruelty to animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law, which can lead to criminal liability.

There are several basic forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness - excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a painful craving for alcohol. This type of deviation is of great harm to all people. Both the economy and the welfare of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people are sick with alcoholism, and the annual losses from it reach $ 100 billion. Our country is also the world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per year per capita. Moreover, most of the alcohol is spirits. Recently, there has been a problem and "beer" alcoholism, which mainly affects young people. For various reasons related to alcohol, about 500 thousand Russians die every year.

2. Drug addiction - a painful addiction to drugs. Concomitant consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, personality degradation. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict, i.e. there are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of "soft" drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is allowed. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution is extramarital sex for a fee. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Proponents of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the "process", improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, save this area from pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes on this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point to the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of the body trade. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle "everything is allowed", without certain moral brakes. In addition, clandestine prostitution with all criminal, moral and medical problems will persist.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to persons of the same sex. Homosexuality is in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - a woman's sexual attraction to a woman, c) bisexuality - sexual attraction to individuals of the same and opposite sex. The normal sexual attraction of a woman to a man and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow gay and lesbian marriage. Such families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the population is generally ambivalent about such relations.

5. Anomia - a state of society in which a significant part of people disregard social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times of civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when former goals and values ​​are crumbling, faith in the usual moral and legal norms falls. Examples are France during the Great Revolution of 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.

The team of a firm is a small social group, which means that the concepts of sociology, including sanctions, are applicable to it. This article will answer the question of what formal positive sanctions are and how they help regulate relationships among employees.

What is a sanction

Sanction is a term that has already set the teeth on edge and, as a rule, is associated with something bad. This word is of Latin origin: sanctio means "the strictest ordinance."

A sanction is part of a rule of law that provides bad consequences for someone who breaks the rules.

The term "social sanction" has almost the same meaning. Only the sense of social sanction includes not only punishment, but also encouragement. Social sanction controls a person not only with the "stick", but also with the "carrot". Consequently, social sanctions are an effective mechanism of social control. The goal is to subordinate a person to a social group so that he follows the established norms and rules.

Types of social sanctions

Social sanctions are divided into formal and informal, positive and negative.

Negative social sanctions provide for punishment for a person who has committed undesirable actions, deviated from the generally accepted norms in a particular team. On the contrary, positive sanctions are aimed at supporting the individual in his efforts to follow the rules.

Formal social sanctions operate at the official level, come from the management of the company. In contrast, informal sanctions are the reaction of members of the social group itself.

At the “intersection” of positive and negative, formal and informal, we get 4 more types of sanctions:

• formal positive;
• informal positive;
• formal negative;
• informal negative.

Formal positive sanctions

Formal positive sanctions are the encouragement of human action by the management of the company. For example, promotions, bonuses and certificates.

The main driving force behind formal positive sanctions is material.

Every employee is interested in increasing his salary. The better you work, you fit into the team - this means that you move up the social ladder faster, you get recognition and respect from others. Formal positive sanctions work best when combined with informal ones.

Other types of sanctions

If the boss praises the employee in front of everyone, he will compliment him - this is already an informal positive sanction. Of course, the same elements of communication between employees themselves should be attributed to informal positive sanctions.

For compliance with the established norms and rules, a person should be encouraged, and for non-compliance - on the contrary, punished. For punishment, sanctions of a negative type, formal and informal, are responsible.

Formal negative sanctions that can be applied to an employee are a fine, a reprimand with or without entry into the labor book, and, of course, dismissal from work under the article. Negative sanctions put pressure on a person's fear of losing their job.

Informal negative sanctions include a complaint, ridicule, remarks, etc. Informal negative sanctions cause discomfort in a person, up to a feeling of guilt. Following such negative experiences comes the desire to improve, to follow the norms and rules adopted in the team.

Summarizing the above, we come to the conclusion that the collective of a firm and organization is to some extent a self-regulating system that rejects individuals from its “body” who “swim against the tide” without fitting into the generally accepted framework.

SANCTIONS POSITIVE

- English sanctions, positive; German Sanctionen, positive. Measures of influence aimed at the approval of the society or group of desirable behavior.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

See what "POSITIVE SANCTIONS" are in other dictionaries:

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AND; f. [from lat. sanctio (sanctionis) unbreakable law, the strictest regulation] Jurid. 1. Statement of what l. higher authority, permission. Get an arrest warrant. Give approval for the issue to be published. Detained with the sanction of the prosecutor. 2. Measure, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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- (from lat. sanctio the strictest decision) 1) a measure of influence, the most important means of social control. Distinguish between negative sanctions against deviations from social norms, and positive sanctions, stimulating those approved by the society, ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist. Gabriel. Tarde. He viewed it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently. Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintenance of public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions on the part of her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, or what. Erez mass media.

There were very few established norms in traditional society. Most aspects of the lives of members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict adherence to rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies fostered respect for social norms, an understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; in a large group it is ineffective. The agents of informal control are relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by official authorities and administration. In a complex modern society, which numbers many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, control over order is exercised by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, church, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, the agents of formal control are employees of these installations.

If an individual goes beyond the limits of social norms, and his behavior does not correspond to social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, with the emotional reaction of people to normatively regulated behavior.

... Sanctions are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

... Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: certificates, awards, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the presence of prescriptions that determine how an individual should behave himself and that rewards are provided for his compliance with normative prescriptions.

... Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fine f, service punishment, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of prescriptions regulating behavior individual and indicate what kind of punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

... Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial persons and organizations: public praise, compliment, tacit approval, applause, glory, smile, etc.

... Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as remarks, ridicule, a cruel joke, contempt, negative reviews, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the system of educational features we have chosen

Considering the method of applying the sanctions, there are actual and prospective sanctions.

... Actual sanctions are those that are actually applied in a particular community. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond the existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded, according to the existing regulations.

Prospective sanctions are associated with promises of punishment or reward for the individual if they go beyond regulatory prescriptions. Very often, only the threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is sufficient to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is associated with the time of their application.

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual has performed a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs about the harmfulness or usefulness of his action.

Preventive sanctions are applied even before the individual commits a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied in order to induce an individual to such a type of behavior that society needs

Today, in most civilized countries, the prevailing belief is a "crisis of punishment," a crisis of state and police control. More and more there is a growing movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also jure imprisonment and during the transition to alternative measures of punishment and restoration of the rights of victims.

the idea of ​​prevention is considered progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has been known for a long time. Charles. Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws" noted that "a good legislator is not so worried about punishment for a crime as he is. inhuman actions. They are suitable to protect a specific person, a potential victim from possible encroachments from possible encroachments.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some ogi sociologists (T. Matissen, B. Andersen, etc.) question the feasibility and effectiveness of their preventive measures. the arguments are as follows:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, in one society alcohol is allowed, and in another - its use is considered a deviation?). That in decides what is an offense - the legislator. Will not prevention turn into a way of strengthening the position of officials?

prevention involves influencing the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with confidence that he knows these reasons? and the basis and put into practice?

prevention is always an intervention in a person's personal life. Therefore, there is a danger of human rights violations through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of the sanctions depends on:

Role formalization measures. The military, policemen, doctors are controlled very tightly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through informal social ros. Ole, therefore the sanctions here are rather conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestigious statuses are subject to severe external control and self-control

Cohesion of the group, within which role behavior occurs, and therefore the forces of group control

Control questions and tasks

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the reasons for deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe the sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the system of social control perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

12 names for the difference between repressive and preventive sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between informal and formal control methods?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

- a mechanism for maintaining public order through normative regulation, implying the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

Social control concept

The most important condition for the effective functioning of the social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system will be disorganized and disintegrated. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, the preservation of social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms that should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain sanctions (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) of a negative nature must be applied, including including legal.

- this is, on the one hand, the mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social impact, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of an individual proceeds under the control of society and the people around him. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, observing the correctness of assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the subordination of the individual to the social group in which he is integrated, which is expressed in the meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements- social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that motivate people to comply with social norms.

Social norms

Social norms- these are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and social norms proper.

Legal regulations - these are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms implies legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

Moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main instrument in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

TO social norms usually include:

• group social habits (for example, "do not turn your nose up in front of your own");
• social customs (eg hospitality);
• social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
• public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
• social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, customs, taboos are sometimes called general rules of social behavior.

Social sanction

Sanction recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of reward (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that motivate people to abide by social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are inseparably whole, and if some social norm lacks an accompanying social sanction, then it loses its socially regulating function. For example, back in the 19th century. in Western Europe, the social norm was the birth of children only in legal marriage. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into decent marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violation of this norm. As a result, this social norm has ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following social control mechanisms:

• isolation - isolation of the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
• isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
• rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

Types of social sanctions

While formal sanctions seem to be more effective, in fact, informal sanctions are more important to a person. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are assimilated so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, self-control mechanisms prevail over external control mechanisms.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from French. interiorization - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee the observance of social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control, based on official approval or condemnation, is carried out by public authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, decrees, orders and instructions. Formal social control can also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of representatives of the authorities. This control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, is expressed through traditions, customs or mass media. The agents of informal social control are social institutions such as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a grin. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, expulsion from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are the mildest.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. This type of control manifests itself, on the one hand, in feelings of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

The individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows an individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral obligations and demand from himself to fulfill them, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome their inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with their beliefs.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly struggle with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore, self-control is the most important condition for the social behavior of people. Usually, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the more rigid external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with high social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and meet needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.