A and Dutov short biography. Ataman Dutov - biography. Last point in operation
Ataman Dutov
From 1909 to 1912 Dutov taught at the Orenburg Cossack cadet school and earned the love and respect of the cadets, for whom he did a lot.
Before service
Alexander Ilyich Dutov was born in August 1879. The father of the future Cossack leader, Ilya Petrovich, a military officer of the era of the Turkestan campaigns, in September 1907, upon dismissal from service, was promoted to the rank of major general. Mother - Elizaveta Nikolaevna Uskova - the daughter of a constable, a native of the Orenburg province. Alexander Ilyich himself was born during one of the campaigns in the city of Kazalinsk, Syrdarya region.
Alexander Ilyich Dutov graduated from the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps in 1897, and then the Nikolaev Cavalry School in 1899, was promoted to the rank of cornet and sent to the 1st Orenburg Cossack Regiment, stationed in Kharkov.
Then, in St. Petersburg, he completed courses at the Nikolaev Engineering School on October 1, 1903, now the Military Engineering and Technical University and entered the Academy of the General Staff, but in 1905 Dutov volunteered for the Russo-Japanese War, fought in the 2- oh Munchzhur army, where for "excellent diligent service and special labors" during the hostilities he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 3rd degree. Upon returning from the front, Dutov continued his studies at the Academy of the General Staff, from which he graduated in 1908.
First years of service
After graduating from the Academy, Staff Captain Dutov was sent to the Kiev Military District to the headquarters of the 10th Army Corps to get acquainted with the service of the General Staff. From 1909 to 1912 he taught at the Orenburg Cossack cadet school. Through his activities at the school, Dutov earned the love and respect of the cadets, for whom he did a lot. In addition to exemplary performance of his official duties, he organized performances, concerts and evenings at the school. In December 1910, Dutov was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree, and on December 6, 1912, at the age of 33, he was promoted to the rank of military foreman (the corresponding army rank was lieutenant colonel).
In October 1912, Dutov was sent to Kharkov for a year of qualified command of the 5th hundred of the 1st Orenburg Cossack regiment. After the expiration of his command term, Dutov passed a hundred in October 1913 and returned to the school, where he served until 1916.
Dutov became known throughout Russia in August 1917, during the "Kornilov rebellion", without signing the Government Decree on treason by General Kornilov.
On March 20, 1916, Dutov volunteered for the active army, in the 1st Orenburg Cossack Regiment, which was part of the 10th Cavalry Division of the III Cavalry Corps of the 9 Army of the Southwestern Front. He took part in the offensive of the Southwestern Front under the command of Brusilov, during which the 9th Russian Army, where Dutov served, defeated the 7th Austro-Hungarian Army in the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut. During this offensive, Dutov was wounded twice, the second time seriously. However, after two months of treatment in Orenburg, he returned to the regiment. On October 16, Dutov was appointed commander of the 1st Orenburg Cossack Regiment, together with Prince Spiridon Vasilyevich Bartenev.
Dutov’s certification, given to him by Count F. A. Keller, says: “The last battles in Romania, in which the regiment took part under the command of military foreman Dutov, give the right to see him as a commander who is well versed in the situation and makes appropriate decisions energetically, by force which I consider him an outstanding and excellent combat commander of the regiment. By February 1917, for military distinctions, Dutov was awarded swords and a bow to the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class. and the Order of St. Anne 2nd class.
Against the Bolsheviks
In the fall of 1917, Dutov took control of a strategically important region that blocked communication with Turkestan and Siberia.
Dutov became known throughout Russia in August 1917, during the Kornilov rebellion. Kerensky then demanded that Dutov sign a government decree in which Lavr Georgievich was accused of treason. The chieftain of the Orenburg Cossack army left the office, contemptuously throwing: “You can send me to the gallows, but I won’t sign such a paper. If necessary, I am ready to die for them.” Dutov immediately went from words to deeds. It was his regiment that defended the headquarters of General Denikin, pacified the Bolshevik agitators in Smolensk and guarded the last commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Dukhonin. A graduate of the Academy of the General Staff, Chairman of the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops of Russia Alexander Ilyich Dutov openly called the Bolsheviks German spies and demanded that they be judged according to the laws of war.
Dutov returned to Orenburg and began to work in his posts. On the same day, he signed an order for army No. 816 on non-recognition on the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army, the power of the Bolsheviks, who carried out a coup in Petrograd.
“Until the restoration of the powers of the Provisional Government and telegraph communications, I take upon myself the fullness of the executive state power.” The city and province were declared under martial law. The created committee for the salvation of the motherland, which included representatives of all parties except for the Bolsheviks and the Cadets, appointed Dutov as the head of the armed forces of the region. Fulfilling his powers, he initiated the arrest of some members of the Orenburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies who were preparing an uprising. To accusations of striving to usurp power, Dutov answered with sorrow: “All the time you have to be under the threat of the Bolsheviks, receive death sentences from them, live at headquarters, not seeing your family for weeks. Good power!
Dutov took control of a strategically important region that blocked communication with Turkestan and Siberia. The ataman was faced with the task of holding elections to the Constituent Assembly and maintaining stability in the province and the army until its convocation. On the whole, Dutov coped with this task. The Bolsheviks who arrived from the center were seized and put behind bars, and the decomposed and pro-Bolshevik garrison (due to the anti-war position of the Bolsheviks) of Orenburg was disarmed and sent home.
In November, Dutov was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly (from the Orenburg Cossack army).
Outlaw
The leaders of the Bolsheviks quickly realized what a danger the Orenburg Cossacks posed to them. On November 25, an appeal of the Council of People's Commissars to the population about the fight against Ataman Dutov appeared. The Southern Urals found itself in a state of siege. Alexander Ilyich was outlawed.
On December 16, the ataman sent out an appeal to the commanders of the Cossack units to send Cossacks with weapons to the army. People and weapons were needed to fight the Bolsheviks; he could still count on weapons, but the bulk of the Cossacks returning from the front did not want to fight, only in some places stanitsa squads were formed. Due to the failure of the Cossack mobilization, Dutov could only count on volunteers from officers and student youth, no more than 2 thousand people in total, including old people and youth. Therefore, at the first stage of the struggle, the Orenburg ataman, like other leaders of the anti-Bolshevik resistance, was unable to rouse and lead any significant number of supporters to the fight.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks launched an offensive against Orenburg. After heavy fighting, the detachments of the Red Army under the command of Blucher, many times superior to the Dutovites, approached Orenburg and on January 31, 1918, as a result of joint actions with the Bolsheviks who settled in the city, captured it. Dutov decided not to leave the territory of the Orenburg army and went to the center of the 2nd military district - Verkhneuralsk, which was far from major roads, hoping to continue the fight there and form new forces against the Bolsheviks.
On November 25, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars addressed the population about the fight against ataman Dutov. The Southern Urals found itself in a state of siege. Alexander Ilyich was outlawed.
An emergency Cossack circle was convened in Verkhneuralsk. Speaking at it, Alexander Ilyich refused his post three times, referring to the fact that his re-election would anger the Bolsheviks.
But in March, the Cossacks also surrendered Verkhneuralsk. After that, the Dutov government settled in the village of Krasninskaya, where by mid-April it was surrounded. On April 17, having broken through the encirclement with the forces of four partisan detachments and an officer platoon, Dutov escaped from Krasninskaya and went to the Turgai steppes.
But in the meantime, with their policy, the Bolsheviks embittered the main part of the Orenburg Cossacks, previously neutral to the new government, and in the spring of 1918, out of touch with Dutov, a powerful insurrectionary movement began on the territory of the 1st military district. Soon Dutov, as an elected member of the Constituent Assembly, joins the Samara government of KOMUCH. It was the Cossacks of Ataman Dutov who gave the committee's army combat readiness. The ataman invited to KOMUCH was given a magnificent meeting, appointing him the chief representative in the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army and the Turgai region. He won a number of victories over the Bolshevik troops. Samara historians write that Dutov immediately got down to business, but a month later KOMUCH was forced to protest against the methods by which the ataman put things in order in the areas entrusted to him.
Orientation to Siberia
In the spring of 1918, Dutov, as an elected member of the Constituent Assembly, joins the Samara government of KOMUCH.
Shortly after his return from Samara, he went to Omsk to establish contacts with Siberian politicians. This trip should not be considered a manifestation of a double game. The Orenburg ataman adhered to his own political line, kept an eye on those political forces that surrounded him, and sometimes flirted with both, trying to achieve maximum benefits for his army. Considering that the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army was divided between the Samara and Omsk governments, Dutov, as the ataman of the entire army, had to maintain relations with both. In terms of its political orientation, the coalition (from the Socialist-Revolutionaries to the monarchists, with a predominance of representatives of the right wing) the Provisional Siberian Government that existed in Omsk was much more to the right of the Socialist-Revolutionary Komuch, which was one of the reasons for the sharp disagreements between them. In this situation, Dutov's visit to Siberia was considered by the Socialist-Revolutionaries almost as a betrayal of the interests of KOMUCH. Meanwhile, according to some reports, on July 24–25, 1918, an attempt was made on Dutov in Chelyabinsk, but the ataman was not injured.
On July 25, Dutov was promoted to major general by KOMUCH, but it seems that after a few days the leaders of the Committee regretted this. Dutov arrived in Omsk on July 26 and was received in the Council of Ministers in the evening of the same day; his first meeting with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Provisional Siberian Government P.V. Vologda. The Omsk visit caused an extremely negative reaction in Samara.
On August 4, Dutov returned from Omsk and took up operations at the front. The fighting in August-September was characterized by attempts by the Orenburgers to take Orsk, the last center not controlled by the whites on the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army. With varying success, there were battles in the Tashkent direction. Attempts to take Orsk dragged on until the end of September, and already in early October, in connection with the collapse of the Volga front, the Buzuluk front was formed in the north, which became the main one for the Orenburgers.
On November 18, 1918, as a result of a coup in Omsk, Kolchak came to power, becoming the Supreme Ruler and Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of Russia. One of the first to enter his subordination was Ataman Dutov. He wanted to show by example what every honest officer should do. Parts of Dutov in November became part of the Russian army of Admiral Kolchak. Dutov played a positive role in resolving the conflict between Ataman Semenov and Kolchak, urging the first to submit to the second, since the candidates for the post of Supreme Ruler obeyed Kolchak, called on the "Cossack brother" Semenov to let military supplies pass for the Orenburg Cossack army.
In the second half of 1918 - the first half of 1919, in a fierce struggle in the Urals and the Middle Volga region, the fate of Russia was decided.
In January 1919, units of the Separate Orenburg Army, having lost contact with the Separate Ural Army, retreated to the east, deep into the territory of the army. The Reds developed their success by advancing along the line of the Orskaya railway. A separate Orenburg army retreated with heavy fighting.
On September 18, 1919, the Southern Army was renamed the Orenburg Army, and on September 21, Dutov took command of it.
Failures led to the fact that the morale of the troops dropped sharply, the Cossacks began to arbitrarily go home and run over to the Reds. The significant overwork of the troops and the shortcomings of the militia staffing of the units also had an effect. To increase the morale of the troops, Dutov had to disband unreliable units, take measures to strengthen discipline, and reform the command staff of the army.
On May 23, Kolchak appointed Dutov as a marching chieftain of all Cossack troops and inspector general of the cavalry, while also retaining the position of military chieftain of the Orenburg Cossack troops.
On September 18, 1919, the Southern Army was renamed the Orenburg Army, and on September 21, Dutov took command of it. He took on a difficult economy - to retreat east along the Trans-Siberian Railway, the army collapsed and retreated non-stop across the bare, deserted steppe, lacking food. Only after receiving news of the fall of the capital of white Siberia, the retreat was continued, at the same time, the Reds reactivated.
Considering the main task to prevent the Reds from establishing a regular railway connection with Turkestan, Dutov fought for every piece of the railway track on the section between the Iletsk Protection and Aktyubinsk that was still under the control of the Cossacks. Preventing the connection of Turkestan with Soviet Russia was one of the most important strategic tasks, and, to the credit of the Southwestern, Separate Orenburg and Southern armies, which are sometimes considered almost worthless associations, this task was successfully solved until the end of hostilities in the Southern Urals in the fall of 1919 G.
But they ended in defeat. During this period, Dutov developed a plan for partisan actions, and then retreated to Semirechye. Dutov became the civil governor of the Semirechensk Territory. And in May 1920 he moved to China along with the Semirechensk army of Ataman Annenkov. On February 7, 1921, Ataman Dutov was killed in Suidun by agents of the Cheka during a special operation.
Genus and family Dutov
The Dutov family goes back to the Volga Cossacks. Since ancient times, the Volga has been the most important water artery of Eastern Europe and was of great importance in the trade of Rus' with the East. It was this factor that attracted here lovers of easy money at someone else's expense. Already from the XIV century. Ushkuyniki operating here are known. In addition, fugitive peasants from North-Eastern Rus' found refuge in the Volga region bordering on the Golden Horde. Thus, in this region since the Middle Ages, there were conditions for the formation of the Cossacks. In the XVI century. on the Volga, both urban Cossacks, who were in the service of the Russian government, and free "thieves'" Cossacks, who were also gradually lured into the service of state power, coexisted at the same time. The famous conqueror of Siberia Ermak Timofeevich111 belonged to the second category.
The surname Dutov is associated with the word "puffy" - full, fat or puffed up, angry 112 . Its connection with the word “pout” is also undoubted, the corresponding nickname (Dutik, Dutka, Puffy, etc.) “could be given either to someone who pouts, pouts his lips, or to a proud, arrogant person. However, it is possible that a fat, full person could be called that way - for example, in dialects pout, dutik(hereinafter highlighted in the text. – A. G.) - “a bloated thing, a bubble”, as well as “a person full in the face or generally a dense shorty, fat man” (cf. the words of the same root puffy, bloated)" 113 . And if you look at the photographs of Alexander Ilyich, he really seems so full and inflated. According to one of the legends, the ataman did not allow the use of his surname in the genitive case, he heard that they were talking not about the ataman Dutov, but about the exaggerated ataman. However, this is only a legend. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the nickname Dutoy (Puffy) and similar ones were common. Documents of that time preserved references to the Vinnitsa tradesman Ivan Dut (1552), the Moscow merchant Petr Dut (1566), the Lithuanian peasant Ivashko, nicknamed Dutka (1648), in addition, the Volga Cossack is known from the documents of 1614 Maxim Dutaya Leg 114 . And although the Dutovs also descended from the Volga Cossacks, evidence of their relationship with this person has not yet been found.
Until now, very little was known about the origin of Dutov. The main and most reliable data contained his official biography, published in 1919. It noted that “Alexander Ilyich Dutov came from an old Cossack family. The Dutov family lived in Samara until the beginning of the 19th century, so the ancestors were Volga Cossacks, in particular, belonging to the Samara Cossack army. With the destruction of this army and the deprivation of its lands, the Samara Cossacks moved to the Orenburg army, and Dutov's great-grandfather Cossack Stepan was among the settlers who did not want to leave the Cossacks. The grandfather of Alexander Ilyich had already served in the Orenburg army and ended his earthly existence with the rank of Army Sergeant. Ataman's father, Ilya Petrovich, a retired major general, is still alive and has spent his entire service in the ranks of the Orenburg Army, mainly in Turkestan, taking part in the conquest of Central Asia and in the war with the Turks in the Caucasus. The life of father A.I. (Hereinafter, the initials of Dutov are indicated as follows. - A. G.) was full of campaigns, wanderings and crossings, and on a campaign from Orenburg to Fergana, in the city of Kazalinsk, on August 6, 1879, his son Alexander, now the Army Ataman, was born ”115. This information, presented for the official biography, apparently by Dutov himself, is very fragmentary.
In the collection of the RGIA, it was possible to find documents about the nobility of the Dutov family, which significantly expand the information available so far. According to the data I found, the Samara Cossack Yakov Dutov, who lived in the second half of the 18th century, should be considered the first known ancestor of the ataman. 116 About 1787-1788. his son Stepan was born, who entered the military service in March 1807 and later rose to the rank of sergeant (1809) and ordinary cornet (1811) of the Orenburg Cossack army. In his official documents especially it was noted that “in different years he was in the line service ... he knows Russian letters ...” 117 . In June 1811, in Samara, Stepan married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a retired Cossack 118 (according to other sources, the daughter of a corporal 119) Anisya Yakovlevna.
The Dutovs had three daughters: Maria (1814), Agrafena (1817) and Alexandra (1819), and on December 27, 1817, the son Peter, the grandfather of Ataman Dutov, was born. Pyotr Stepanovich was already listed as a Cossack of the village of Orenburg, the very one to which his numerous descendants would later be assigned, including A.I. Dutov. The grandfather of the Orenburg ataman went through all the steps of the Cossack hierarchy, having entered the service of a Cossack from volunteers in June 1834. The very next year he received the position of clerk of the Military Chancellery of the Orenburg Cossack army, and in March 1836 he was promoted to constable. In 1841 P.S. Dutov was promoted to senior clerk of the Military Administration, in 1847 he was already in the position of recorder. Finally, in 1851, Dutov was promoted to cornet for long service and, as having served a four-year term earlier than the Highest Manifesto of June 11, 1845 (which increased the requirements for obtaining hereditary nobility from XIV to VIII class of the Table of Ranks), received the rights of hereditary nobility, significantly raising both their social status and the status of all their descendants, 120 who, however, subsequently still had to confirm their rights to belong to the nobility. In 1854 he was already in the rank of centurion. As an official who was with the troops, P.S. Dutov was awarded a bronze medal in memory of the Crimean War of 1853–1856. on the Vladimir tape 121. For the next ten years (1855–1865), he served as an executor of the Military Administration of the Orenburg Cossack Host. The result of his many years of service was the rank of military foreman, and the last known position of the grandfather of Ataman Dutov was the archivist of the Military Administration (1879) 122 . Hereditary Cossack woman Tatyana Alekseevna Sitnikova gave her husband four sons: Alexei (1843), Pavel (1848), Ilya (1851) and Nikolai (1854) and four daughters: Ekaterina (1852), Anna ( 1857), Tatiana (1859) and Alexander (1861). The Dutovs owned a house in the village of Orenburgskaya, a Cossack suburb of the city of Orenburg.
The eldest son Alexei, apparently, died in his youth. Two others, Pavel and Ilya, followed in the footsteps of their father and devoted all their strength to serving the motherland and native army. Pavel Petrovich received a general education at home, and he “acquired a military education in practice” 123 . The uncle of the future Orenburg ataman took part in the campaigns of 1875 and 1879, but did not participate in the battles and was not wounded. He subsequently served the rank of colonel. He was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav 3rd degree (1875) and St. Anna 3rd degree. He died in Orenburg in 1916 from paralysis 124 .
The father of the future Cossack leader, Ilya Petrovich, received a more solid education compared to his older brother: he graduated from the Orenburg Cossack cadet school in the 1st category and the Cavalry Officer School “successfully”. He was a real combat officer of the era of the Turkestan campaigns. From 1874 to 1876 and in 1879 he was in the troops of the Amu Darya department, where service was considered a military campaign. In the State Archive of the Orenburg Region, his notes on the route of the detachment from the city of Kazaly to the Petro-Alexandrovsky fortification in the summer of 1874 have been preserved. 125 The notes are a very detailed description of the route traveled, 595 miles long.
He also took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. on the territory of Asian Turkey, and directly participated in the assault on Kars. In 1880 he was part of the troops of the Sarakamysh active detachment, and in 1892 - as part of the Pamir detachment (the Cossacks of the hundreds of Dutov took part in the battle with the Afghans at the Yashil-Kul 126 post). In May 1904, Dutov Sr. received command of the 5th Orenburg Cossack Regiment stationed in Tashkent. In 1906, he accepted the 4th regiment, stationed in the city of Kerki of the Bukhara Khanate, and in September 1907 he was promoted to major general with dismissal from service with a uniform and a pension. During the years of service, Ilya Petrovich was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav 3rd degree, St. Anna 3rd degree with swords and a bow, St. Stanislav 2nd degree, St. Anna 2nd degree, St. Vladimir 3rd and 4th degrees, the Order of the Bukhara gold star of the 2nd degree; silver medals for the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. and in memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III on the Alexander ribbon 127 . In addition, Ilya Petrovich had a land allotment in the Troitsky district of the Orenburg province 128 . Behind his wife was a wooden house in Orenburg and an acquired land plot of 400 acres 129 .
Ilya Petrovich lived to see the rapid career rise of his eldest son, who became the Army Ataman. The wife of Ilya Petrovich and the mother of the future ataman was Elizaveta Nikolaevna Uskova, the daughter of a constable, a native of the Orenburg province. According to some reports, among her ancestors was the commandant of the Novopetrovsky fortification, Lieutenant Colonel I.A. Uskov, who helped T.G. Shevchenko during the latter's stay under arrest in the fortification. This relationship subsequently predetermined Dutov's interest in the Orenburg period of Shevchenko's life.
Dutov himself was ranked among the hereditary nobility at the end of April 1917 130 - during the Petrograd period of his activity (apparently, the post-February realities and democratic rhetoric did not prevent him from taking care of the approval of the family in the nobility). I will add that, starting from the father and uncle of the Orenburg ataman, the Dutovs became the elite of the Orenburg Cossacks, and it is not surprising that Alexander Ilyich was subsequently able to claim the post of Army ataman.
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World War I
On October 26 (November 8), Dutov returned to Orenburg and began to work in his posts. On the same day, he signed an order for army No. 816 on the non-recognition of the power of the Bolsheviks on the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army, who carried out a coup in Petrograd, thus becoming the first military chieftain to declare war on Bolshevism.
Ataman Dutov took control of a strategically important region that blocked the communication of the center of the country with Turkestan and Siberia. The ataman was faced with the task of holding elections to the Constituent Assembly and maintaining stability in the province and the army until its convocation. On the whole, Dutov coped with this task. The Bolsheviks who arrived from the center were seized and put behind bars, and the decomposed and pro-Bolshevik garrison (due to the anti-war position of the Bolsheviks) of Orenburg was disarmed and sent home.
In November, Dutov was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly (from the Orenburg Cossack army).
- these words opened a lengthy demagogic appeal of the Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars dated November 25, 1917. And the Chief Commissar of the Black Sea Fleet and the "Red Commandant of Sevastopol" V. V. Romenets, the Council of People's Commissars sent the following "setting" telegram: 2nd regular Military Circle of the Orenburg Cossack army, Dutov said:“Today we are living through the Bolshevik days. We see in the twilight the outlines of tsarism, Wilhelm and his supporters, and the provocative figure of Vladimir Lenin and his supporters clearly and definitely stands before us: Trotsky-Bronstein, Ryazanov-Goldenbach, Kamenev-Rosenfeld, Sukhanov-Gimmer and Zinoviev-Apfelbaum. Russia is dying. We are present at her last breath. There was Great Rus' from the Baltic Sea to the ocean, from the White Sea to Persia, there was a whole, great, formidable, powerful, agricultural, labor Russia - it does not exist.
On December 16, the ataman sent out an appeal to the commanders of the Cossack units to send Cossacks with weapons to the army. People and weapons were needed to fight the Bolsheviks; he could still count on weapons, but the bulk of the Cossacks returning from the front did not want to fight, only in some places stanitsa squads were formed. In connection with the failure of the Cossack mobilization, Dutov could only count on volunteers from officers and student youth, in total no more than 2 thousand people, including old people and unshooted youth. Therefore, at the first stage of the struggle, the Orenburg ataman, like other leaders of the anti-Bolshevik resistance, was unable to rouse and lead any significant number of supporters to the fight.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks launched an offensive against Orenburg. After heavy fighting, the detachments of the Red Army, many times superior to the Dutovites, under the command of V.K. Blucher, approached Orenburg and on January 31, 1918, as a result of joint actions with the Bolsheviks who settled in the city, captured it. Dutov decided not to leave the territory of the Orenburg army and went alone on the messenger to the center of the 2nd military district - Verkhneuralsk, located away from major roads, hoping to continue the fight there and form new forces against the Bolsheviks.
But in the meantime, the Bolsheviks with their policy embittered the main part of the Orenburg Cossacks, which had been neutral to the new government, and in the spring of 1918, out of touch with Dutov, a powerful insurrectionary movement began on the territory of the 1st military district, led by a congress of delegates of 25 villages and a headquarters headed by military foreman D. M. Krasnoyartsev. On March 28, in the village of Vetlyanskaya, the Cossacks destroyed a detachment of the chairman of the council of the Iletsk Defense P. A. Persiyanov, on April 2, in the village of Izobilnaya, the punitive detachment of the chairman of the Orenburg Military Revolutionary Committee, S. M. Zwilling, and on the night of April 4, a detachment of Cossacks of the military foreman N. V. Lukin and a detachment of S.V. Bartenev made a daring raid on Orenburg, occupying the city for some time and inflicting significant losses on the Reds. The Reds responded with cruel measures: they shot, burned the resisting villages (in the spring of 1918, 11 villages were burned), and they imposed indemnities.
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An excerpt characterizing Dutov, Alexander Ilyich
On the same evening, as the prince gave orders to Alpatych, Desalle, having demanded a meeting with Princess Mary, told her that since the prince was not completely healthy and was not taking any measures for his safety, and according to the letter of Prince Andrei, it was clear that his stay in the Bald Mountains unsafe, he respectfully advises her to write with Alpatych a letter to the head of the province in Smolensk with a request to notify her of the state of affairs and the degree of danger to which the Bald Mountains are exposed. Desalles wrote a letter for Princess Marya to the governor, which she signed, and this letter was given to Alpatych with an order to submit it to the governor and, in case of danger, to return as soon as possible.Having received all the orders, Alpatych, escorted by his family, in a white downy hat (a princely gift), with a stick, just like the prince, went out to sit in a leather wagon laid by a trio of well-fed savras.
The bell was tied up, and the bells were stuffed with pieces of paper. The prince did not allow anyone to ride in the Bald Mountains with a bell. But Alpatych loved bells and bells on a long journey. The courtiers of Alpatych, the zemstvo, the clerk, the cook - black, white, two old women, a Cossack boy, coachmen and various courtyards saw him off.
The daughter laid chintz down pillows behind her back and under it. The old woman's sister-in-law slipped the bundle secretly. One of the coachmen put him under the arm.
- Well, well, women's fees! Grandmas, women! - puffing, Alpatych spoke in a patter exactly as the prince said, and sat down in the kibitochka. Having given the last orders on the work of the zemstvo, and in this no longer imitating the prince, Alpatych took off his hat from his bald head and crossed himself three times.
- You, if anything ... you will return, Yakov Alpatych; for the sake of Christ, have pity on us, ”his wife shouted to him, hinting at rumors of war and the enemy.
“Women, women, women’s fees,” Alpatych said to himself and drove off, looking around the fields, where with yellowed rye, where with thick, still green oats, where there are still black ones that were just starting to double. Alpatych rode, admiring the rare harvest of spring crops this year, looking at the strips of rye peli, on which in some places they began to sting, and made his economic considerations about sowing and harvesting and whether any princely order had been forgotten.
Having fed twice on the road, by the evening of August 4, Alpatych arrived in the city.
On the way, Alpatych met and overtook the carts and troops. Approaching Smolensk, he heard distant shots, but these sounds did not strike him. He was most struck by the fact that, approaching Smolensk, he saw a beautiful field of oats, which some soldiers were obviously mowing for food and along which they camped; this circumstance struck Alpatych, but he soon forgot it, thinking about his own business.
All the interests of Alpatych's life for more than thirty years were limited by one will of the prince, and he never left this circle. Everything that did not concern the execution of the orders of the prince, not only did not interest him, but did not exist for Alpatych.
Alpatych, having arrived in Smolensk on the evening of August 4, stopped beyond the Dnieper, in the Gachen suburb, at the inn, at the janitor Ferapontov, with whom he had been in the habit of stopping for thirty years. Ferapontov twelve years ago, with the light hand of Alpatych, having bought a grove from the prince, began to trade and now had a house, an inn and a flour shop in the province. Ferapontov was a fat, black, red man of forty, with thick lips, a thick bump on his nose, the same bumps above his black, frowning eyebrows, and a thick belly.
Ferapontov, in a waistcoat and a cotton shirt, was standing by a shop overlooking the street. Seeing Alpatych, he approached him.
- Welcome, Yakov Alpatych. The people are out of the city, and you are in the city, - said the owner.
- What is it, from the city? Alpatych said.
- And I say - the people are stupid. Everyone is afraid of the French.
- Woman's talk, woman's talk! Alpatych said.
- So I judge, Yakov Alpatych. I say there is an order that they won't let him in, which means it's true. Yes, and the peasants ask for three rubles from the cart - there is no cross on them!
Yakov Alpatych listened inattentively. He demanded a samovar and hay for the horses, and after drinking tea he went to bed.
All night long the troops moved in the street past the inn. The next day, Alpatych put on a camisole, which he wore only in the city, and went on business. The morning was sunny, and from eight o'clock it was already hot. Expensive day for harvesting bread, as Alpatych thought. Shots were heard outside the city from early morning.
From eight o'clock cannon fire joined the rifle shots. There were a lot of people on the streets, hurrying somewhere, a lot of soldiers, but just as always, cabs drove, merchants stood at the shops and there was a service in the churches. Alpatych went to the shops, to government offices, to the post office and to the governor. In government offices, in shops, at the post office, everyone was talking about the army, about the enemy, who had already attacked the city; everyone asked each other what to do, and everyone tried to calm each other down.
At the governor's house, Alpatych found a large number of people, Cossacks and a road carriage that belonged to the governor. On the porch, Yakov Alpatych met two gentlemen of the nobility, of whom he knew one. A nobleman he knew, a former police officer, spoke with ardor.
“This is no joke,” he said. - Well, who is one. One head and poor - so one, otherwise there are thirteen people in the family, and all the property ... They brought everyone to disappear, what kind of bosses are they after that? .. Eh, I would hang the robbers ...
“Yes, it will,” said another.
“What do I care, let him hear!” Well, we are not dogs, - said the former police officer and, looking around, he saw Alpatych.
- Ah, Yakov Alpatych, why are you?
“By order of his excellency, to the governor,” Alpatych replied, proudly raising his head and putting his hand in his bosom, which he always did when he mentioned the prince ... “They were pleased to order to inquire about the state of affairs,” he said.
- Yes, and find out, - the landowner shouted, - they brought that no cart, nothing! .. Here she is, do you hear? he said, pointing to the direction from which the shots were heard.
- They brought that everyone to die ... robbers! he said again, and stepped off the porch.
Alpatych shook his head and went up the stairs. In the waiting room were merchants, women, officials, silently exchanging glances among themselves. The door to the office opened, everyone got up and moved forward. An official ran out of the door, talked something to the merchant, called behind him a fat official with a cross around his neck, and disappeared again through the door, apparently avoiding all the looks and questions addressed to him. Alpatych moved forward and at the next exit of the official, laying his hand on his buttoned frock coat, turned to the official, giving him two letters.
“To Mr. Baron Ash from the general chief prince Bolkonsky,” he announced so solemnly and significantly that the official turned to him and took his letter. A few minutes later the governor received Alpatych and hurriedly said to him:
- Report to the prince and princess that I didn’t know anything: I acted according to higher orders - that’s ...
He gave the paper to Alpatych.
“And yet, since the prince is unwell, my advice is for them to go to Moscow. I'm on my own now. Report ... - But the governor did not finish: a dusty and sweaty officer ran in the door and began to say something in French. Horror appeared on the Governor's face.
“Go,” he said, nodding his head to Alpatych, and began to ask the officer something. Greedy, frightened, helpless looks turned to Alpatych when he left the governor's office. Involuntarily listening now to the close and ever-increasing shots, Alpatych hurried to the inn. The paper given by Governor Alpatych was as follows:
“I assure you that the city of Smolensk does not yet face the slightest danger, and it is unbelievable that it would be threatened by it. I am on one side, and Prince Bagration on the other side, we are going to unite in front of Smolensk, which will take place on the 22nd, and both armies with combined forces will defend their compatriots in the province entrusted to you, until their efforts remove the enemies of the fatherland from them or until they are exterminated in their brave ranks to the last warrior. You see from this that you have the perfect right to reassure the inhabitants of Smolensk, for whoever defends with two such brave troops can be sure of their victory. (Order of Barclay de Tolly to the civil governor of Smolensk, Baron Ash, 1812.)
People moved restlessly through the streets.
Carts loaded on horseback with household utensils, chairs, cabinets kept leaving the gates of the houses and driving through the streets. In the neighboring house of Ferapontov, wagons stood and, saying goodbye, the women howled and sentenced. The mongrel dog, barking, twirled in front of the pawned horses.
Alpatych, with a more hasty step than he usually walked, entered the yard and went straight under the shed to his horses and wagon. The coachman was asleep; he woke him up, ordered him to lay the bed, and went into the passage. In the master's room one could hear a child's cry, the woman's shattering sobs, and Ferapontov's angry, hoarse cry. The cook, like a frightened chicken, fluttered in the passage as soon as Alpatych entered.
- Killed him to death - he beat the mistress! .. So he beat, so dragged! ..
- For what? Alpatych asked.
- I asked to go. It's a woman's business! Take me away, he says, do not destroy me with small children; the people, they say, all left, what, they say, are we? How to start beating. So beat, so dragged!
Alpatych, as it were, nodded approvingly at these words and, not wanting to know anything else, went to the opposite door - the master's room, in which his purchases remained.
“You are a villain, a destroyer,” a thin, pale woman with a child in her arms and a handkerchief torn from her head shouted at that moment, bursting out of the door and running down the stairs to the courtyard. Ferapontov went out after her and, seeing Alpatych, straightened his waistcoat and hair, yawned and went into the room after Alpatych.
- Do you want to go? - he asked.
Without answering the question and not looking back at the owner, sorting through his purchases, Alpatych asked how long the owner followed the wait.
- Let's count! Well, did the governor have one? Ferapontov asked. - What was the decision?
Alpatych replied that the governor did not say anything decisively to him.
- Shall we go away on our business? Ferapontov said. - Give me seven rubles for a cart to Dorogobuzh. And I say: there is no cross on them! - he said.
- Selivanov, he pleased on Thursday, sold flour to the army at nine rubles per bag. So, are you going to drink tea? he added. While the horses were being laid, Alpatych and Ferapontov drank tea and talked about the price of bread, about the harvest and the favorable weather for harvesting.
“However, it began to calm down,” Ferapontov said, having drunk three cups of tea and getting up, “ours must have taken it.” They said they won't let me. So, strength ... And a mixture, they said, Matvey Ivanovich Platov drove them into the Marina River, drowned eighteen thousand, or something, in one day.
Alpatych collected his purchases, handed them over to the coachman who entered, and paid off with the owner. At the gate sounded the sound of wheels, hooves and bells of a wagon leaving.
It was already well past noon; half of the street was in shade, the other was brightly lit by the sun. Alpatych looked out the window and went to the door. Suddenly, a strange sound of distant whistling and impact was heard, and after that there was a merging rumble of cannon fire, from which the windows trembled.
Alpatych went out into the street; two people ran down the street to the bridge. Whistles, cannonballs and the bursting of grenades falling in the city were heard from different directions. But these sounds were almost inaudible and did not pay the attention of the inhabitants in comparison with the sounds of firing heard outside the city. It was a bombardment, which at the fifth hour Napoleon ordered to open the city, from one hundred and thirty guns. At first, the people did not understand the significance of this bombardment.
The sounds of falling grenades and cannonballs aroused at first only curiosity. Ferapontov's wife, who had not stopped howling under the barn before, fell silent and, with the child in her arms, went out to the gate, silently looking at the people and listening to the sounds.
The cook and the shopkeeper came out to the gate. All with cheerful curiosity tried to see the shells flying over their heads. Several people came out from around the corner, talking animatedly.
- That's power! one said. - And the roof and ceiling were so smashed to pieces.
“It blew up the earth like a pig,” said another. - That's so important, that's so cheered up! he said laughing. - Thank you, jumped back, otherwise she would have smeared you.
The people turned to these people. They paused and told how, near by, their cores had got into the house. Meanwhile, other shells, sometimes with a quick, gloomy whistle - cannonballs, then with a pleasant whistle - grenades, did not stop flying over the heads of the people; but not a single shell fell close, everything endured. Alpatych got into the wagon. The owner was at the gate.
- What did not see! he shouted at the cook, who, with her sleeves rolled up, in a red skirt, swaying with her bare elbows, went to the corner to listen to what was being said.
“What a miracle,” she said, but, hearing the voice of the owner, she returned, tugging at her tucked-up skirt.
Again, but very close this time, something whistled like a bird flying from top to bottom, a fire flashed in the middle of the street, something shot and covered the street with smoke.
"Villain, why are you doing this?" shouted the host, running up to the cook.
At the same instant, women wailed plaintively from different directions, a child began to cry in fright, and people silently crowded around the cook with pale faces. From this crowd, the groans and sentences of the cook were heard most audibly:
- Oh, oh, my darlings! My doves are white! Don't let die! My doves are white! ..
Five minutes later there was no one left on the street. The cook, with her thigh shattered by a grenade fragment, was carried into the kitchen. Alpatych, his coachman, Ferapontov's wife with children, the janitor were sitting in the basement, listening. The rumble of guns, the whistle of shells, and the pitiful groan of the cook, which prevailed over all sounds, did not stop for a moment. The hostess now rocked and persuaded the child, then in a pitiful whisper asked everyone who entered the basement where her master was, who remained on the street. The shopkeeper, who entered the basement, told her that the owner had gone with the people to the cathedral, where they were raising the miraculous Smolensk icon.
By dusk, the cannonade began to subside. Alpatych came out of the basement and stopped at the door. Before a clear evening, the sky was all covered with smoke. And through this smoke a young, high-standing sickle of the moon shone strangely. After the former terrible rumble of guns had fallen silent over the city, silence seemed to be interrupted only by the rustle of steps, groans, distant screams and the crackle of fires, as it were spread throughout the city. The groans of the cook are now quiet. From both sides, black clouds of smoke from fires rose and dispersed. On the street, not in rows, but like ants from a ruined tussock, in different uniforms and in different directions, soldiers passed and ran through. In the eyes of Alpatych, several of them ran into Ferapontov's yard. Alpatych went to the gate. Some regiment, crowding and hurrying, blocked the street, going back.
“The city is being surrendered, leave, leave,” the officer who noticed his figure said to him and immediately turned to the soldiers with a cry:
- I'll let you run around the yards! he shouted.
Alpatych returned to the hut and, calling the coachman, ordered him to leave. Following Alpatych and the coachman, all Ferapontov's household went out. Seeing the smoke and even the lights of the fires, which were now visible in the beginning twilight, the women, who had been silent until then, suddenly began to wail, looking at the fires. As if echoing them, similar cries were heard at the other ends of the street. Alpatych with a coachman, with trembling hands, straightened the tangled reins and horses' lines under a canopy.
When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw ten soldiers in the open shop of Ferapontov pouring sacks and knapsacks with wheat flour and sunflowers with a loud voice. At the same time, returning from the street to the shop, Ferapontov entered. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, burst out laughing with sobbing laughter.
- Get it all, guys! Don't get the devils! he shouted, grabbing the sacks himself and throwing them out into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.
- Decided! Russia! he shouted. - Alpatych! decided! I'll burn it myself. I made up my mind ... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.
Soldiers were constantly walking along the street, filling it all up, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The hostess Ferapontova was also sitting on the cart with the children, waiting to be able to leave.
It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and a young moon shone from time to time, shrouded in smoke. On the descent to the Dnieper, the carts of Alpatych and the hostess, slowly moving in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the crossroads where the carts stopped, in an alley, a house and shops were on fire. The fire has already burned out. The flame either died away and was lost in black smoke, then it suddenly flashed brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the crossroads. In front of the fire, black figures of people flashed by, and from behind the incessant crackle of the fire, voices and screams were heard. Alpatych, who got down from the wagon, seeing that they would not let his wagon through soon, turned to the alley to look at the fire. The soldiers darted incessantly back and forth past the fire, and Alpatych saw how two soldiers and with them a man in a frieze overcoat dragged burning logs from the fire across the street to the neighboring yard; others carried armfuls of hay.
Alpatych approached a large crowd of people standing in front of a high barn burning with full fire. The walls were all on fire, the back collapsed, the boarded roof collapsed, the beams were on fire. Obviously, the crowd was waiting for the moment when the roof would collapse. Alpatych expected the same.
- Alpatych! Suddenly a familiar voice called out to the old man.
“Father, your excellency,” answered Alpatych, instantly recognizing the voice of his young prince.
Prince Andrei, in a raincoat, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych.
– How are you here? - he asked.
- Your ... your Excellency, - Alpatych said and sobbed ... - Yours, yours ... or have we already disappeared? Father…
– How are you here? repeated Prince Andrew.
The flame flared brightly at that moment and illuminated Alpatych's pale and exhausted face of his young master. Alpatych told how he was sent and how he could have left by force.
“Well, Your Excellency, or are we lost?” he asked again.
Prince Andrei, without answering, took out a notebook and, raising his knee, began to write with a pencil on a torn sheet. He wrote to his sister:
“Smolensk is being surrendered,” he wrote, “the Bald Mountains will be occupied by the enemy in a week. Leave now for Moscow. Answer me as soon as you leave, sending a courier to Usvyazh.
Having written and handed over the sheet to Alpatych, he verbally told him how to arrange the departure of the prince, princess and son with the teacher and how and where to answer him immediately. He had not yet had time to complete these orders, when the chief of staff on horseback, accompanied by his retinue, galloped up to him.
- Are you a colonel? shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - Houses are lit in your presence, and you are standing? What does this mean? You will answer, - shouted Berg, who was now assistant chief of staff of the left flank of the infantry troops of the first army, - the place is very pleasant and in sight, as Berg said.
Prince Andrei looked at him and, without answering, continued, turning to Alpatych:
“So tell me that I’m waiting for an answer by the tenth, and if I don’t get the news on the tenth that everyone has left, I myself will have to drop everything and go to the Bald Mountains.
“I, prince, only say so,” said Berg, recognizing Prince Andrei, “that I must obey orders, because I always fulfill them exactly ... Please excuse me,” Berg justified himself in some way.
Something crackled in the fire. The fire subsided for a moment; black puffs of smoke poured from under the roof. Something else crackled terribly in the fire, and something huge collapsed.
– Urruru! - Echoing the collapsed ceiling of the barn, from which there was a smell of cakes from burnt bread, the crowd roared. The flame flared up and illuminated the animatedly joyful and exhausted faces of the people standing around the fire.
The White Guard commanders, forced to leave Russia, did not believe that the war with the Bolsheviks was over. Many of them tried to find allies on the side in order to return and liberate the country from red power. Such was Ataman Dutov. Having moved to China, he began to prepare a liberation campaign and maintained contact with numerous underground organizations. The Cheka could not wait until he gained enough strength. And so they prepared a special operation to eliminate Dutov.
Against the Bolsheviks
The future ataman of the Orenburg Cossacks was born in 1879. By the beginning of the First World War, he had graduated from the Orenburg Cadet Corps, the Nikolaev Cavalry School and the Academy of the General Staff. Alexander Ilyich also had a chance to take part in the Russo-Japanese War. Then there was the war with Germany. And by 1917, Dutov had many awards, several serious wounds, as well as unconditional authority among the Cossacks. He was even delegated to the Second General Cossack Congress in Petrograd. And then Dutov became chairman of the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops.
When the Bolsheviks carried out an armed coup d'état and seized power, Alexander Ilyich did not submit to them. In early November 1917, he signed a decree stating that the Orenburg province did not recognize the Bolshevik system. He officially became the head of the Orenburg province. In a short time, Dutov managed to clear his fiefdom from sympathizers with the red movement. And although Alexander Ilyich considered himself the master of the Orenburg land, he accepted Kolchak's power unconditionally. Ataman understood that in order to defeat the Bolsheviks, it was necessary to step over personal ambitions.
But still White lost. Kolchak's army was defeated, and soon Ataman Dutov himself drank the bitter cup of the vanquished. And in early April 1920, he, along with the remnants of the army, had to leave his native country. The defeated White Guards settled in the Chinese fortress of Suidun and the town of Ghulja. Despite the difficult situation, Alexander Ilyich did not even think of giving up. He told his subordinates: “The fight is not over. Defeat is not defeat yet. The ataman gathered the scattered forces of the White Guards who had taken refuge in China and created the Orenburg Separate Army. And his phrase “I will go out to die on Russian soil and will not return to China” became the motto of all opponents of the Bolshevik government.
Alexander Ilyich launched a stormy activity, establishing contacts with the underground. He was preparing a liberation campaign, trying to attract as many people as possible to this. In fact, Dutov became a formidable adversary, who needed only time to successfully implement his plans. And the Chekists understood this very well. And when they learned about the successful negotiations between the ataman and the Basmachi, it became completely clear that they should not hesitate. Initially, it was decided to steal him from Suidun and give him to an open proletarian court. This responsible task was entrusted to a native of the city of Dzharkent, Tatar Kasymkhan Chanyshev. The Chanyshev family traced its history either from a certain prince, or from a khan. She was rich and powerful. The Chanyshevs were merchants and were active in trade with China. True, their business was smuggling, so merchants had to cross the border along secret paths. Yes, in the neighboring state they had extensive connections and informants.
All this predetermined the choice of Kasymkhan.
Secret agent
Chanyshev quickly assessed the situation and joined the Bolsheviks in 1917. He formed a detachment of the Red Guard from his horsemen, captured Jankert and declared it Soviet. And even the fact that many of his relatives were dispossessed did not affect Kasimkhan's political views. He continued to fight for the Bolsheviks and kept in touch with a relative who lived just in Ghulja. According to the Chekists, Chanyshev was ideally suited for the role of the offended by the Bolsheviks. Like, he fought for them, and they treated his numerous relatives so cruelly. And Kasymkhan agreed to perform an important task.
In the autumn of 1920, in the company of several devoted horsemen, he went to Gulja to carry out preparatory work. The operation lasted several days, after which they returned. Kasymkhan reported that he managed to get in touch with Colonel Ablaykhanov, Dutov's translator. And he promised Chanyshev to arrange a meeting with the ataman. In general, the result exceeded all expectations.
Then there were several more reconnaissance campaigns. Kasimkhan met with Dutov a couple of times, told him his legend and told him about the underground in Dzhankert. He assured the chieftain that in the event of a liberation campaign, they would be able to capture the city, and then support his movement. Alexander Ilyich believed and informed Kasimkhan about his grandiose plans. When the Chekists became aware of them, it was decided to speed up the operation. The fact is that behind Dutov there was already a big force that entangled many large cities. And the Orenburg Separate Army was numerous and combat-ready, and not imaginary, as some of the Bolsheviks wanted to think. The threat has become too scary.
And when the West Siberian uprising began in January 1921, the Chekists were alarmed. It was decided not to kidnap Dutov for a subsequent trial, but simply liquidate him. Chanyshev received a new assignment. And on the night of January 31 to February 1, a group of six people led by Chanyshev crossed the border. Kasymkhan wrote a letter to Dutov, in which he announced his readiness for an uprising: “Mr. Ataman. Stop waiting for us, it's time to start, everything is done. Ready. We are only waiting for the first shot, then we will not sleep either.” The message was delivered by Mahmud Khadjamirov. He, accompanied by orderly Lopatin, entered Dutov's house on February 6. As soon as Alexander Ilyich opened the letter, a shot followed. Having dealt with the ataman, Khadzhamirov also killed Lopatin. Meanwhile, another Chekist agent dealt with the sentry. And soon the whole group crossed the border without loss.
There is evidence that the Chekists did not trust Chanyshev, considering him a double agent. Therefore, his relatives were taken hostage. And Kasymkhan was given a condition: either you eliminate Dutov, or you bury your relatives.
Ataman Dutov died the next day. The dream of dying on Russian soil was not destined to come true. He and the other two dead were buried in a cemetery near Seidun. A few days later, the grave of Alexander Ilyich was opened, and his body was beheaded. According to one version, Chanyshev took his head to prove the reality of Dutov's death. But there is no information to confirm this fact.
For the successful completion of an important task, the whole group received a reward. Khadzhamirov received from Dzerzhinsky a gold watch and a Mauser with a commemorative engraving. Chanyshev was presented with the award by Peters. Together with a gold watch, a personalized carbine, he also received a “safeguard certificate”: “The bearer of this comrade. On February 6, 1921, Chanyshev Kasymkhan committed an act of republican significance, which saved several thousand lives of the working masses from the attack of a gang, and therefore the named comrade is required to be treated attentively by the Soviet authorities and the said comrade is not subject to arrest without the knowledge of the Plenipotentiary Representation.
Kolchak and Dutov bypass the line of volunteers.
Dina AMANZHOLOV
Two chieftains:
Alexander Dutov and Boris Annenkov
The fates of Alexander Ilyich Dutov and Boris Vladimirovich Annenkov are in many ways similar. Both were professional soldiers, possessed both combat experience and outstanding personal virtues, which made them prominent figures in the White movement in the east of the country. Their deeds, accomplishments, words reflected many significant features of the turning point of the era. The biographical sketches brought to the attention of readers, hopefully, will help to better understand some of the features of human behavior in the extreme conditions of the civil war.
"Love for Russia is my platform"
“This is a curious physiognomy: medium height, clean-shaven, round figure, comb-cut hair, sly lively eyes, knows how to keep himself, a perspicacious mind.” Such a portrait of Alexander Ilyich Dutov was left in the spring of 1918 by a contemporary. Then the military ataman was 39 years old. He graduated from the Academy of the General Staff, was a member of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly from the Orenburg Cossacks, in 1917 he was elected chairman of the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops of Russia, and in October 1917, on an emergency military circle, he was appointed head of the Orenburg military government.
Dutov defined his political views as follows: “Love for Russia is my platform. I do not recognize the party struggle, I have a quite positive attitude towards the autonomy of the regions, I am a supporter of strict discipline, firm power, a ruthless enemy of anarchy. The government must be business-like, personal, a military dictatorship is inexpedient, undesirable.
He was born on August 6, 1879 in the city of Kazalinsk, Syr-Darya region, where his father, who retired with the rank of major general, was then on his way from Orenburg to Fergana. Dutov's grandfather was a military foreman of the Orenburg Cossack army.
A hereditary Cossack, A.I.Dutov, immediately after studying at the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps, he entered the Cossack hundred of the Nikolaev Cavalry School and graduated from it as a cadet harness “in the top ten”. The service began in the first Orenburg Cossack regiment in Kharkov. Here, Dutov was in charge of the equestrian sapper team and managed not only to restore exemplary order in it, but also performed the duties of a regimental librarian, a member of the officer society of borrowed capital, graduated from the sapper officer school with "outstanding" marks, attended a course of lectures on electrical engineering at the Technological Institute and studied telegraph business.
Continuing to serve, Dutov, after four months of training, passed the exams for the entire course of the Nikolaev Engineering School and entered the 5th sapper battalion in Kyiv, where he was in charge of the sapper and telegraph classes. In 1904, Dutov became a student of the Academy of the General Staff, but graduated from it only upon his return from the Russo-Japanese War. After serving 5 months at the headquarters of the 10th Corps in Kharkov, he transferred to Orenburg.
From 1908 to 1914 Dutov was a teacher and inspector of the Cossack school. As a zealous owner, he himself frayed, washed, corrected and glued educational property, compiled its catalogs and inventories, was a model of discipline and organization, never being late and not leaving early from the service.
“His lectures and messages were always interesting, and his fair, always even attitude won great love among the junkers,” eyewitnesses recalled. In 1912, at the age of 33, Dutov was promoted to military foreman, "which was considered supernatural in those days."
Excellent memory, observation, caring attitude towards subordinates, initiative in arranging performances and concerts - such qualities were remembered by A.I. Dutov as the commander of the 5th hundred of the 1st Orenburg Cossack regiment in 1912-1913. In addition, he was an excellent family man, the father of four daughters and a son.
senior constable
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With the outbreak of World War I, Dutov achieved an appointment to the Southwestern Front. The rifle battalion he formed as part of the 9th Army distinguished itself in the battles near the Prut. Near the village of Panichi in Romania, a Cossack officer lost his sight and hearing for a while, having received a head injury, but two months later he commanded the 1st Orenburg Cossack regiment, which, covering the retreat of the Romanian army, lost almost half of its composition in a three-month winter campaign.
After the fall of the monarchy, on March 17, 1917, Dutov, as a delegate of his regiment, arrived in the capital for the First General Cossack Congress. Encouraged by what appeared to be new opportunities, he defended the originality of his class in a speech at the congress and predicted its enormous role in the revolution.
AI Dutov was elected Deputy Chairman of the Provisional Council of the Union of Cossack Troops, agitated front-line Cossack units for the continuation of the war, established ties with the government. He achieved, in particular, that the government decided to pay each Cossack 450 rubles per horse.
In June 1917, at the Second General Cossack Congress, Dutov acted as the chairman of the meeting and was elected head of the Council of the All-Russian Union of Cossack Troops, and then took part in the organization of the Orenburg Council of Cossack Deputies and in the Moscow State Conference - as deputy chairman of the Cossack faction.
The organizational and economic abilities of the ataman were clearly manifested in the post of head of the All-Russian Cossacks. He quickly arranged the states and the office of the Council of the Union, launched the publication of a newspaper (“Bulletin of the Union of Cossack Troops”, then “Liberty”), created a canteen, a hostel, a library under the Council, achieved the allocation of cars, warehouses and other premises for the needs of the Union. At the same time, according to Dutov himself, the Union did not receive any support from the Provisional Government in its desire to participate in public life.
During the days of the Kornilov speech at the end of August 1917, Dutov's relations with the government escalated. A.F. Kerensky, who called the ataman to himself, demanded to sign a document accusing generals L.G. Kornilov and A.M. Kaledin of treason, to which Dutov said: “You can send me to the gallows, but I won’t sign such a paper,” and stressed that, if necessary, he was ready to die for Kaledin. Dutov's regiment defended the headquarters of General A.I. Denikin, "fought with the Bolsheviks in Smolensk" and guarded the headquarters of General N.N. Dukhonin.
After the suppression of the Kornilov uprising, the regiment went to the Orenburg army, where on October 1, 1917, on the Extraordinary military circle, A.I. Dutov was elected chairman of the military government and military chieftain. “I swear on my honor that I will put everything I have: health and strength, to protect our Cossack will-will and not let our Cossack glory fade,” he promised. It was in the Cossack movement, in the organization of self-government and in the Cossack units that Dutov saw the support of statehood and its future. To the accusation of striving to "provide" Russia, he replied that this would be the best way out, and only a firm Cossack power could unite the "diverse population" of the country.
A week after the election, the ataman left for Petrograd to transfer his powers to the head of the All-Russian Union of Cossack Troops, and at a special meeting he was elected to the commission of the Pre-Parliament for the Defense of the Republic, and was also appointed representative of the Union of Cossack Troops to the Paris meeting of the Entente heads of government. On the eve of the October Revolution, Dutov was approved with the rank of colonel and appointed chief representative of the Provisional Government for the food business in the Orenburg province and Turgai region with the rights of a minister.
The attitude of A.I. Dutov to the Bolsheviks and the October Revolution is eloquently evidenced by the order issued by him on October 27, 1917, the day after returning to Orenburg: in other cities. The military government, until the restoration of the power of the Provisional Government and telegraph communications, from 20 o'clock on October 26, took over the full executive state power in the army.
The city and province were declared under martial law. Created on November 8, the Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and the Revolution, which included representatives of all parties except for the Bolsheviks and the Cadets, appointed Dutov head of the armed forces of the region. Fulfilling his powers, he initiated the arrest on November 15 of a part of the members of the Orenburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies who were preparing an uprising. In November, the chieftain was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly from the Orenburg Cossack army.
Independence, directness, a sober lifestyle, constant concern for the rank and file, the suppression of rough treatment of the lower ranks, consistency (“I don’t play with my views and opinions, like gloves,” Dutov said at the military circle on December 16, 1917) - everything this provided a lasting credibility. As a result, despite opposition from the Bolsheviks withdrawn from the military government, he was again approved by the military chieftain.
In the spring of 1918, Dutov answered accusations of striving to usurp power: “What kind of power is this if you have to be under the threat of the Bolsheviks all the time, receive death sentences from them, live all the time at headquarters, not seeing your family for weeks? Good power!
The previous wounds also made themselves known. “My neck is broken, my skull is cracked, and my shoulder and arm are no good,” Dutov once complained.
On January 18, 1918, under the onslaught of 8,000 Red Guard detachments of A. Kashirin and V. Blucher, the Dutovites left Orenburg - with the image of St. Alexander Nevsky, who was with the ataman in all battles, with military banners and regalia. Part of the detachments held stanitsa gatherings along the route and, leaving the encirclement, went to Verkhneuralsk. Here, on the Second Extraordinary Military Circle, A.I. Dutov refused his post three times, referring to the fact that his election would cause embitterment among the Bolsheviks. But the circle did not accept the resignation and instructed the ataman to form partisan detachments to continue the armed struggle.
“Life is not dear to me, and I will not spare it as long as there are Bolsheviks in Russia,” said the ataman, emphasizing the non-party position of his position and the undesirability of drawing the army into politics.
“I don’t know who we are: revolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, where we are going - to the left or to the right. One thing I know is that we are following an honest path to the salvation of the Motherland. All the evil lay in the fact that we did not have a nationwide firm power, and this led us to ruin.
Analyzing the internal political situation, Dutov wrote and spoke more than once about the need for a firm government that would lead the country out of the crisis. He called for rallying around the party that would save the motherland and that all other parties would follow.
Meanwhile, the position of Soviet forces in the Orenburg region was deteriorating. On July 1, 1918, they began to retreat, and on July 3, Dutov occupied the city. “After the merciless terror that prevailed in the cities and villages of the Orenburg-Turgai Territory during the Soviet era, the Cossack units that entered the city of Orenburg after the Bolsheviks were expelled were met by the urban population with almost unprecedented enthusiasm and enthusiasm in the life of the city. The day of the meeting of the units was a great holiday of the population - the triumph of the Cossacks, ”wrote Zhikharev, military district controller of a separate Orenburg army. On July 12, by a special declaration, Dutov declared the territory of the Orenburg army a "Special Region of the Russian State", i.e. Cossack autonomy.
Soon he went to Samara - the capital of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), where he became a member of it and was appointed the chief representative in the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army, the Orenburg province and the Turgai region. Thus, the Socialist-Revolutionary government, which advocated a federal structure of the country, confirmed the former powers of the ataman and recognized the legitimacy of the Cossack autonomy.
In his new position, Dutov had to establish interaction not only with the "central" governments - Komuch and the Provisional Siberian Government in Omsk, but also with the autonomous entities of Bashkiria and Kazakhstan (Dutov knew the customs, traditions and languages of these peoples well from childhood), as well as with representatives Entente and the Czechoslovak Corps.
On September 25, 1918, Komuch approved the chieftain with the rank of major general, although the actions of the military government displeased the Samara authorities. One of their representatives wrote that Dutov's military authorities did not reckon "with any resolutions of the Committee. In fact, a military dictatorship is being implemented here, the Cossacks form those detachments that, by punitive executions, the restoration of landownership, arrests of agents of land committees, restore the peasantry against the Constituent Assembly, discredit the very foundations of democracy and push the peasantry into the arms of the Bolsheviks ... Among the peasantry, apathy and despondency, it is tired of war and awaits reconciliation.
As a contemporary recalled, the ataman was guarded by parts of the Kazakh autonomists - Alashorda, whose western branch he supported for a joint fight against the Reds. Dutov was not sure that Komuch would not remove him from command and said, "that it is indifferent to him, but it is important that his Cossacks remain together and reach Moscow as a separate corps." However, the end of the civil war was still far away.
The last attempt by the heterogeneous political forces of the White camp in the east of the country to unite on a platform of struggle against Bolshevism was the formation of the Ufa directory at a meeting held on September 8-23, 1918. All autonomous and regional governments were to dissolve themselves.
The compromise proved short-lived. The logic of the war demanded the centralization of forces and control, and this was expressed in the coup on November 18 of the same year, when A.V. Kolchak came to power. In this regard, the behavior of A.I. Dutov is noteworthy. In July, when not only Komuch, but also other regional governments were still active and independent, he not only emphasized his adherence to strict discipline and firm power, but also supported regionalism, noting the inexpediency of military dictatorship. However, in Ufa, political pragmatism dictated a change in the position of the ataman.
One of Komuch's ministers, who headed the department of labor, the Menshevik I. Maisky, recalled that at the State Conference in Ufa, where Dutov was elected a member of the Council of Elders and chairman of the Cossack faction, most of the hall was full of red carnations. Ataman “got up and left the hall before the end of the meeting, defiantly loudly throwing to his neighbor: “The red carnation made my head hurt!” Refusing to participate in the Directory, he quite definitely expressed his opinion on the decisions of the meeting: “Let the Volunteer Army come , and for me Ufa will not exist.
After the capture of Kazan by the Reds, Dutov left the meeting and began organizing military assistance to Samara, reorganizing the military administration of the district, and coordinating the actions of the diverse military forces of the Whites in the Aktobe and Buzuluk-Ural directions. Soon, for the capture of Orsk, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general, and after the coup, he unconditionally recognized the dictatorship of A.V. Kolchak, subordinating his units to the Supreme Ruler.
AI Dutov commanded the South-Western, from December 1918 the Separate Orenburg Army, which were directly subordinate to Kolchak, and in April 1919 he was appointed marching ataman of all the Cossack troops of Russia.
Meanwhile, the general failures of the Whites at the end of 1918 immediately affected the position of the Orenburg and Ural Cossacks. As a result of the offensive of the Red Army units of the Eastern Front, the evacuation of the Dutovites from Orenburg from January 20-21, 1919 "turned into a stampede"; fragmentation began.
January 23 Orenburg was occupied by the Reds. But the White forces were still very significant, and they continued stubborn resistance. In March, General Dutov's Separate Orenburg Army, with its center in Troitsk, numbered 156 hundreds; there were also ataman units - the 1st and
4th Orenburg, 23rd and 20th Orenburg Cossack regiments, two Cossack ataman divisions and ataman hundred.
During the spring offensive of Kolchak's armies on April 16, Dutov occupied Aktyubinsk. Orenburg was almost completely surrounded by White forces. With great difficulty, units of the Red Army repulsed their attempt to capture the city and gradually moved forward. In early May, Dutov's army captured the Iletsk town and pushed the Reds back a little, but they could not take Orenburg again.
Bitterness swept the whole country and could not but affect the actions of the ataman. According to a contemporary, Dutov talked about his reprisals against railroad workers who more or less sympathized with the Bolsheviks: "He does not hesitate in such cases." When the saboteur-stoker slowed down the locomotive, Dutov ordered the stoker to be tied to him, and he immediately froze. For a similar offense, the driver was hanged on the pipe of a steam locomotive.
The ataman himself explained the cruelty and terror in the war in this way: “When the existence of a whole huge state is at stake, I will not stop before executions. These executions are not revenge, but only an extreme means of influence, and here everyone is equal for me, Bolsheviks and non-Bolsheviks, soldiers and officers, our own and others.
In the Kolchak government, meanwhile, plans were being worked out in detail to organize the system of government in the country after the victory over the Bolsheviks. In particular, there was a special commission for the preparation of the All-Russian representative assembly of a constituent nature. Already during the war, various models of the administrative-territorial structure and relations with Kazakh and Bashkir autonomists were tested on the subject territory. In April 1919, Dutov also took part in the discussion of the problem.
It was supposed to divide the country into districts. The chieftain was to lead the South Ural region, which, in addition to the Orenburg region, included Bashkiria, as well as the western and northern parts of modern Kazakhstan. AI Dutov sent a note to the name of the Supreme Ruler with his proposals on the order of relations with the national outskirts, which testifies to the ataman's deep knowledge of the history of the region, the characteristics of national culture and how they are used in the policy of the central government.
However, during the offensive of the armies of the Bolshevik Eastern Front, by September 12, 1919, Kolchak's Southern Army was defeated, General Belov's group retreated to Turgai, and Dutov's units retreated to the steppes of Kazakhstan and further advanced to Siberia. They were included in the newly formed units
The 2nd Steppe Siberian Corps, as well as scattered detachments, retreated further and further east.
In 1920, Dutov ended up in China along with other representatives of the defeated White movement. On February 7, 1921, during the unsuccessful operation of the Chekists to kidnap him, the ataman was mortally wounded. “I love Russia, in particular my Orenburg region, this is my whole platform,” he said about his views in 1918. “If the Bolsheviks and anarchists found a real way to save and revive Russia, I would be in their ranks; Russia is dear to me, and the patriots, no matter what party they belong to, will understand me, just as I do them.
In the conditions of poor organization and supply, part of the chieftains, according to the memoirs of the former commander-in-chief of the army of the Ufa directory V.G.
The system of subordination was extremely simple: in heaven - God, on earth - chieftain. And if the detachment of ataman Krasilnikov, corrupted by the pernicious situation of Omsk, bore all the signs of moral deformity and anarchism, then in parts of Annenkov, who seemed to be a man of exceptional energy and will, there was a kind of ideological service to the country.
The severe discipline of the detachment was based, on the one hand, on the character of the leader, on the other hand, on the international, so to speak, composition of it.
There was a battalion of Chinese and Afghans and Serbs. This strengthened the position of the ataman: if necessary, the Chinese without much embarrassment shoot the Russians, the Afghans - the Chinese, and vice versa.
B.V. Annenkov maintained discipline, relying on a military field court, which consisted of officers, and a special commission that acted on the basis of pre-revolutionary laws and orders of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. At the same time, extrajudicial decisions were also applied, which were approved by the ataman himself and carried out by the unit that received the next outfit.
In the partisan division, the use of alcohol was prohibited, drunks were expelled. “The ataman has no headquarters and retinue,” one of the newspapers of that time reported, “only a typewriter and messengers. For foul language they were expelled for the third time. Exemplary discipline, good equipment, three types of weapons, intelligent youth, Cossacks and Kirghiz prevail.
The desire for autonomy, the unwillingness to fully obey Kolchak, whom Annenkov considered "a blind executor of the will of the allies", was expressed, in particular, in the refusal of the chieftain to accept the rank of major general assigned to him on November 25, 1918, although then this decision was still approved.
The further military career and personal fate of Boris Annenkov turned out to be connected with the events on the Semirechensk front.
In early December 1918, he was entrusted as part of the 2nd Siberian Steppe Corps with the liberation of the southeastern part of modern Kazakhstan, which, by order of Kolchak on January 6, 1919, was declared a theater of military operations. The position of the whites here was characterized by an acute shortage of food, uniforms, and weapons. Due to the divergent goals of the forces united in the army of the Supreme Ruler: the Cossacks, partisan detachments, national Kazakh units, as well as the weakness of the Red Army detachments, the situation in Semirechye was unstable. The main problem for the Whites was the liquidation of the Cherkassy defense - the resistance of the 13 villages of Lepsinsky and Kopalsky districts held by the Reds. The attack on the encircled villages undertaken by Annenkov's detachment on January 20, 1919 was unsuccessful. In the occupied settlements, Annenkov acted both by persuasion and coercion. On January 10, 1919, he issued an order to the population of the occupied Urdzhar region. It said: Ҥ 1. The detachment entrusted to me arrived in Semirechye to fight the Bolsheviks, to establish law and order, peace and tranquility.
With regard to the population, we will be absolutely equally impartial, whether it be a Cossack, a peasant or a Kirghiz.
I put an end to the old, because many of us were deluded due to our darkness. Only those who deliberately led you to this devastation will be punished. But in the future, I warn you, anyone who is again seen in crimes against the existing state order, violence, robbery and other crimes will be severely punished.
In § 2, the entire population was obliged to unquestioningly comply with the orders of the regional and rural administration and bear state duties.
In addition, it was forbidden to lease land to the Chinese for sowing opium, and the entire sowing, it was said in the order, would be destroyed through a figurehead. Crops were allowed only to Russians with the knowledge of the governor of the region. The order also forbade the sale of thoroughbred horses. Such transactions could be concluded only with the knowledge of the military authorities and only in exceptional cases.
Interestingly, the whites sought to influence the population not only by the threat of punishment and the force of the order. On February 28 of the same year, for example, the general presence of the Semirechensk regional government decided to rename the village of Ivanovka, Lepsinsky district, into the village of Annenkovo.
Ataman, meanwhile, tried his best to keep the situation under control. So, in the order for the Uch-Aral and Urdzhar regions, which in February 1919 were under martial law, the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited. Those guilty of their manufacture and sale were brought to court-martial. Chinese subjects who brought alcohol were expelled with confiscation of goods.
Annenkov also ordered that drunkards be arrested for 14 days and fined in the amount of 1,000 rubles. These funds were to be distributed as follows: 500 rubles - to the infirmary, 300 - "to society", 200 - in favor of the kidnapper. Similar measures were applied for found alcoholic beverages.
The ataman treated the vanquished in a peculiar way. The telegram of the authorized commander of the corps, General Efremov, from Sergiopol (the center of the Urdzharsky district) to Omsk dated January 10, 1919, in particular, stated: “17 Red Army men followed the investigative commission in Sergiopol under escort, on the way they were released by Ataman Annenkov and accepted by the soldiers to the partisan division. To my demand to again transfer them to the head of the district police, Annenkov replied that the Red Army men were accepted in order to atone for their guilt, which I report on.
On January 17, the head of the Ministry of the Interior, A.N. Gattenberger, informed the head of the Kolchak government about this fact, offering to report personally to the Supreme Ruler in order to "cancel the aforementioned order of ataman Annenkov." In the personal convoy of the ataman, which consisted of 30 Cossacks, almost half were captured Red Army soldiers, who distinguished themselves by courage in battles. One of them, Ivan Duplyakov, enjoyed the special trust of the commander: being inseparably next to him, Duplyakov later, after retreating to China, according to the will drawn up by Annenkov in a Chinese prison, was to receive 4 bars of gold he kept.
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Only by June 1919 were the Whites able to organize a full-scale offensive, having achieved by August the territory of the Cherkasy defense to be reduced to three villages. After 16 months of resistance under pressure from the Semirechensk group of troops of Kolchak, which included Annenkov's division and four Cossack brigades, the defense fell. Three companies of Red Army soldiers, led by commanders, surrendered voluntarily, some of them then took part in the battles as part of the Annenkov division.
However, the turn in favor of the Red Army, which took place in the summer of 1919 along the entire Eastern Front, also affected the state of affairs in Semirechye. The main support of the whites - the city of Semipalatinsk - was occupied by Soviet units on December 10. The remnants of the 2nd Siberian Steppe Corps, which included parts of the ataman, were replenished by the retreating detachments of the army of A.I. Dutov. Red Army intelligence reported, however, that in hundreds of Annenkov there were no guns and machine guns, “there are from 20 to 60 rounds of ammunition in people ... A shtadiv has a green flag with a white skull and crossbones and the inscription “God is with us””.
Trying to delay the disintegration, the White command concentrated the decomposing units into consolidated formations, carried out additional mobilizations, organized raids by poorly armed detachments on the settlements occupied by the Reds, but was no longer able to change the situation in their favor.
On February 29, 1920, Annenkov was asked to voluntarily hand over his weapons, but he intended to continue resistance. The Annenkovites refused to respond to the ultimatum of the Soviet delegation, presented on March 2, within 18 hours, insisting on a 24-hour break.
As a result of the offensive of the units of the Bolshevik Turkestan Front, by the end of March, the main settlements of Semirechye were occupied. On the night of March 25, 1920, B.V. Annenkov, accompanied by 4 thousand fighters and the retreating population, went abroad, declaring by special order the cessation of the armed struggle and the right of every soldier and officer to independently determine their future fate.
Colonel Asanov, who took command from him, ordered the remaining forces of the Semirechye Army to "consider themselves troops of the RSFSR" and await orders from the command of the Red Army.
The whites who retreated to China found themselves in a difficult position. At the insistence of the authorities, they surrendered their weapons, some of the Cossacks left the detachment, and Annenkov himself, not fulfilling the requirements of the Chinese authorities to disarm the detachment, was arrested in March 1921 and imprisoned in the city of Urumqi. The Chinese sought from him the transfer of valuables taken out of Russia.
Only as a result of repeated appeals of the former chief of staff of his division, Colonel N.A. Denisov, to the authorities, as well as to the envoys of the Entente countries in China, Annenkov was released in February 1924. He decided to completely withdraw from participation in the emigration movement and go to Canada, but could not find the means to obtain a visa.
Almost immediately after his release, the young general began to receive numerous persistent offers to join the activities of anti-Soviet organizations, to unite and lead monarchist groups and detachments.
Realistically assessing the political situation and the balance of power, B.V. Annenkov avoided vigorous activity in every possible way, but in the end he accepted the proposal to form a detachment as part of Chinese troops under the command of Marshal Fyn Yusyan, who was considered by the white emigrants to be a supporter of the Bolsheviks.
On April 10, 1926, unexpectedly for all, Annenkov and his closest associates were sent through Mongolia to Soviet Russia. It is known that the Soviet authorities at that time sought the transfer to them of a number of leaders of the white movement, including Annenkov. There is no information about his position and the nature of relations with the Chinese marshal, however, on April 20, 1926, the New Shanghai Life newspaper published the ataman’s appeal to the USSR Central Executive Committee “with a sincere and sincere request for forgiveness” and pardon, if not for himself, then for those less guilty his former associates. In addition, he made an appeal to his supporters to stop the fight against the Bolshevik authorities.
Annenkov's decision caused a storm of indignation and indignation in the white émigré press. The circumstances due to which the ataman was sent to the USSR remain unclear. On April 25, 1926, Shanghai Dawn wrote that he was arrested by the Chinese command on the orders of the Soviet military leadership, as he refused to go over to the side of the Bolsheviks. According to another version, he, along with Denisov, was captured in the Kalgan Hotel by a group led by Fyn Yusyan's senior adviser, Mr. Lin, the famous Soviet military leader V.M. Primakov. Obviously, this was an OGPU operation.
After an open trial that took place over Annenkov and Denisov in July 1927 in Semipalatinsk, on August 25, 1927, according to the verdict of the military collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the ataman was shot. See: Semipalatinsk regional statements. Jan 19, 1919; Foreign military intervention and civil war in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. T. 1. Alma-Ata, 1964. S. 542-543.
Semirechensk regional statements. 1919. March 9, March 23, February 23.
10 GA RF. F. 1700. Op. 1. D. 74. L. 1-2.
11 Government Gazette. 1919. 18, 19 Oct.; Our newspaper. 1919. Oct 18; RGVA. F. 110. Op. 3. D. 951. L. 22; D. 927. L. 28.
12 See: RGVA. F. 110. Op. 3. D. 281. L. 10-12, 23, 121-123; D. 936. L. 78; Civil war in Kazakhstan: Chronicle of events. Alma-Ata, 1974. S. 286, 295, 297-298.