Permissible interaction in the system of human habitat. Basics of life safety. The interaction of a person and habitat. "Pacific State University"
Chow VPO "Institute of Economics of Management and Rights (Kazan)"
Bugulminsky branch
Psychological faculty
By discipline: "Life safety"
On the topic: Ensuring the safety of human interaction with the habitat
Performed: L.A. Ildevenova
student Group 1 SP D931U
absentee branch using remote technologies
Checked: M.M. Kirillova
Bugulma, 2014.
3. Basic streams of the natural habitat
Bibliography
1. Ensuring the safety of human interaction with the habitat
Safety of vital activity is a state of the environment, in which, with a certain probability, harm the existence of a person is excluded. The solution to the problem of life safety is to provide comfortable conditions for the life of people at all stages of life, in protecting the person and the surrounding medium (manufacturing, natural, urban, residential) from the impact of harmful factors exceeding the regulatory and permissible levels. The habitat is an environment environment due to a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, information, social), capable of rendering direct or indirect, immediate or remote effect on human activity, his health and offspring.
The habitat is a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which this individual lives, population or appearance, part of nature, surrounding living organisms and has a direct or indirect impact on them. From the environment of organisms, everything necessary for life is also distinguished by the metabolic products. The term is often considered to be synonymous with the environment. The medium of each body is composed of a variety of elements of inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man and its production activities. At the same time, some elements can be partially or completely indifferent to the body, others are necessary, and the third have a negative impact.
There is a natural and artificial (created person) habitat. Natural habitats are mainly divided into ground-air, soil, water and intra-organizational. Separate properties and elements of the medium affecting organisms are called environmental factors. All environmental factors can be divided into three large groups:
Abiotic medium (environmental factors) is a complex of conditions of the inorganic medium affecting the body. (Light, temperature, wind, air, pressure, humidity, etc.) for example: accumulation in the soil of toxic and chemical elements, drying out the water bodies during drought, increase the duration of the daylight, intensive ultraviolet radiation.
Biotic medium (environmental factors) is a set of influences of the vital activity of some organisms to others. (The influence of plants and animals on other biogeocenosis members) for example: the destruction of soil by boars and crots, a decrease in the number of protein in crochetia.
Anthropogenic (antropic) factors are all forms of human society, changing nature as a habitat of living organisms or directly affecting their lives. The allocation of anthropogenic factors into a separate group is due to the fact that at present the fate of the plant's plant cover and all the existing types of organisms are practically in the hands of human society.
The human body is painless tolerately transfers certain impacts only until they exceed the limits of human adaptation capabilities.
2. The interaction of a person with the environment
The biosphere is a natural area of \u200b\u200blife distribution on the ground, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layer of the lithosphere, which did not testify the technogenic effects.
Technosphere - the region of the biosphere, in the past, transformed by people with the help of direct or indirect effects of technical means in order to best comply with human socio-economic needs.
Impact:
Man on the habitat
Biospheres per person
Technosphere on man
Social environment per person
In the vital process, human interaction with the habitat and its components is based on the transmission between the elements of the mass flow system and their compounds, the energies of all types and information.
For the technosphere, the streams of all types of raw materials and energy, the variety of products flows are characteristic; Waste flows (emissions to the atmosphere, discharges in water bodies, liquid and solid waste, various energy impacts).
The Act of Waste Fancy: "In any economic cycle, waste and side effects are formed, they are not eliminated and can be translated from one physicochemical form to another or moved in space."
Technosphere is also able to create spontaneously significant streams of masses and energies during explosions and fires, in the destruction of building structures, with accidents on transport, etc.
. Basic streams of the natural habitat
The social environment consumes and generates all types of streams characteristic of a person as a person, in addition, society creates information flows when transferring knowledge, management of society, cooperation with other public formations. The social environment creates streams of all species aimed at transformation of natural and technogenic worlds forms negative phenomena in society associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, drugs, etc.
The main streams in the natural environment:
-solar radiation, radiation of stars and planets;
-space rays, dust, asteroids;
-electric and magnetic fields of the Earth;
-circiers of substances in the biosphere, in ecosystems, in biogeocenoses;
-atmospheric, hydrosphere and lithospheric phenomena, including spontaneous;
Others.
Basic streams in the technosphere:
-streams of raw materials, energy;
-streams of products of sectors of the economy;
-waste economy;
-information flows;
-transport streams;
-light flow (artificial lighting);
-streams with technogenic accidents;
Others.
Basic streams in social medium:
-information flow (training, public administration, international cooperation, etc.);
-human streams (demographic explosion, urbanization of the population);
-drugs of narcotic drugs, alcohol, etc.;
Others.
The main streams consumed and highlighted by man in the process of life:
-oxygen, water, food and other substances (alcohol, tobacco, drugs, etc.);
-energy flows (mechanical, thermal, sunny, etc.);
-information flows;
-fluxes of waste process of life;
Others.
In general, the impact of the flow on the object (man, etc.) at each point of space is determined by its intensity and exposure duration.
If all the conditions of habitat are favorable, with the exception of one, then this condition becomes decisive for the life of the body under consideration. It limits the development of the body.
natural artificial habitat
In accordance with the Law of Libich, the endurance of the body is determined by the weak link in the chain of its environmental needs.
The destruction of the body is possible under the action of a set of external factors, i.e. With their combined effect.
The result of the negative impact of the factor of the stream on the body depends on the properties and parameters of the flow, as well as the properties of the body.
The death of the body occurs at the values \u200b\u200bof the factor of the effect lying outside the zone of tolerance, it can be considered as the process of decaying the body into simple subsystems.
-Comfortable (optimal), when flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions of activity and recreation; Prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest performance and, as a result, productivity activities; guarantee the preservation of human health and integrity components of the habitat;
-Admissible when flows, affecting a person and habitat, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the effectiveness of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the occurrence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the habitat;
-Dangerous when flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing with a long-term exposure of the disease, and / or lead to the degradation of the natural environment;
-Extremely dangerous when high levels in a short period of time can be injured, lead a person to death, cause destruction in a natural environment.
-Dangerous and extremely dangerous is unacceptable for human life processes, preservation and development of the natural environment.
Bibliography
1.Safety of vital activity. Lecture notes. Part 2 / P.G. Belov, A.F. Goat. S.V. Belov et al.; Ed. S.V. Belova. - M.: Vasot. 1993.
2.Safety of vital activity / N.G. Snag. G.A. Korsakov, K.R. Malayan et al. Under Ed.o.n. Rusak. - S. - P.: Publishing House St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, 1996.
.Belov S.V., Morozova L.L., Sivkov V.P. Safety of vital activity. Part 1. - M. Vasot, 1992
.Belov S.V. Safety of life-science for survival in Tehnosfsre - M.: Viniti, review information. Safety problems in emergency situations, 1996. Issue.
.Belov S.V. Technosphere: Aspects of safety and ecology. - M.: Bulletin MSTU. 1998, Ser. EN. №1.
.Needle B. Environmental Science. How the world is arranged. T.1: Per with English. - M.: Mir, 1993.
.Ramad F. Basics of applied ecology: per. With Franz. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1981.
.Reimers N.F. Hope for the survival of mankind. Conceptual ecology. - M.: Publishing House IC "Russia Young" - Ecology, 1992.
.Rusak O.N. Introduction to labor protection. - L.: Leningrad Publishing House, Forestry Academy, 1982.
.Habitat // Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary / Chapters. ed. M.S. Gilyarov. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986. - P. 603.
.Abiotic medium // BioeS. - p.7.
.Biotic medium // BioeS. - P.70.
.Belov S.V. Technosphere: Aspects of safety and ecology. - M.: Bulletin MSTU. 2001, Ser. EN. №4.
.Belov S.V. Safety of life-science for survival in Tekhnosfsre - M.: Viniti, Review information., 2001. Issu.2.
.Rusak O.N. Introduction to labor protection. Natural streams. Man in the environment. - L.: Leningrad Publishing House, Forestry Academy, 1998.
2. The interaction of a person with a habitat.
Man and the environment surrounding it in the process of life constantly interact. At the same time, "life can exist only in the process of movement through the living body of the streams of substance, energy, information (the law of preserving life, Yu. N. Kurazhkovsky.). FROMred habitats can have a different (prologue or dumping) influence on human health, its well-being, performance, rest. In most cases, several levels of impact on a person are distinguished
The following characteristic interaction states in the "Human Habitat" system can be distinguished:
1. Comfortable (optimal), when flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions of activity and recreation; Prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest performance and as a result of productivity; Guarantee the preservation of human health and integrity components of the habitat.
2. Permissible when flows, affecting a person and habitat, do not have a negative impact on human health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the effectiveness of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the occurrence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the habitat.
3. Dangerous when flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing a long-term effect of the disease, and / or lead to the degradation of the environment.
4. Extremely dangerous when high levels in a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause destruction in a natural environment.
The first two states of the interaction of the system of "Man - Wiered Environment" correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the second two are unacceptable for human life processes, the preservation and development of the natural environment, i.e. are negative.
3. Concepts "Danger", "Security".
From the first years of its formation, the subject of BAC is developing in the framework of the general theory of security, which has many concepts and definitions.
Whatever levels of all negative impacts in the "Man - Habitat Environment" system is customary to be called hazards. This is one of the key concepts of security theory.
Danger - the possibility, threat of action, disaster, something undesirable. Danger is the possibility of circumstances in which matter, field, information, or their combination can thus affect the complex system, which will lead to the deterioration or impossibility of its operation and development. Danger is a negative property of living and inanimate matter, information, fields that can cause damage, harm the matter itself.
The concept of "danger" is opposed to the concept of "security".
In the most common safety is the lack of danger. The security content is explained when considering possible dangerous and harmful factors of life, a real dangerous situation, specific extreme conditions, etc. To understand the meaningful filling of the concept of "safety" it is important to draw attention to the words used to denote the opposite security of states and processes: "unwanted consequences", "negative impact", "loss", "damage", "harm", "trouble" and t .. Dangerous and harmful factors, which lead to undesirable consequences, and unwanted themselves in the form of harm to humans and society are to be distinguished. Sometimes different dangerous factors can lead to the same damage. On the contrary, the same dangerous factor in different conditions is often due to different damages or does not lead to losses at all.
Both dangerous and harmful factors and negative consequences of their filling can be the most different. Harm can cause a wide variety of content, intensity and scales of phenomena, highlighted in the course of BUD on various bases: natural, man-made, social, etc.
Damage in dangerous situations can be physical, moral or material. Damage is caused by phenomena and processes that are significant for humans and are fixed in its consciousness as value. And the higher the human consciousness value, which caused damage, the greater the harm that this person sees in this damage. To the values, the damage of which is dangerous for humans and society, not only physical (vital), moral (moral) and material (economic) values, but also the values \u200b\u200bof ethical, religious, national, political, ideological, scientific, environmental, etc. d. This trend reflects the specific content of the Belarusian exchange rate, which discloses various risk factors and various means of protection in the economic, political, cultural spheres, in family, production relations, in military, training teams, etc.
In general, the plane under harmful and dangerous factors refers to the circumstances that have an adverse effect on a person and society.
Harmful factors - circumstances negatively acting on a person and society, harming the entire period of interaction with a person, a group of people. For harmful factors, graduality, the length of the time of influence on people and society is characterized. For example, harmful is tobacco smoke in the room (the damage is caused by physical health), the unfavorable moral and psychological climate in the team (the moral and psychological damage is caused), etc.
ABOUTpaste factors - the circumstances that may cause misfortune, harm human, damage (economic, physical, moral, etc.). For example, it is dangerous to enter the room filled with tobacco smoke, as it is able to harm health.
Harmful and dangerous factors can lead to different situations, are their reasons. Under situations it is advisable to understand the natural segments of social life, for which there is a place, time, subit, the content of their activities, social context. There are different situations. Dangerous (having dangerous factors, i.e., maybe damage to person, society), extreme (the danger is so great that it is necessary to act at the limit of opportunities) and emergency (when the danger has already manifested itself, Up to direct damage to humans and the environment) situation.
The term "risk" has several values. Terms differ in content. The risk in the terminology of insurance is used to designate the subject of insurance of an industrial enterprise or firm, an insured case of flooding, fire, explosion, the insured amount of danger in monetary terms or a collective term to refer to unwanted and uncertain events. Economists and stars who face these issues understand the risk of how to measure the possible consequences that will be shown at a certain point in the future. In the psychological dictionary, the risk aimed at an attractive goal, the achievement of which is associated with elements of danger, the threat of loss, the situational characteristic of activities, consisting in uncertainty and adverse effects, determined by the combination of the likelihood and the magnitude of adverse consequences. Several definitions of the term describes the risk as the occurrence of an accident. Accidents: danger, accident, catastrophe. Accidents occur under certain conditions of production or the environment of the atmospheric environment. Definitions like the value of the actual activity of the subject, the objective properties of the environment .. In all submissions, the event includes an event. There will be a unwanted event or will not be an undesirable event. Usually a probabilistic measure of technogenic appears and natural phenomena, accompanied by the emergence, formation and action of the dangers of social economic and technological damage. The risk, usually, probabilistic measure of the emergence of man-made or natural phenomena, accompanied by the emergence, formation and action of dangers applied with social, economic, environmental species of damage and harm .. The risk of the expected purity or the likelihood of dangers of a certain category, the amount of damage, harm From an undesirable event, some combination of magnitude.
The risk is actually a measure of danger. Use the concept of risk.
The concept of risk degree (Level of Risk) - does not differ from the concept of risk.
The degree of risk is the measured value.
The term risk is currently used when analyzing hazards and security management (risk of technological processes) and production.
The formation of hazardous and emergency situations is the result of a certain set of risk factors generated by the relevant sources.
With regard to life safety, a person's death, an accident or disaster of a technical system or device, contamination, or deterioration of the ecological system, the death of a group of people, increasing the mortality of the population, an increase in security costs.
Each unwanted event may arise relative to a certain victim - the risk object.
The individual, technical, environmental, social and economic risks distinguish.
Technical. Technical systems and objects. Violation of the rules of operation and technical systems and objects. Accident, explosion, disaster, fire. Anthropogenic environmental catastrophes, technical disasters.
Ecological. Environmental systems. Anthropogenic intervention in the natural environment, man-made emergencies. Anthropogenic, ecological catastrophes, natural disasters.
Social. Social groups. Emergency. Reducing the quality of life. Group injuries. Diseases. The death of people. Growth mortality.
Economic. Material resources. Increased production. Increased risk of natural environment. Increase security costs. Damage from insufficient protection.
Individual. Human. Human vital conditions. Diseases. Injury. Disability. Death.
Individual risk is due to the probability of realizing potential hazards in dangerous situations.
Sources of individual risk are: 1. Internal human body environment: aging, social ecology, low-quality air, water, food, viral infections, domestic injuries, fires, professional activities. Dangerous and harmful production factors: transport messages, accidents and catastrophes of vehicles, collisions with a person of transport. Accident, catastrophe, non-professional activity, sport. Social environment: Armed conflict, murder. Environmental environment: earthquake, volcanic eruption, flood, landslides, hurricane and other natural disasters.
Technical risk. Errors in determining operational loads. Wrong selection of structural materials. Insufficient margin of safety. The lack of technical security projects. Poor quality constructions. Technologies. Security criteria documentation. Serial production of unsafe technology. Deviation from specified chemical materials. Insufficient accuracy of constructive sizes. Violation of thermal and chemical processing modes, details. Violation of the regulations for assembly and mantle of structures and machines. Violation of the rules of safe operation of technical systems.
The use of technology is not intended. Violation of passport design modes, operation. Undime preventive inspections and repairs. Violations of transportation and storage requirements. Personnel errors. Weak action skills in a difficult situation. Inability to evaluate information about the status of the process. Weak knowledge of the essence of the process. The absence of composure in stress conditions. Indiscipline.
Ecological risk. Environmental risk expresses the likelihood of environmental disaster, disaster, violation of the further normal functioning and existence of environmental systems and objects into the result of anthropogenic intervention in a natural environment or natural disaster.
Sources and social risk factors. Urbanization of environmentally unsustainable territories. Settlement of people in the zones of possible formation of increased seismicity. Industrial technologies and hazard facilities. Accidents at nuclear power plants, TPPs, chemical combines, overpass. Technogenic environmental pollution. Social and military conflicts. Fighting. The use of weapons of mass lesion. Epidemics. Distribution of viral infections. Unsatisfactory housing domestic conditions.
Economic risk is determined by the beneficiation ratio and harm obtained by the Company from the type of activity under consideration.
The dangerous situation is a set of dangerous factors capable of causing damage to a person environment.
The extreme situation is the situation on a certain territory, in which the danger to humans, the environment is so great that great efforts are required to eliminate it.
Emergency situation - an environment on a certain situation that has developed as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a disaster, a spontaneous or other disaster that can entail or entailed human sacrifices, damage to the health of people or the environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of people .
In the process of vital activity, a person falls in a situation of various types and type. Depending on the role of the person himself in the occurrence of danger and on how much the damage is to cause, Situations canbe safe when they do not contain prerequisites for harm to man; potentially dangerous (subjectively or objectively); Really dangerous, etc.
Axioms of life safety science. Analysis of real situations, events and experience allows us to formulate a number of axioms of life safety science in the technosphere:
1. Any activity is potentially dangerous and in one type of activity it is impossible to achieve absolute security, the main task is to minimize the risk.
2. Technogenic hazards exist if the streams of substances, energy and information in the technosphere exceed the threshold values. Compliance with the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof these streams retains the safe conditions of human life and reduces the negative effect of the technosphere on the natural environment.
3. All elements of the technosphere are sources of man-made hazards. Dangers arise if there are defects and other malfunctions in technical systems, with improper use of technical systems, as well as due to errors of the service personnel, the availability of waste accompanying the operation of technical systems.
4. Technogenic hazards operate in space and in time. They exist everywhere and always when using any technical systems, including the simplest (knife, matches, hammer, door, etc.).
5. Technogenic hazards at the same time have a negative impact on a person, society, natural environment and elements of the technosphere. Man and the nature surrounding His Society and Technosphere, while in continuous material, energy and informational exchange, form a permanent spatial system "Man - Society - Technosphere - Natural Environment".
6. Technogenic hazards worsen people's health, lead to injuries, material losses, natural environmental degradation, social problems. The impact of harmful factors is usually long; It has a negative impact on the health of people, leads to professional or regional diseases. Impacting the natural environment, harmful factors lead to a change and destruction of representatives of flora and fauna. Tramping effects occur during accidents and disasters, with explosions, destruction of buildings and structures. The zones of such negative impacts are usually limited, although they are possible to distribute them to significant areas (for example, an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant).
7. Protection against man-made hazards is achieved by improving technical objects that are sources of danger; an increase in the distance between the sources of danger and the object of protection, the use of protective measures.
8. Competence of people, knowledge of dangers and ways to protect against them are a necessary condition for achieving life safety. The growth of man-made hazards, the lack of natural protection mechanisms of them require the acquisition by a person the skills of detection and neutralization of hazards, the use of protective equipment. This is only achievable as a result of training and acquiring experience at all stages of education and human practices. The initial stage of training in life safety issues should coincide with the period of pre-school education, and the final -C period of advanced training and retraining of personnel in all fields of the economy.
9. Reducing risks and hazardous zones is useful. The greatest difficulties in limiting the size of the zones of exposure to hazardous factors occur during the operation of systems of increased energy intensity (hydrocarbon storage facilities, chemical industries, nuclear power plants, etc.). In case of accidents at such facilities, hazardous areas covers, as a rule, not only production areas, but also the residence zones. The main directions to reduce the risk of such objects are:
Improving object security systems;
Reduction of hazardous objects;
Distancing industrial and residential areas;
Active use of protective systems and devices;
Continuous control of the sources of danger;
Achieving the high professionalism of technical systems operators;
Mass learning of the population The basics of life safety, the solution of urgent socio-domestic needs.
Sometimes, when considering the problem of training students to dangerous situations, the authors of the textbooks do not explain what kind of situations (potential or real) they mean. Meanwhile, the readiness for active, adequate actions in a real dangerous situation (in a fire, flood, hooligan attack, etc.) does not always mean the readiness to the right actions in a potentially dangerous situation. In other words, a poorly prepared man with his actions in a potentially dangerous situation is able to cause real damage and herself and others.
Summing up the brief summary, you can conclude the following:
The concept of "safety" serves as a criterion (measure of assessment) of human security and society from hazards (harm, damage, losses, unwanted consequences);
Safety as an objective reality is manifested in absence or minimum (rather low to be acceptable for a particular person in a specific situation) level of risk level of damage to the interests of a person (health, material well-being, etc.)
There is no doubt that the safety of vital activity depends on the external environment, and from the person himself, from his ability not to fall into dangerous situations, readiness for the adoption of protection measures, security culture.
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Interaction man with habitat based On the transmission between the elements of the mass flow system of substances, their compounds, energies of all types and information.
Man these streams are needed:
To meet your inquiry: in food, water, air, information;
Discharge into the living space of mechanical, intellectual, thermal energy, waste of the biological process, etc. flows.
In the habitat of a person there are the following types of streams:
1. Threads in the natural environment:
ü Solar radiation, radiation of stars and planets;
ü cosmic rays, dust, asteroids;
ü Electro-magnetic fields of the Earth;
2. Threads in the technosphere:
ü raw material streams, energy;
ü flows of products of the sectors of the economy;
ü Waste economy;
ü informational;
ü transport;
3. Social flow streams:
ü informational (training, management, cooperation);
ü Human (fertility, migration, urbanization);
ü flows of narcotic drugs, alcohol, etc.;
4. Threads consumed and allocated by man in the process of life-activity:
ü air flow, water, food, alcohol, tobacco, drugs;
ü Energy flows (mechanical, thermal, solar, etc.);
ü information;
ü Waste waste flows;
Dependence of human life potential on temperature
One of the abilities of the body is tolerance - i.e. ability influence of one or another environmental factor.
For example, atmospheric air temperature. In natural conditions on the surface of the Earth, it varies from - 88 to + 60 ° C, while the temperature of the internal organs of the person due to the thermal control of the body is preserved close to 37 ° C.
The real temperature conditions of the person's stay in the atmospheric air may vary widely: from - 40 ° C and below (work in open areas in winter conditions) to + 40 ° C and higher at pre-extension in a hot climate.
When performing heavy work and high ambient temperature body temperature can increase A few ° C. The highest temperature of the internal organs, which is withstanding a person + 43 ° C, and vice versa at low temperatures - the body drops, minimal + 24 ° C. It has been established that at the air temperature of 27 ... 28 ° C, the human efficiency is reduced, and the number of errors increases. At air temperature, the boometa 30 ° with human performance already drops significantly.
For a person comfortable Temperature in the summer is 23 - 25 ° C, in winter - 22 - 24 ° C;
Deviations of the temperature of the medium from comfortable values \u200b\u200bon 2 - 5 ° C (zone II) are considered permissible, insofar as do not affect health man, but only reduce productivity His activities. Lower boundary of the allowable temperature level - + 18 ° C. It is known that at a temperature of + 13 ° C, industrial accidents occur by 34% more often than at 18 ° C.
Further deviations of ambient temperature from permissible values \u200b\u200b(zone III) are accompanied by heavy impacts on the human bodyand worsening his health (Breathing, cardiac activity, etc.).
With large deviations of the temperature of the ambient air from allowable values \u200b\u200b(zone IV) is possible overheat(Hyperter-Mia) or supercooling (hypothermia) of the human body, and getting thermal or cold injuries.
Example 2. Sound intensity. (Decibel is a logarithmic unit of levels, attenuation and amplification).
Sound level is usually expressed in dBA. The sound level in the places of the possible residence of a person may vary widely from 0 to 160 dBA and is easily wonted by a wide range of responses of the human body.
At sound levels up to 20 dba Man feels like comfortable without reacting to the presence of sounds in its environment;
sound levels up to 50 dba do not affect human healthIntelligent activities, and people associated with physical labor, the upper boundary can be expanded to 80 ... 85 dBA. These sound level values correspond to the maximum permissible conditions for the impact of sound per person in the process of its activities.
Further growth of the sound level of over 85 dBs with long exposures (up to several years) can lead to the touginess, and at sound levels 140 dBA and higher traumarovniethe organ of hearing in the form of a breakpoint breakpoint or contusion. At levels of 160 dBA may come death man.
In this way, changing stream power In the habitat, you can get a number of characteristic situationsinteraction in the system "Man - Habitat", namely:
— comfortable (optimal) when threads create optimal conditions of activity and recreation; Prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest productive activities and performance; guarantee the preservation of human health;
— permissiblewhen flows, affecting a person, do not provide negative Influence on health, but lead todiscomfort, reducing human activity.
— dangerous, when flows exceed permissible levels and obedom negative impact on human health, causing a long-term effects of the disease;
— extremely dangerous Threads have high levels and in short period of time may cause injury, lead a person to death.
From the above, you can see that impact Human habitual environment may be positive or negative, character Impact define parameters Flows of substances, energies and information.
The effect of the external environment per person has to recognize when analyzing a set of pathological conditions arising in the human body. Changes of geomagnetic background, atmospheric pressure, outbreaks in the sun, the moon phases, noise, illumination, etc. Cannot harm health, lead to injuries, diseases or even cause death.
Now we see in our society - an early reduction in the reproductive function, the degradation of young and middle-aged people, a sharp rejuvenation of a number of heavy diseases, reduction of life expectancy, especially men and, as a result as a whole, extinct nation.
Human interaction with habitat
A person from birth has the right to life, to rest, guard, the environment, for work. ʜᴎʜᴎ are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Habitat - a human environment medium due to some factors - social, biological, etc., capable of influencing a person. Man and habitat are continuously in collaboration.
The biosphere is a natural area of \u200b\u200blife distribution on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the top layer - the lithosphere.
Technosphere - the region of the biosphere in the past, transformed by people using direct or indirect impact of technical means, in order to best complies with its material and socio-economic needs. Technospheres include the conditions of people's stay in transport, in everyday life. 43.5 are not disturbed, partially 27, 29.5 was broken. In North America, 52.6 is not impaired, 18.8 is partially broken, violated 24.9.
Today a person lives in new lithospheric conditions. One of the disaster source is technogenic accidents.
Natural danger appears in natural phenomena. ᴀᴋᴎᴍᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϭᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, a modern person continuously interacts with all habitat. In the life process, the interaction is based on the transfer of information. In accordance with the laws of conservation of life, life cannot exist only during the movement through the living body of the creature, energy and information are needed.
The exchange of streams of substance and energy is characteristic. For the technosphere characteristic of all types of energy.
Main approaches of real energies (emissions): solar, star, planetary, cosmic, asteroid, electric, magnetic.
Circiers of substances in the biosphere - system. Atmospheric, hydrosphere systems.
Basic streams in the technosphere: raw power flows, streams of products of this energy, waste of this energy, household waste, information flows, traffic flows, light streams, streams of matter and energy with technogenic accidents.
The main streams in the social sphere: information flows, human streams, drugs, alcohol streams, the main streams, allocated and consumed by the person in the process of vital activity, oxygen flows, food, water, other substances.
Energy mass flows, etc. distributed over all space. Any excess of flow levels imposes adverse effects. By changing the magnitude of any stream, a number of characteristic interaction states can be passed. These state is a comfortable, permissible, dangerous, extremely dangerous.
Comfortable or optimal condition - when flows correspond to optimal conditions, create maximum conditions for higher performance and recreation, etc., is a guarantor of preserving human health.
Permissible - streams of impact on humans and habitat do not have any influence of negative, but lead to discomfort.
Dangerous - streams exceed the permissible levels, have a negative impact. All this leads to degradation of life.
Extremely dangerous - high levels in a short period of time can be injured, lead a person to death, cause the destruction of natural activities.
The last two are unacceptable for normal life.
Permissible norms - they may vary widely. At sound levels up to 30-35 DC, a man feels comfortable. When the sound level is up to 50, health does not deteriorate. These sound level values \u200b\u200bcomply with the standards. Further level, over 80 with long-term exposure, can lead to deafness, over 140 - injury. Over 160 - accurate injury.
The effect of habitat per person should be positive or negative. The nature of the impact determines the parameters.
The interaction of a person with a habitat is a concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Human interaction with a habitat" 2017, 2018.
The human activity is inextricably linked with the surrounding medium of habitat. In the process of life, the person and environment constantly interact with each other, forming the system of "Man - Habitat".
Vital activity- These are daily activities and rest, the method of human existence.
Habitat-the environment of the human medium due to the current combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social), capable of providing a direct or indirect immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.
The main motivation of a person in its interaction with the habitat is aimed at a decision, at least two main tasks:
Ensuring your needs for food, water and air;
Creation and use of protection against negative impacts of the habitat.
In the system "Man - Habitat" system, there is a continuous exchange of flows of substance, energy and information. This happens in accordance with the law of preserving the life of Yu.N. Kuravkovsky : "Life can exist only in the process of movement through the living body of the streams of substance, energy and information."
The streams of substances, energy and information have natural, technogenic and anthropogenic nature, they largely depend on the scale of the transformative human activity and from the state of habitat.
The person and the surrounding medium interacts harmoniously and develop only in a comfortable environment, when the streams of substances, energy and information are within the limits of a person who are perceived by the person and the natural environment.
Comfort - amenities, landscapping, comfort.
The achievement of comfort creates conditions for highly efficient labor and recreation, contributes to the well-being of people. Comfort is ensured by maintaining optimal indicators of microclimate, regulatory parameters of lighting, rational organization of the workplace and recreation area, using perfect modes of transport.
Any excess of the usual levels of streams is accompanied by negative impacts per person or the environment. The result of the influence of the effect of the flow of flow on the object depends on the properties and parameters of the flow, as well as from the properties of the object.
When changing flows in the habitat, you can receive a number of characteristic interaction situations in the "Man - Human Ensiferation" system, namely:
Comfortable (optimal), when flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions of activity and recreation; Prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest performance and as a result of productivity; guarantee the preservation of human health and integrity components of the habitat;
Admissible when flows, affecting a person and habitat, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the effectiveness of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the occurrence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the habitat;
Dangerous when flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing with a long-term exposure of the disease, or lead to the degradation of the natural environment;
Extremely dangerous when high levels in a short period of time can be injured, lead a person to death, cause destruction in a natural environment.
Of the four characteristic states of the interaction of a person with a habitat, only the first two (comfortable and permissible) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for human life processes, the preservation and development of the natural environment.
Dangers and their sources
Negative impacts in the system of "Man - Habitat" is customary to be called hazards.
Danger- negative property of live and inanimate matter, capable of damage to the matter: people, natural environment, material values.
The source of danger can be all living and non-living. The effect of dangers is exposed to man, natural environment, material values. Sources (carriers) of hazards are natural processes and phenomena, technogenic environment and actions of people. The dangers are implemented in the form of energy flows, substances and information, they exist in space and in time.
Danger - Central life safety concept . There are hazards of natural, technogenic and anthropogenic origin.
Natural dangersdisposable natural phenomena, climatic conditions, terrain, etc. Earthquake, volcanic eruptions, storms, hurricanes, collaps, avalanches, etc. are often accompanied by injury and death of people.
The negative impact on a person and habitat is not limited to natural hazards. The person continuously affects the habitat with its activities and products activities (technical means, emissions of various industries, etc.), generating in the habitat anthropogenic and technogenic hazards.
The dangers created by technical means are called technogenic,but anthropogenicdangers arise as a result of erroneous or unauthorized actions of a person or a group of people.
Harmful factor- negative impact on a person, which leads to a deterioration in well-being or illness.
Traumatic (traumatic) factornegative impact on a person, which leads to injury or fatal outcome.
All dangers are classified for a number of features (Table 1).
Table 1 - Danger Classification
| Sign of classification | View | |
| By types of sources of dangers | Natural | |
| Anthropogenic | ||
| Technogenic | ||
| By types of streams in life space | Energy | |
| Mass | ||
| Information | ||
| At the time of the occurrence of dangers | Forecast | |
| Spontaneous | ||
| Duration exposure | Permanent | |
| Variables, periodic | ||
| Short-term | ||
| By the magnitude of flows in life space | Maximum permissible | |
| Dangerous | ||
| Extremely dangerous | ||
| According to human ability to identify the hazards of the senses | Sensible | |
| Insensible | ||
| By type of human impact | Harmful | |
| Train safety | ||
| According to protection objects | Acting on man | |
| Natural Wednesday | ||
| Material resources | ||
| Comprehensive impact | ||
| In the number of people subject to dangerous exposure | Personal | |
| Group (collective) | ||
| Mass | ||
| In size zone exposure | Local | |
| Regional | ||
| Interregional | ||
| Global | ||
| By type of danger zones | Production | |
| Household | ||
| Urban | ||
| CS Zones |
Dangers on the probability of impact on man and habitat are divided into potential, real and implemented.
Potential dangerrepresents a threat of a general nature that is not associated with space and exposure time.
Real dangerit is always associated with a specific threat to human impact, it is coordinated in space and in time.
Realized danger- the fact of the effects of real danger per person or habitat, which led to the loss of health or to the death of a person, to material losses. If the explosion explosion led to its destruction, the death of people or fire structures, then this is a realized danger.
Potential danger can be assessed by risk.
Risk - The probability of hazardment. Safety state involves the absence of risk, that is, the absence of the possibility of realizing the danger. In practice, complete safety is unattainable, while there are sources of risk. Security is carried out by reducing the risk of danger to some established acceptable risk.
The main characteristic of the level of security is the value of permissible risk for a person. A permissible risk is ensured by a complex of activities: technical, organizational, allowing to minimize the causes of danger.
The reasons for the occurrence of danger include the human factor and danger of a technical nature. The human factor includes:
Disadvantages in vocational training;
Deviations from regulatory requirements in the organization and technology of production;
Technological impipline;
Weak control in the testing of equipment;
The presence of discomfort factors in work (fatigue, voltage);
Non-use of the necessary means of protection.
The dangers of technical nature include:
Technical fault;
Insufficient reliability of technical systems; -
Lack of and malfunction of control and measuring equipment.
The realized hazards are made to divide the incidents, emergencies, accidents, disasters and natural disasters.
Incident- an event consisting of a negative impact with causing damage to human, natural or material resources.
Emergency (PE)- An event that happens briefly and having a high level of negative impact on people, natural and material resources. ChP includes major accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
Accident- The incident in the technical system, not accompanied by the death of people, in which the restoration of technical means is impossible or economically inexpedient.
Catastrophe- Incident in the technical system, accompanied by death or missing people.
Disaster-the incident associated with natural phenomena on Earth and led to the destruction of the biosphere, technosphere, to the death or loss of people's health.
Emergency (emergency)- The state of the object, territory or water area, as a rule, after emergency, in which the threat of life and health for a group of people is caused by the material damage to the population and the economy, degrades the natural environment.
The causes of the incidents in technical systems are failures and incidents, the number of which in recent years has continuously increasing.
Renouncement- An event concluded in violation of the performance of the technical system.
Incident- Failure of the technical system caused by the irregular actions of the operator.
The experience of human interaction with technical systems allows you to identify traumatic and harmful factors, as well as develop methods for assessing the likelihood of dangerous situations.
The first method is the accumulation of accident statistics and injuries. The disadvantage of this method is its limitation, the impossibility of experimentation and inadmissibility to assess the danger of new technical systems.
The second method is the theory of reliability. Reliability is an object property will save in time within the set limits of all parameters for all parameters that allow you to perform the required functions.
One of the basic concepts of the theory of reliability refusal. Failure is a violation of the working state of the technical device due to the termination of the operation or a sharp change in its parameters.
The theory of reliability allows you to evaluate the service life, at the end of which the technical means must undergo over fire, upgrades.
The third method is the method of modeling dangerous situations. Charts are drawn up - the event tree with the help of special signs.
The fourth method is the method of expert assessments, used in the study of sufficiently complex objects when there are difficulties in creating reliable models of the functioning of large systems.