Details Category: "The great, mighty and truthful Russian language" Posted on 03/29/2016 14:53 Views: 5278

Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words or parts of words (affixes).

Etymology is also any hypothesis about the origin of a particular word (less often, another language unit, for example, a prefix).
The subject of etymology is the study of sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language. The words of the language change over time according to certain historical patterns, which obscures the original form of the word. The etymologist, relying on the material of related languages, must establish this form and explain how the word took on a modern form.

What methods are used to determine the origin of a word?

Etymology uses complex research methods. The word (or root), the etymology of which needs to be established, correlates with related words (or roots), a common producing root is revealed, as a result of the removal of layers of later historical changes, the original form and its meaning are established.
The term "etymology" comes from the ancient Greek ἔτυμον "truth, the basic meaning of the word" and the ancient Greek λόγος "word, doctrine, judgment".
Etymology is a very fascinating science, because. allows you to dive into the depths of the history of the language in order to “pull out” from these depths the history of the origin of a particular word. This is a real journey into the history of words. After all, words, like people, have their own history and their own destiny. They may have relatives and a rich pedigree. And they can be orphans. A word can tell a lot about yourself: about your nationality, about your parents, about your origin. This is the science of etymology.
Words in any language can be native, borrowed, formed naturally or artificially, etc. But now we are talking specifically about the Russian language, so we will limit ourselves to talking about the etymology of the Russian language.
So, the words of the Russian language, in accordance with their origin, are divided into the following groups:
1) native Russian words (inherited from the ancestor language);
2) words formed with the help of word-building means of the Russian language;
3) words borrowed from other languages;
4) words resulting from various "linguistic errors".
Words that are native in a given language could belong to any of the above groups in the ancestor language. For any word that is a derivative in a given language, one can indicate from which word and with the help of what word-building means it is formed.
For example, the word "tomorrow". This is a common Slavic word. Union for the morning with a change in unstressed "y" to "in" (cf. dialect hit <ударить>). Literally means "time following next morning".
Of course, any assumption about the origin of the word must be justified. For example, if it is assumed that a word is produced with the help of some affix, it is necessary to confirm with examples that such an affix exists (or existed) in a given language and can (or could) form words with such a meaning. That is, during etymological analysis, one cannot go into conjectures or fantasies and build one's own logical chains of reasoning only on the basis of personal beliefs.

How to prove the borrowed origin of a word?

To prove this, a number of conditions must be met.
First, it is necessary to find evidence that the language from which the given word came into contact (or could contact) with the Russian language.
Secondly, the words under consideration must have a semantic similarity: at least in some usages, the word of the source language must have the meaning in which it was borrowed into the language under study.
Thirdly, the words under consideration must have constant phonetic correspondences, because the sounds of the "foreign" language are regularly reflected in the borrowing language.
Fourthly, the presumably borrowed word should not violate the rules of grammatical adaptation of borrowings accepted in the language.
But these are, of course, general rules. And as you know, there are exceptions to every rule.

Difficulties in etymology

It is difficult to determine borrowings from an extinct non-written language, because in this case, the borrowing source is not available.
Borrowings can penetrate from language to language not only through oral speech, but also from books. For book borrowings, in general, they are closer to the original than for oral ones, but they can also contain errors, including very serious ones: for example, the French word zénith "zenith" (which also got into Russian) is borrowed from Arabic zemth: m in the manuscript was taken as ni.
It is very difficult for etymologists to deal with the author's neologisms - words created artificially. For example, a well-known word coined by F. Dostoevsky is to fade away. If there is no exact data about who and when a certain word was coined, then it is impossible to prove its origin.
Difficulties arise with tracing papers (from the French calque “copy”) - borrowing foreign words, expressions, phrases with a literal translation. For example, the Russian word "insect" is a tracing-paper from the Latin insectum (in - "on" + sectum - "insect").
But we have so far talked about the very science of etymology. And we are probably more interested in etymological results, i.e. the history of individual words or morphemes. How to find out about the origin of a word?

To do this, we must open the etymological dictionary.

Etymological dictionaries

The etymological dictionary contains information about the history of individual words (sometimes morphemes), about all the changes that they have undergone. Information about the etymology of words may also be contained in some large explanatory dictionaries.

But we already know that the origin of many words cannot be unambiguously interpreted, therefore etymological dictionaries give different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.
In Russia, the first attempts to create an etymological dictionary date back to the 19th century. Their authors were researchers of the history of words K. F. Reiff, F. S. Shimkevich, M. M. Izyumov, N. V. Goryaev and A. N. Chudinov.
Famous modern etymological dictionaries of the Russian language:

Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - M.: Progress, 1964-1973.
Etymological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky (1963-1999), A. F. Zhuravlev (since 1999), Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1963-2007.
Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. In 2 volumes - M .: Russian language, 1993.

But there is also a folk etymology. Let's talk about her.

Folk etymology

This, of course, is a false etymology, unscientific. It is associated with lexical association and arises under the influence of vernacular.
This etymology cannot be used for scientific purposes, but in itself it is very interesting, because. allows you to follow the course of people's associations, to see their ability to analyze and ironize.
There are several directions in folk etymology.
1) A borrowed or native word is distorted and rethought according to the model of a well-known and close-sounding word: semi-clinic (instead of polyclinic), gulvar (instead of boulevard), etc. Here N. Leskov immediately comes to mind with his story “Lefty”: “melkoskop” (instead of “microscope”), “studing” (instead of “pudding”), “slander” (instead of “feuilleton”), etc.
2) Sometimes the origin of a word is explained on the basis of only external consonance, but this does not correspond to the actual etymology. For example, the word “pillow” is explained by the fact that it is placed under the ear, but the scientific etymology is completely different: with the root “spirit” (i.e., something “inflated”).
The beautiful phrase "crimson ringing" is known. So they say about the pleasant ringing of bells. But the meaning of this phrase is not at all connected with the word "raspberry" or "crimson color". Scientific etymology gives us the opportunity to find out that this phrase comes from the name of the Belgian city of Malin (now it is the city of Mechelen), where the ancient cathedral is located, which has a special school of ringers, i.e. the expression "raspberry ringing" means the play of "raspberry" musicians on the bells.
This type of folk etymology is especially widespread in explaining the origin of toponyms. “The people always have a feeling that the name cannot be given just like that, that it is given in connection with some unusual, important event,” says G.P. Smolitskaya, a Russian linguist and toponymist. For example, folk etymology explains the name Ryazan with the word "cut", because. there was a brutal massacre during the raids of nomads.

Some interesting etymology

Scammer. So in Russia they were not called deceivers or thieves. This was the name of the craftsmen who made the moshna, i.e. wallets.
Slates. In the USSR, the most famous manufacturer of these shoes (rubber slippers) was the Polymer plant in the city of Slantsy. The word "Slates" was embossed on the soles of these slippers. Many took this word for the name of the shoe. The word entered the active vocabulary and became synonymous with the word "flip-flops".

Toponymic legends

Toponymic legends are spread all over the world and relate to those geographical objects, the exact time, date of foundation and toponym of which are either not fully understood, or explained already in the era of the development of toponymic and historical science. Toponymic legends cannot be considered as reliable information about the origin of a particular name.
The most frequent character in the creation of toponymic legends is Peter I. Here are two of them.

Folk etymology ascribes to Peter I the appearance of the name of the village of Divnogorye in the Voronezh region. Driving through this area, he exclaimed: “What marvelous mountains!”
The city of Boguchar in the Voronezh region was also named in connection with the stay of Peter I there. The Tsar sailed on his ships along the Don River, stopped at some settlement to replenish food supplies. Here he and his entourage arranged a small feast. During this feast, they wanted to poison Peter and served a glass of wine with poison. But Peter, knowing this, raised the cup with the words: “And I give this cup to God!” and threw it into the river. Therefore, people called the tributary of the Don, on the banks of which this settlement was located, Bogucharka, and this village itself Boguchar.

What I found on different sites about Russian words. You can go to the sites themselves using the link and read other information - something that seemed uninteresting or controversial to me. In particular, there are practically no religious meanings of words here. The point of view that most of the words with the particle Ra means the Divine light by the name of the Sun God Ra - paradise, joy, rainbow, beautiful - for all its attractiveness, it does not seem to me proven, something is doubtful that we had the same God as in Ancient Egypt....

The word "sorcerer" comes from the distorted Russian "kolyadun" - the one who carols during the winter Christmas time (carols) celebrated in Russia from December 23 to 31.

From School etymological dictionary of the Russian language

ORANGE- .... literally "Chinese apple"

GOD- Indo-European, related to ancient Indian bhada
"master", Persian baga "lord, god". Initial value -
"giving, dressing master; share, happiness, wealth." Religious significance is secondary

CHEESECAKE- in ancient Persia, the god Vatra - the guardian of the home
hearth, 23 lunar day His day and therefore you need to drink more milk,
eat cottage cheese and other dairy products, bake "VATRUSHKI" in which
roast the nuts well. The indicated etymological connection is not just
coincidence, it also testifies to the cultural kinship of the Slavs and
Persians, and about their origin from the same root. Oral Avestan
legends say that a very long time ago, more than 40 thousand years ago, on
mainland Arctida in the Arctic Ocean there was a civilization
Aryans. In ancient times, this continent was called "Khair" - sometimes it
translates as "bear". As a result of some natural
cataclysm Arctida sank to the bottom of the ocean at the same time
Atlantis, Pacifida and Lemuria. The surviving Aryans went out to
North-East of Europe and in the Cis-Urals created a state
education - northern Khairat. Some of them went on, eventually
which in the Volga region, on a vast territory from the Urals to the Caspian Sea, another
one Khairat, where the prophet Zerathustra lived many thousands of years later (or
Zarathushtra) - Son of the Star. The words "Khair", "arias", "Haraiti"
(apparently, "Khairaiti" - the ancient name of the Ural Mountains) have one
root. As a result of several invasions of nomadic peoples from Asia
the Aryans were forced to leave their habitable places. They passed the Northern and
Eastern Europe (their descendants here are Slavs, Balts, Scandinavians,
Scythians who have already left the historical arena). Some reached the West and
Southern Europe, others through Asia Minor moved to Persia and India.
This was the way of our ancient relatives - the Avestan and Vedic
Aryans. There was a mixture of cultures. In India, the Vedas were created by the Aryans,
those. "Knowledge" (cf. the verb "know"); in Persia for several millennia
later, the knowledge of the ancients was restored and recorded in writing
Aryans - Avesta (single-root words - "news" and "conscience"), i.e.
sacred knowledge of cosmic laws. The language of the ancient Aryans is Sanskrit.
It served as the basis for the Indo-European languages, including the language
ancient parsis

DOCTOR- formed with the help of suf. -who from lie to "speak".
Initially - "talking, magician."

From the book of V.D. OsipovaRussians in the mirror of their language

True- that's what it really is. Truth from "is", more precisely from "ist", as this word was pronounced in antiquity.

It reminded me of the European verbs "is" - is, est, ist .....

Goodbye! Means "forgive me all the insults, you will not see me again." It means that this meeting was the last in this world, and therefore the custom of dying forgiveness, absolution of sins comes into play. The French and Italians in this case say "to God!" (respectively "adye" and "addio").

Too much from "too", that is, "with dashingly." Everything that was beyond measure was considered thin, evil, dashing. From "famously" also: "surplus", "superfluous".

burn. Literally: "ascend". In the old days, instead of "up" they said"woe". Hence the "room" (light room upstairs).

Good. Literally: "pleasing to Horos." Words are formed in a similar way in other languages. In English, "gud" is a good consonant "year" - god. The same is true in German: "gut" - good and "goth" - god.

Witch. Literally, "one who knows". The witch has access to knowledge unknown to others. From the same basis "to know" comes the name of the Vedas, the sacred books of the Vedic religion.

Garnish literally means "decoration". French "garnish" means "to decorate". It is related to the Latin "ornament" and the Ukrainian "garnius" - beautiful. One of the first to use the word "garnish" in its current meaning was N.V. Gogol. In "Dead Souls" we read: "... garnish, garnish any more ... And in the lining to the sturgeon let the beets with an asterisk."

Month. To count the times and in ancient times served as a change in the lunar phases. The Russians also called the moon the month. Turning to the solar chronology, the Slavs did not abandon the usual word "month", but began to call it 1/12 of the year. In one of his poems, M. Yu. Lermontov writes:

The moon changed six times;
The war is long over...

In this "moon changed" instead of "a month passed" an echo of the former, lunar chronology, inherited by the Muslim world.

The English Moon and month are also remembered.

The origin of the word barbarian is very interesting. In Ancient Russia, the Greek letter β (beta) was read as the Russian "V" (ve). Therefore, such Greek names as Barbara, we pronounce Barbara, Balthazar - Balthazar. Our Basil - in ancient Greek Basileus, which means "royal". Rebecca became Rebekah and Benedict became Benedict. The god of wine Bacchus became Bacchus, Babylon became Babylon, Sebastopolis became Sevastopol, and Byzantium became Byzantium.

The ancient Greeks called all foreigners barbarians - barbaros. This word was borrowed by the Romans, derived from it barbaria began to mean: "rudeness", "ignorance". The Greek barbaros gave in Russian "barbarian": an ignorant, cruel, brutal person.

In ancient Greece, medicine was at a very high level of development. A lot of words created by Greek doctors thousands of years ago still exist in all languages, including Russian. For example, surgery.

The word for the Greeks simply meant "needlework", "craft", from khir - "hand" and ergon - "to do". The word chirurgus (chirurgis) in Greek meant ... "hairdresser"!

Who remembers that in not so distant times, barbers not only shaved and cut their clients, but also pulled teeth, bled, put leeches and even performed minor surgical operations, that is, they performed the duties of surgeons. Pushkin wrote in The Captain's Daughter:

"I was treated by the regimental barber, for there was no other doctor in the fortress."

From the root khir and palmistry: divination along the lines of the palm.

In zoology, the name of one of the lizards is known - hirot, given to it because its paws look like human hands.

And anatomy is a Greek word. So it's a "cut".

The origin of the word diphtheria is interesting. In ancient Greece, diftera simply meant skin, a skin taken from a dead animal, a film. The skin rotted and became a breeding ground for germs. Then any sticky disease began to be called diphtheria, but this name was preserved only for diphtheria, an acute contagious disease, most often affecting the tonsils of the pharynx and larynx.

Toxin means "poison". This word went through a complex evolution before it got its present meaning.

In ancient Greece, toksikon meant "pertaining to archery." Arrows were smeared with poisonous plant juice, and gradually this juice began to be called a toxin, that is, poison.

When firearms appeared in Greece, the antediluvian bows were forgotten, but the old meaning of the word toxin - poison remained in the language.

After the invention of the microscope, people saw that some microbes looked like rods; for example, tuberculosis bacillus - "Koch's wand". Here the Greek name for a staff or stick came in handy - a bacterium.

Interestingly, the Latin word bacillum (bacillum) also means "stick". It came in handy to refer to another type of simple organisms - bacilli.

And here are some more new words: microbe, microscope, micron, microphone and many others - formed from the Greek macro - small. And in Greece, this is the name of the children.

In their book One-Story America, Ilf and Petrov recall their trip to Greece: “We were given a five-year-old boy as an escort. The boy is called “micro” in Greek. .."

We all know the word deli. And a person who loves to eat well, a connoisseur of fine food, in Russian speaking - a glutton, is also called a deli.

This word is made up of two Greek roots: gaster - stomach and nomos - law. It turns out that a grocery store is a person who knows the "laws of the stomach", but now we call people to whom the stomach dictates its own laws.

The word is relatively new: it is not indicated in Russian dictionaries of the late 18th century.

Who knows where the word hard labor comes from?

The Greek word katergon (katergon) meant a large rowing vessel with a triple row of oars. Later, such a vessel was called a galley.

There were many names of ships in the Old Russian language: plows, boats, uchans, boats. The Novgorod charter mentions boats, poroms and katargs. In the Russian Chronicle, according to Nikon's list, we read:

"The boyars took the queen, and the noble maidens, and the young wives, and sent many away in ships and katargas to the islands" ("The boyars took the queen, and the noble maidens, and young wives, sent many on ships and ships to the islands").

The work of the rowers on these ships was very hard, hard labor! Then they began to imprison criminals on these katargas - ships.

very old word filthy. It is also mentioned in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign, Igor Svyatoslavich, Olgov's grandson":

"And the pagan Kobyakova from Lukomorye, From the iron, great regiments of the Polovtsian, Like a whirlwind rejected ..."

In Latin, paganus (paganus) means "village dweller", "peasant"; in the future, they began to call the pagans like that, since the old beliefs were kept among the peasants for a long time.

French tomatoes romme d "or (pom d" or) - a golden apple (from the Italian pomi d "oro). But the French themselves call tomatoes tomatoes. The Aztec word came to France from South America. In the 16th century, the Aztecs, the indigenous people Mexico, were exterminated by the Spanish conquerors.That's what this ancient word is - tomatoes!

We do not say tomatoes, but tomato juice is called tomato juice

From the website Living Word

boyar. The word boyar comes from the fusion of two words: bo and ardent, where bo is an indication, and ardent is close in meaning to the word light, fiery. Boyar means he is an ardent husband.

Word marriage in the meaning of marriage and the word marriage in the meaning of flaw are homonyms, that is, words with the same sound, but in no way related to each other in meaning. The word marriage ( matrimony) comes from the Old Slavonic language, in which it meant marriage and is formed from the verb brother ( take) using the suffix -k (similar to know-sign). The connection of the word marriage with this verb is confirmed by the expression to marry, and there is also a dialectal brother - to marry, Ukrainian brat - got married. By the way, in those days the word brother meant to carry. There is a version that the reverse process took place - from the word marriage, there was a verb brother.

Word marriage in the meaning of defect comes from the German word brack - lack, vice, which in turn is formed from the verb brechen - to break, to break. This borrowing took place in the time of Peter the Great, and since then there have been two different marriages in the Russian language and one more reason for a joke.

Den - the lair of Ber, the spirit of the elements, whose symbol is the bear. In English, the bear is still called Ber - bear, and also in German - Bär. From the root ber originate such words as amulet, coast.

Poor- the word comes from the word trouble. The poor is not the one who has little money, but the one who is pursued by troubles.

Antonym of the word - word rich It also has nothing to do with money. Rich is the one who carries God within him.

Know, know- the word is related to the Sanskrit veda (usually translated as "know") and words with the root vid (usually translated as "see", "know". compare English wit- to know, to know, to know; witch - witch; witness - a witness, literally it will turn out "seeing"). Both words come from the "Proto-Indo-European root" weid.

Year, year- this word until about the 16th century meant a favorable period of time, and what we now call a year used to be called summer. Hence the words chronicle, chronology. Somewhere since the 16th century, the words year and summer received their modern meaning, but at the same time, the word summer is still sometimes used to denote the calendar year, for example, in the word chronology. Most likely, the words year and year - came from the same root, but later acquired a different meaning. Words such as wait, weather, suitable, pleasing, suitable come from them.

It is noteworthy that in foreign languages ​​the branches derived from the root year retained the meaning of something good, auspicious. Compare:

good (English), gut (German), god (Swedish) - good;
God (English), Gott (German) - God.

The words jahr (German), year (English), denoting the year, come from the Slavic root yar. The ancient name for spring is yara. It turns out that the Germans and the British count the time, if literally translated, by the springs, as we used to count by the summer.

It's like, for example, "Many Summers" - so what happens: that the year and summer have changed places :))))))

Tomorrow, breakfast. The etymology of the words tomorrow and breakfast is exactly the same from the preposition for and the word morning. Tomorrow, that's what will be after the morning.

Nature- this is what the god Rod created, putting a part of himself into his creation. Therefore, the creation of the Family is inextricably linked with it and is with the Family, and this is the essence of nature.

Modest- with chrome. Kroma is a wall, barrier, ramaka, hence the edge. A modest person is a person who limits himself, his behavior, that is, a person with limits, with chrome.

Thanks- save +bo. Thank you - God bless you.

From Wikipedia

“Most of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is native, Indo-European. However, the long neighborhood with non-Slavic peoples, of course, left its mark on the vocabulary of the Proto-Slavic language.

In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. the language was influenced by the Iranian languages. Basically, this is a cult and military vocabulary: god, rai, Svarog, Khars, ax, grave, sto, bowl, vatra ("fire"), kour, korda ("sword"), for the sake of it.

In the II century. the Slavs encountered the Goths, who were heading from the southern Baltic to the middle reaches of the Dnieper. Most likely, it was then that a significant number of Germanic borrowings (Old. sl. hleb, Russian. bread (*hlaib-) from the Gothic hlaifs; st.-sl.hyzhina, Russian hut (*hūz-) at Pragerm. hūs; st.-sl. knѧѕ, Russian. prince (*kŭnĭng-) from the Gothic. kunings; st.-sl. dish \ dish, Russian. dish (*bjeud-) from the gothic. biuÞs; st.-sl. shtouzhd, russian alien (*tjeudj- and others) from the Gothic. Þiuda (hence German Deutsch), st.-sl. sword, Russian sword (*mekis) from the Gothic. *mekeis."

From the site of the Slavs

The Indo-European name of the bear was lost, which was preserved in Greek - άρκτος, reproduced in the modern term "Arctic". In the Proto-Slavic language, it was replaced by the taboo phrase *medvědъ - "honey eater". This designation is now common Slavonic. The Indo-European name of the sacred tree among the Slavs turned out to be forbidden. We find the old Indo-European root *perkuos in the Latin quercus and in the name of the pagan god Perun. The sacred tree itself in the common Slavic language, and then in the Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat developed from it, acquired a different form - * dǫb

...... Actually, the name Arthur means bear ... although there is another option - bear, or Beorn, that is, Ber. Some believe that the name of the capital of Germany, Berlin, came from this word.

As well as:

Moron
the Greek word [idiot] did not originally contain even a hint of mental illness. In ancient Greece, it meant "private person", "separate, isolated person." It is no secret that the ancient Greeks were very responsible in public life and called themselves "polites". Those who shied away from participation in politics (for example, did not go to the polls) were called "idiotes" (that is, they were engaged only in their personal narrow interests). Naturally, conscious citizens did not respect "idiots", and soon this word acquired new contemptuous shades - "limited, undeveloped, ignorant person." And already among the Romans, the Latin idiota means only "ignorant, ignorant", from where there are two steps to the meaning of "stupid".

Scoundrel
But this word is Polish in origin and meant only "a simple, humble person." So, the well-known play by A. Ostrovsky "Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man" was shown in Polish theaters under the title "Notes of a scoundrel". Accordingly, all non-gentry belonged to the "vile people".

Rogue
Rogue, rogue - words that came into our speech from Germany. The German schelmen meant "swindler, deceiver". Most often, this was the name of a fraudster posing as another person. In G. Heine's poem "Shelm von Berger", this role is played by the Bergen executioner, who appeared at a secular masquerade, pretending to be a noble person. The duchess, with whom he danced, caught the deceiver by tearing off his mask.

Mymra"Mymra" is a Komi-Permyak word and it is translated as "gloomy". Once in Russian speech, it began to mean, first of all, an unsociable homebody (in Dahl's dictionary it is written: "mymrit" - to sit at home without getting out.") Gradually, they began to call "mymra" simply an unsociable, boring, gray and gloomy person.

bastard "Bastards" - in Old Russian the same thing as "dragging". Therefore, the bastard was originally called all sorts of garbage, which was raked into a heap. This meaning (among others) is also preserved by Dahl: "A bastard is everything that is skewered or dragged into one place: weeds, grass and roots, litter, dragged by a harrow from arable land." Over time, this word began to define ANY crowd gathered in one place. And only then they began to call them all kinds of despicable people - drunks, thieves, vagrants and other asocial elements.

Scoundrel
The fact that this person is not fit for something is, in general, understandable ... But in the 19th century, when recruiting was introduced in Russia, this word was not an insult. So they called people who were not fit for military service. That is, if he did not serve in the army, then he is a scoundrel!

Word dude , despite its wide distribution, has not yet received a qualified etymology in the scientific literature. On the contrary, the word dude , attested at the beginning of the century in thieves' slang in the meaning of "prostitute", was once considered by A.P. Barannikov, who analyzed it as a derivative of gypsies. obviously"guy", i.e. "thief's friend"

Interestingly, have you ever wondered what the word "Russian" means? What meaning does it have in the Slavic languages, besides being the name of one of the Slavic peoples? Surely, many will immediately find a quick and, it seems, lying on the surface answer: “Russians” began to be called representatives of our people because of the color of their hair (“blond” hair). However, the answers that lie on the surface are not always correct ...

Modern scientists have established that in ancient times in the Slavic languages ​​the words "Rus" and "Russian" had no meaning. And from this it follows that these words themselves are non-Slavic. Moreover, if we continue the reasoning, it turns out that the people or peoples who bore these names in ancient times were also not Slavs. In any case, before meeting with the Slavs, and for some time after meeting with them, the Rus themselves were not Slavs.

In addition, some scholars noticed that in ancient documents the very name of the people with the name “Rus” was different - rugs, horns, rutens, ruyi, ruyans, wounds, rens, rus, ruses, dews, rosomones, roxalans. True, other scientists categorically disagree with this opinion, arguing that completely different peoples are represented under different names similar in consonance in ancient sources.

But the search for the meaning of the words "Rus" and "Russian" continued. And it turned out that it, this meaning in different languages ​​is different! In one case, this word is translated as “red”, “red” (from the Celtic languages). In another case - as “light”, “white” (from Iranian languages). In the third case, the name “Rus” is derived from the Swedish “rods” (rowers on oared boats) ...

So, for many years, discussions about the ethnic origin of the Rus have been going on in historical science. Who were they? What ethnic group did they belong to?

In general, for the first time the word "Russian" is mentioned in the story about the events of the 4th century AD. True, this mention is given in a source written a whole thousand years later, in the XIV century. It is the Byzantine writer of the first half of the 14th century Nicephorus Grigora who speaks of Russian prince, who in the first third of the 4th century held a court position under Emperor Constantine. At the end of the same IV century, some " Russians howls" fought with the Byzantine emperor Theodosius, and also attacked the "Selunsky city".

Since the 6th century, the name "Rus" already constantly found in various sources - in Arabic, Western European, Byzantine. Moreover, these Russ operate throughout Europe: from the Caucasus to the Pyrenees, from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Here are just a few lesser-known examples:

773–774 The French poem about Ogier the Dane (XII-XIII centuries) mentions Russian Count Erno, who led Russian a detachment that defended Pavia - the capital of the Lombards - from the troops of Charlemagne. In Northern Italy Russians occupied the area of ​​Garda near Verona.

OK. 778 The Song of Roland (records of the 12th-14th centuries) calls Russ among the opponents of the Frankish army.

End of VIII - beginning of IX century. In the poem "Sesi" Russian the giant Fierabras stands on the side of Giteklen-Widukind of Saxony against Charlemagne. "Fierabras from Russia"- a giant" with a beautiful mane of blond and curly hair, a reddish beard and a scarred face.

OK. 821 The geographer of Bavaria calls Russ next to the Khazars, as well as some rosov somewhere in the interfluve of the Elbe and Sala: Atorosy, Vilirosy, Hozirosy, Zabrosy.

844 Al-Yakubi reports an attack Russ to Seville in Spain.

The list of these references can be continued for quite a long time. Moreover, in this case, references are given, so to speak, "non-traditional", not related to the future Russian state, which arose at the end of the 9th century in the lands of the Eastern Slavs.

In general, scientists have found that on the map of ancient Europe in the 1st-9th centuries, that is, when the Old Russian state did not yet exist, the name "Rus" was very common. Today it is known that some four different Russ were in the Baltics. In Eastern Europe, the name "Rus" can be found on the banks of the Dnieper, on the Don, in the Carpathian Mountains, at the mouth of the Danube, on the coast of the Azov and Caspian Seas, in the Crimea. In Western Europe - on the territory of modern Austria, as well as in Thuringia and Saxony. In addition, some kind of "Rus" ("Ruzzika") was part of the kingdom of the Vandals in North Africa.

What were these Russians? Were they related? Did they have anything to do with the creation of the Russian state in the future on the territory of the Eastern Slavs? And if they had, then which Ruses? These are all big mysteries...

We are also offered to solve riddles by those sources that tell about the birth of the Russian state, including the famous Russian chronicles. The fact is that already in the most ancient domestic sources, different versions of the origin of "Rus" are set forth, contradicting each other. The Tale of Bygone Years presents two versions of the origin of the Rus. The most ancient version identified the "Rus" with the tribe of the Polyans and led them, along with other Slavs, from the upper reaches of the Danube, from Norik. According to another version that appeared at the end of the 11th century, the Rus are a Varangian tribe “called” to reign in Novgorod, who then transferred the name “Rus” to the Kievan land under Oleg Veshchem. (It is interesting that the inhabitants of Kyiv, including the princes of Kyiv, did not know the name "Rurik" until the end of the 11th century, and they considered Prince Igor to be the founder of the dynasty). Another, third version, is presented in the “Tale of Igor's Campaign”, the author of which connected the origin of the Rus with the Northern Black Sea region and the Don basin. (By the way, the author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign also does not know the legend about the calling of Prince Rurik and does not even mention him, and this is already the end of the 12th century!)

But in one thing, the majority of both domestic and foreign written sources agree - the Slavs and Russ up to the 10th century. were completely different peoples. The Slavs are peaceful farmers who themselves choose the head of their tribal union. Russ are excellent merchants and warriors who had a consanguineous community with a strict hierarchy, subordination of “younger” to “senior”. According to the testimony of contemporaries, the Rus were the social elite of Kievan Rus and dominated the Slavs. Arab geographers wrote about this in the 9th–10th centuries, the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (X century), The Tale of Bygone Years, and many others.

At the beginning of the 17th century, a new version arose, the creator of which was the Swede P. Petrey, who first called the Rus - Swedes. In the XVIII century, this version was developed by German historians who were in the service of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The first of them was Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer, who was invited to Russia in 1725. He believed that the Rus and the Varangians were one Norman (i.e., German-Scandinavian) tribe that brought statehood to the Slavic peoples. True, Bayer, having decided to deal with the question of the beginning of Russia, did not know the Russian language and was not going to learn it. Bayer's followers in the 18th century. there were also Germans - G. Miller and L. Schlozer. Thus arose the Norman theory of the origin of the Rus, which still exists.

Norman scientists were immediately sharply objected by M.V. Lomonosov, convinced that the Rus, who came to the Eastern Slavs, by that time were already Slavs themselves and spoke the Slavic language.

And since then, in the domestic and foreign historical literature, there has been a constant, ongoing discussion - who are the Rus? For almost three centuries, several opinions, several points of view on this matter have been established in the scientific world. However, it must be borne in mind that none of the theories of the ethnic origin of the Rus' given below can be considered definitively proven. Historical science continues to be in search of...

The first point of view: the Rus are Slavs.“Inside” this point of view, too, there are two different opinions. Some historians consider the Rus to be Baltic Slavs and argue that the word “Rus” is close to the names “Rügen”, “Ruyan”, “rugs” (Princess Olga in the 10th century is called “Queen of Rugs” by Western European sources). In addition, many Arab geographers describe a certain “island of the Rus” three days long, which coincides with the size of about. Rügen.

Other historians recognize the Rus as inhabitants of the Middle Dnieper. They notice that the word “ros” (River Ros) is found in the Dnieper region, and most Arabic sources clearly place the Rus in the south of Eastern Europe. And the name “Russian Land” in the annals originally denoted the territory of the glades and northerners (Kyiv, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl), on whose lands there are no signs of the influence of the Baltic Slavs. True, these scholars admit that the word "Rus" is not Slavic, but Iranian. But they believe that the Dnieper Slavs borrowed this name from the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes long before the formation of the Old Russian state.

The second point of view: the Rus are Normans-Scandinavians. In support of their opinion, Norman scientists adduce several arguments. Firstly, the Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, in his essay “On the Administration of the Empire” gave the names of the rapids on the Lower Dnieper in Slavic and Russian. According to the Normanists, the Russian names for the rapids are Scandinavian names. Secondly, in the agreements concluded by Prince Oleg Veshchim and Igor Stary with Byzantium, the names of the Rus are mentioned, which are also clearly not Slavic. The Normanists decided that they were also of German origin, and the names Oleg and Igor were the Scandinavian “Helgu” and “Ingvar”. Thirdly, the Finns and Estonians from ancient times called Sweden “Ruotsi”, and in Sweden, next to Finland, the province of Roslagen was located.

Research by other scientists has shown that all three of these arguments can be refuted. First of all, the names of the Dnieper rapids are explained more precisely not from Scandinavian languages, but from Iranian languages, in particular from the Alanian (Ossetian) language. The names of the Rus in treaties with Byzantium are of Alanian, Celtic, Venetian, Estonian origin, but not Germanic. In particular, the name Oleg has a parallel in the Iranian name Khaleg. The Normanists abandoned the third argument as early as the 19th century, noting that the name “Roslagen” appeared only in the 13th century, and the Finns also called Livonia by the name “Ruotsi” (Finnish “Land of Rocks”).

The third point of view: the Rus are the Sarmatian-Alanian people, the descendants of the Roxolans. The word “rus” (“ruhs”) in Iranian languages ​​means “light”, “white”, “royal”. According to one version, on the territory of the Middle Dnieper and Don region in the VIII - early IX centuries. there was a strong state of the Rus-Alans Russian Khaganate. It also included the Slavic tribes of the Dnieper and Don region - glade, northerners, radimichi. The Russian Khaganate is known to both Western and Eastern written sources of the 9th century. In the same 9th century, the Russian Khaganate was defeated by the Hungarian nomads, and many Rus-Alans ended up being one of the initiators of the creation of the Old Russian state. It is not for nothing that many traces of Alanian culture have been preserved in Kievan Rus, and some historians consider the princes Oleg the Prophetic and Igor the Old to come from the Russian Khaganate.

The fourth point of view: the Rus are Rugs who lived in Europe inI– Vcenturies Where the rugs came from is unknown. It is only known that the Rugs were close to the Celts or the northern Illyrians. In the 1st century AD the Rugs lived along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in what is now northern Germany and on the island of Rügen (the Rugs are mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus, who lived in the 1st century AD). At the beginning of the III century. AD tribes of the Germans invaded Europe from Scandinavia - ready. The invasion of the Goths scattered the Roogs across Europe. Some of them remained on the island of Rügen and on the coast of the Baltic Sea closest to the island. The other part moved east, to the Baltic. And another large group of rugs went south, to the Roman Empire. There they received permission to settle near the borders of the state of the Romans - along the Danube River, in the Roman province of Norik (on the territory of present-day Austria). In the 5th century AD, these rugs founded their own state here - Rugiland. By the way, Rugiland in written sources is called “Russia”, “Ruthenia. "Reuss" and "Roisland" as special counties existed for a long time in Thuringia. “Ruthenia” was also called Fr. Rügen.

Rugiland, as an independent state, existed for several decades. But in the second half of the VI century. he was attacked by the conquerors. Some rugs left Rugiland and went to the East. Near the Danube River, they met with the Slavs, gradually became Slavic and began to be called "Rus". Then, together with the Slavs, the Rus moved to the banks of the Dnieper. Archaeological excavations confirm two waves of such migration: at the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th centuries. and in the second quarter of the 10th c. (Dnieper tribe - glade-Rus).

Rugi, who remained to live on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea and on about. Rügen, in the 7th-8th centuries. mixed with the Slavs and Varangians. Soon, the Baltic rugs began to be called Russ, Ruyans or Rutens. And the island of Rügen began to be called Ruyen, Ruden or Russia. At the beginning of the ninth century Slavic-speaking Russes, forced out of their native lands by the Franks, began to move east along the coast of the Baltic Sea. In the second half of the ninth century they reached the lands of the Ilmen Slovenes, who called the new settlers Varangians-Rus.

Fifth point of view. Trying to take into account all these facts, indicating the existence of completely different “Rus”, the modern historian A.G. Kuzmin proposed another version of the origin of the Rus. In his opinion, the word “rus” is very ancient and existed among various Indo-European peoples, denoting, as a rule, the dominant tribe, clan. This explains its meaning in different languages ​​- “red”, “light”. Both the one and the other color among the ancient peoples were signs of a dominant tribe, a “royal” family.

In the early Middle Ages, three unrelated peoples, bearing the name "Rus", survived. The first are the rugs that originated from the northern Illyrians. The second are the Ruthenians, possibly a Celtic tribe. The third are the “Rus-Turks”, the Sarmatian-Alans of the Russian Khaganate in the steppes of the Don region. By the way, medieval Arabic authors know them as “three types of Russ”. All these Ruses were in contact at different times with Slavic tribes, were neighbors of the Slavs, and later became Slavic.

In the lands of the Eastern Slavs, the Ruses of different ethnic origin came in different ways and from different places - from the Baltic, from the Danube, from the banks of the Don and the Dnieper. On the East Slavic territory, different Russ united into a “Russian clan”, which became the ruling clan in the Russian state they created. That is why in the IX-XII centuries. in ancient Russia there were at least four genealogical traditions, i.e. four versions of the origin of the "Russian family". They name different "ancestors" of the Rus: in "The Tale of Bygone Years" - Kiy (a native of the Danube), Rurik (a native of the Western Baltic), Igor (a native of either the Eastern Baltic, or from the Don), and in "The Tale of the Regiment Igor" - Troyan (possibly a native of the Black Sea region). And behind each of these legends there were certain traditions, political and social forces and certain interests, including the claims of certain Rus to power in the Old Russian state.

That's how many mysteries are generated by a seemingly very simple question - what does the word "Russian" mean? That's how many mysterious pages of history are revealed before us when we begin to look for the answer to this question. But how many pages of history are still closed for us, still waiting for their discoverer! Well, for example, in the Eastern Baltic there were two "Russii" incomprehensible to us - "Black", or "Black" (in the upper reaches of the Neman) and "White" (along the Western Dvina). An even greater mystery is the Black Sea Rus, which is sometimes associated with the Indo-Aryans. Later, in Russian chronicles, the mysterious “Purgas Rus” is mentioned ...

Only one thing is clear - different peoples took part in the creation of the Old Russian state, but one remained the main one - the Slavs. However, you know, but the origin of the Slavs is also a big and even a very big historical mystery. They usually consider...

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😉 Greetings to new and regular readers! Friends, the origin of words is a very interesting topic. We rarely think about the origin of the familiar words we use in conversation and writing. But they, like people, have their own history, their own destiny.

The Word can tell us about its parents, about its nationality and about its origin. Etymology is the science of language.

The word (or root) whose etymology needs to be established correlates with related words (or roots). A common generating root is revealed. As a result of the removal of layers of later historical changes, the original form and its meaning are established. I present to you several stories of the origin of words in Russian.

The origin of some words in Russian

Aviation

From Latin avis (bird). Borrowed from French - aviation (aviation) and aviateur (aviator). These words were coined in 1863 by photographer Nedar and novelist Lalandel. They flew in balloons.

Avral

A term common among sailors and port workers. From Dutch overal (get up! everyone up!). Now emergency work is called urgent hasty work on a ship (ship), performed by its entire team.

Scuba

It was borrowed from English. The first part is the Latin aqua - "water", and the second is the English lung - "light". The modern meaning of the word scuba is “an apparatus for breathing a person under water. It consists of cylinders with compressed air and a breathing apparatus.

Scuba gear was invented in 1943 by the famous French navigator and explorer J.I. Cousteau and E. Gagnan.

alley

In Russian, the word "alley" has been used since the beginning of the 18th century. From the French verb aller - "to go, walk." The word "alley" is used in the sense of "a road planted on both sides with trees and shrubs."

Pharmacy

The word is known in Russian already at the end of the 15th century. The Latin apotheka goes back to the original Greek - apotheka, formed from apotithemi - "I put aside, I hide." Greek - apotheka (warehouse, storage).

Asphalt

Greek - asphaltos (mountain resin, asphalt). In Russian, the word "asphalt" has been known since ancient times as the name of a mineral. And from the beginning of the XVI century. the word "asphalt" is found already with the meaning "building material".

Bank

Italian - banco (bench, moneychanger's counter), later "office", randomly from the Germanic languages ​​from bank ("bench").

Bankrupt

The primary source is the Old Italian combination bankca rotta, literally - “broken, broken bench” (counter, office). This is due to the fact that initially the offices of ruined bankers, declared bankrupt, were subjected to destruction.

Banquet

Italian - banketto (bench around the table). In Russian - from the 17th century. Now "banquet" means "a solemn dinner party or dinner."

Wardrobe

It is a borrowing from French, where garderob - from - "store" and robe - "dress". The word came to be used in two senses:

1. dress storage cabinet
2. Storage room for outerwear in public buildings

nonsense

At the end of the last century, the French physician Gali Mathieu treated his patients with jokes. He gained such popularity that he did not have time for all the visits. He sent his healing puns by mail. This is how the word “nonsense” arose, which at that time meant a healing joke, a pun.

Blinds

French - jalousie (envy, jealousy).

Conclusion

Origin of words: where did they come from, from what languages ​​of the world do words come into the Russian language? There are many such languages, but first of all, Greek and Latin should be mentioned.

From them borrowed a large number of terms, scientific and philosophical vocabulary. All this is not accidental. Greek and Latin are the ancient languages ​​of highly cultured peoples that have influenced the culture of the whole world.

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Lesson goals.

Creating conditions for each student to understand the role of comparative historical analysis in determining the lexical meaning of words.

Development of creative, critical and heuristic thinking.

Education of a value attitude to the origins of the Russian language.

Lesson objectives.

1. To form a positive motivation for the studied section of linguistics.
2. To teach to argue the relationship of words through comparative historical analysis.
3. Develop the ability to use an etymological dictionary.
4. Learn how to solve etymological problems.
5. Help students realize their creative and analytical skills.

Used technologies: theory of development of critical thinking, heuristic technologies, problematic method.

During the classes

Stage 1.

Student motivation

Everything has a name - both the beast and the object.
There are a lot of things around, but there are no nameless ones ...
Language is both old and forever new!
And it's so beautiful
In the vast sea - the sea of ​​​​words -
Bathe daily!

The language in which we think and speak is always a reflection of our essence. But how often do we think, for some reason or another phenomenon, an object is called so? Do you want to discover the secret of the birth of words by looking into the depths of centuries? Our lesson will help you with this.

This lesson does not apply to any of the sections of linguistics studied in the school curriculum. But it is closely related to each of them. Knowledge of phonetics will help you understand the phonetic processes occurring in our language. Morphemics and word formation will give new discoveries. Morphology is also indispensable here. Do you want to know why all the names of nationalities are nouns and only Russians are an adjective? Dare! All in your hands!

Stage 2.

Setting lesson goals

Are you good at setting goals and achieving them? Let's try! Set your goals for today's lesson. Write them down in a notebook.

Get to know the goals of the other students (for this I suggest you exchange notebooks with your nearest neighbors). Maybe there are some of your like-minded people among them. After all, it is much easier to go to the intended goal if you feel a friendly shoulder nearby.

Formulate questions that you would like to receive answers to in our lesson. (Questions are put on the board)

Select those of the other students' questions that you can now answer. Share your knowledge with them.

Reflection of activity.

1. What feelings and sensations did you have while working on the goals?
2. What are your main results in completing the assignment? What made it possible to achieve them?

Stage 3

The topic of our lesson is “Fascinating etymology”. Who knows what etymology is? By the second root, you can guess that this is science. But science about what?

Back in 1806, N. Yanovsky gave the following definition of etymology: "Word origin, word production; true product of the beginning of words or an explanation of their exact meaning." What do you think, which of the words of this definition is a translation from the Greek. etymon? - "truth, the true meaning of the word." So, today we will be engaged in the search for the truth with you!

Pay attention to the second version of the topic of our lesson. What word fascinates in it? Maybe "secrets"? Try to name a few associations for this word. Do any of you among these associations have the word “detective”? I don't know why, but it was this association that led me to the idea of ​​inviting you to the detective agency today.

What do you think the name of our detective agency will be? Suggest your name for this agency. Don't forget the theme of our lesson!

Exercise 1. "Detective agency"

Purpose: to give a name to the detective agency.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Think about the name of a detective agency that deals with the etymology of words. Suggest your agency name. Maybe you can suggest several variants of the name?
2. Try to imagine what the agency's premises look like. You can use the Paint program and reflect your ideas in the attached file. If you do not like to draw, you can capture your sketch in writing. Justify the need for things you have chosen as attributes of a detective agency.
3. Reflection: Ask our fictional detective a question. What would you like to ask him?

And we boldly open the doors and enter the detective agency "Look at the root." How do you understand the word "see"? And what, from your point of view, does the expression in the name of our agency mean?

The word "root" has many meanings. Choose from the proposed values ​​the one that matches our topic:

1. Underground part of plants.
2. The internal part of the tooth, hair, located in the body.
3. Root of the equation.
4. In words (in linguistics: the main, significant part of the word).
5. Beginning, origin, source of something.

Stage 4

Every science has its own discoverer. We have a “identikit” of this person.

Task 2. "Identikit"

Purpose: to develop observation, the ability to see the "invisible", to learn how to create a characterization of a person according to his external data.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Describe the presented portrait. Imagine what this person could be, paying attention to the look, forehead, chin, face oval.
2. Compare your guesses with those of other students. Note which probable qualities you missed, and which ones you noted with particular accuracy.
3. Reflection. Describe how you feel when you complete this task. Is it true that the eyes are the window to the soul?

Before us is a portrait of A. Kh. Vostokov. Let's turn the pages of history...

The island of Saaremaa (Ezele), the city of Ahrensburg (later Kingisepp, now Kuressaare), which is on the coast of the Gulf of Riga. March 16, 1781. A boy was born in the German Ostenek family. Happy parents named the newborn Alexander. Could they then assume that their son in the near future would change his surname Ostenek to Vostokov, would consider himself Russian and go down in the history of world science as an outstanding Russian philologist, although they predicted a different future for him, prepared for another career.

But the most favorite pastime of A.Kh. Vostokova was to compare, contrast the words of different languages, find common and different in them.

This is a very exciting activity. So many interesting things to discover! Have you ever tried to match words from different languages? Of course, to do this, you need to know languages. But if you study in a serious educational institution, then you study not even one, but several languages, including, perhaps, ancient ones: Latin, Old Slavonic. Here are the cards for you.

In the archive of manuscripts A.Kh. Vostokov keeps a small notebook (only eight sheets), on which is written in his hand: "Root and primitive words of the Slavic language." Can you guess what these words are that the researcher called indigenous and primitive? This means that not all words were of interest to A.Kh. Vostokov, but consisting only of the root, the most ancient, primitive. Think about what a capacious definition for words - primitives. These are the first formed (then derivatives will be created from them, nests of related words will form, and the primitives will head them, become the tops of word-forming nests) and, as it were, conveying the first image, i.e. the characteristic that served as the basis for the name.

Want to know a little more about this amazing man? Let's call on the help of the Internet and the queen of science, the Book. With their help, you can answer the question: What contribution did A. Kh. Vostokov make to the development of etymology?

It will be yours homework.

Purpose: understanding the significance of the scientist's contribution to the development of science.

The task can be completed in the following ways:

1. A letter of thanks to A. Kh. Vostokov from the distant future.
2. Ode "On the day of the discovery of great etymology."
3. Your variant

Stage 5

And we will continue our acquaintance with the detective of the agency “Look at the Root” and will try to look “inside” the words together with him.

We are so accustomed to words ... We read, write, talk, laugh, joke, sing, and even quarrel. We need language like we need air. But how rarely do we think about how the word appeared, what is its history and origin. Etymology studies the history and origin of the word, and is an important section of the history of the language, without knowing which we can only describe facts, objects, almost completely without explaining them. Science explains them.

However, the establishment of the "original" meaning of the word does not exhaust the tasks of etymological research. In their development, words usually undergo various changes. In particular, the sound image of the word is changing. For example, the ancient form in the morning in modern Russian it sounds like tomorrow. The restoration of an older form often makes it possible to clarify the etymology of the word. That's the way it is with the word tomorrow. In itself, it is etymologically incomprehensible. And here is the form in the morning puts everything in its place: morning - tomorrow is the time that follows the morning.

Task 3. "Let's follow"

Purpose: to get acquainted with etymological dictionaries, to learn, using comparative phonetic analysis, to distinguish from the presented words words formed by changes at the phonetic level.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Get acquainted with etymological dictionaries, for example, with the “Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language” by P.Ya. same authors; “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” G.P. Tsyganenko.
2. Carefully consider the construction of entries in these dictionaries. What information do they carry?
3. Compare the words of the modern language and the original ones, i.e. the words from which the data was formed.
4. Mark those of them in the formation of which phonetic changes are observed.
5. Write down 5-10 words you found and send to the forum.
6. Check out other students' answers. Ask them to prove the presence of phonetic changes in the words that interest you.

stage 6

To restore the oldest stages of the history of the word available to us, to reveal the reasons that led to the emergence of the word, to determine its closest “relatives” - these are the main tasks facing etymology.

Such tasks are now before us.

Task 4. "Find relatives"

Purpose: to trace the “pedigree” of words up to its etymological birth, to learn how to argue the relationship of words through comparative historical analysis.

1. Words given: swamp, lord, wet, hairy, volost, cure, elbow, possess, get along, passion. Among them there are three words that go back to the same common Slavic root. Find them.
2. Group the following words into derivational nests: crafty, bend, ray, radiant, lukomorye, torch, basket, radiant, pay, archer, chance, better.

Task 5. “Let's take it apart”

Purpose: to compare the morphemic structure of words from a modern and historical point of view.

Reflection tasks 3-5.

By completing the previous tasks, you have become more closely acquainted with what etymology does. You have explored the origin of words, the historical processes that take place within words. Try to compose a syncwine with the word "etymology".

Algorithm for compiling a syncwine:

Line 1 – noun (“etymology”)

Line 2 - 2-3 adjectives that you associate with this noun

3rd line - 2-3 verbs

Line 4 - a noun that is an antonym for this concept for you (fashionably situational)

5 line - a phrase reflecting our concept

If some of you have not yet met with the compilation of syncwines, then maybe this example will help you understand the essence of the task:

Coniferous, green, immense
Grows, fascinates, gives
Generous Siberian taiga
Take care!

Stage 7

There are many different games in the world. But is it possible to play etymology? It turns out you can. Such a game was invented by linguists, pursuing an entertaining, humorous goal, since they deliberately gave a false etymological interpretation of the words of the Russian language, hence the unusual name "pseudo-etymology".

Take for example the word lefty. It was formed from the adjective left + sha and means "a person who does everything with his left hand." But you can also give a playful interpretation: to the noun a lion add a suffix -w-, the word was formed lefty meaning "female lion". Or, for example, the word contract in scientific etymology has the meaning “agreement”, then in pseudoetymology dog-o-thief will mean “a person stealing dogs”.

The following words can be explained in the same way: breakfast- "dreaming about the future" insured- "intimidated" colic- "syringes" superman- soup lover blank- "stupid woman", banker- sweeping bank solarium- "the place of extraction of salt."

In pseudoetymology, the main thing is to find such a sound complex in a given word that would to some extent resemble the sound complexes of the root part of another word that is close to the first one. It is the sound that is linked to the content. For example, martin- "a woman in flippers." Thus, pseudoetymology is a deliberate misinterpretation of a word based on the sound similarity of words that have different meanings.

Task 6. “Pseudo-etymological dictionary”

Purpose: to compile your own “pseudo-etymological” dictionary.

Execution algorithm:

1. Take a look around you. Make a list of objects, phenomena that surround you. You can pick up adjectives, verbs for them.
2. Try to look at the written words from a different point of view, unusual for you. Maybe a swede will turn into a trouser leg for you, and a fork into a small country house.
3. Write down your definitions of items. Choose the most successful and interesting from your point of view.
4. Write down your vocabulary entries alphabetically.
5. If you wish, you can arrange the resulting dictionary. Get creative with it. Maybe there will be illustrations in it?

Task reflection: write a miniature “Is it difficult to be a linguist?”.

Stage 8

The word for us is the most important means of communication, a means of perception of works of fiction. But the word is also interesting in itself: each word has its own origin, its own history, its own phonetic and morphological appearance, its own meaning. All the words that we speak hold the secret of our birth. And it is very interesting to solve it. And of course, here you can not do without the most diverse literature - you want to look into encyclopedias and dictionaries, open a geographical atlas, look through history books. We'll have to reason, think logically, compare. But the result is worth it. After all, etymology is a science full of unsolved mysteries, mysteries that go back to the distant past, and the stubborn and inquisitive are sure to be discovered.

Etymology is a complex and multifaceted science. She always requires a creative approach. Here it is impossible, having learned a few specific rules, to wait for ready-made answers to all questions. In many cases, these answers are not yet available, yet to be obtained by future researchers.

Etymology is a science in which there is a place for discoveries and discoveries. For a long time to come, it will attract to itself those who are thoughtful about the word, are interested in its history, and seek to understand and explain the changes that are taking place in it.

Task 7. Lesson reflection.

1. Remember the content of the lesson. Mark which tasks were difficult for you, which ones were simple and uninteresting. Pick up epithets for each of the tasks.
2. At the beginning of the lesson, you formulated questions that you would like to receive an answer to. Mark the ones for which you received this answer. Are there any unanswered questions? Do not despair! After the lesson, together we will choose a direction and outline ways to find answers to your questions.
3. Remember your goals that you set at the beginning of the lesson. Which of them have you achieved? What helped you achieve your goals? Maybe it was some personal qualities? What else do you need to work on? Divide a sheet of paper into two halves. On the left write down those skills and abilities that you, from your point of view, already possess, and on the right - those that you still lack. If there are entries on the right side of the sheet, then you have something to strive for, then there is a goal ahead! I wish you success!