What is mime?

What is mime?

Mimicry (from Greek mimikos - imitative)- 1) expressive movements of the facial muscles in accordance with the experienced feelings, emotions, moods; 2) the art of expressing feelings and thoughts with the movements of the muscles of the face and the corresponding gestures. Therefore, facial expressions are called the language of feelings.

She can express joy, anger, sadness, resentment, attention, etc. If a person rejoices, the muscles of his face begin to move, all features seem to be raised up. The nasolabial folds change dramatically, arcuately diverging from the wings of the nose, first slightly upwards, and then downwards. When contracting, the large zygomatic muscles pull the corners of the lips back and up, the cheeks also rise up, forming small wrinkles under the eyes, at the outer corners. Eyebrows with a slight contraction of the frontal muscle take on a somewhat curved appearance. When laughing, the nose seems shorter due to the strongly pulled up cheeks and upper lip. The center of facial expression lies in the middle part of the face.

The feeling of anger expresses a furrowed forehead, contraction of the muscles that move the eyebrows, the pyramidal muscle and the upper part of the circular muscle of the eye. The inner ends of the eyebrows are shifted and lowered down.

Pronounced vertical folds appear in the space between the eyebrows. Lips tightly compressed. Cheeks look sunken. The bridge of the nose protrudes from under the overhanging eyebrows. The center of mimic expression is concentrated in the upper part of the face.

Feeling sad expressed by a general relaxation of the muscles, from which facial features seem to have fallen down and elongated. Characteristic horseshoe-shaped wrinkles appear on the forehead. The upper eyelid, somewhat hanging over the eye, rises up. The nose is lengthened, the bridge of the nose is pulled up. The corners of the lips go down, causing the nasolabial folds to stretch. Often the eyebrows take on an oblique direction, in which their inner ends rise up. The center of facial expression is in the upper part of the face.

Mimicry developed in a person historically and evolutionarily, as the primary means of communication. An endless range of experiences can be expressed in the language of facial expressions, a newborn uses it, and even in premature babies, facial movements (“grimaces of the embryo”) are recorded. From childhood, a person learns by imitation the generally accepted facial code so firmly that then his facial expressions seem natural, almost innate (grimace of crying, surprise, resentment, participation, attention, etc.).

Reflecting feelings and thoughts, mimic movements are an elementary language that complements speech, while the face acts as a kind of organ of expression (expressiveness), while mimic movements embody (involuntary) psychomotor reactions that are independent of the will of the person. Facial expressions are significantly influenced by race, various conditions in which a person finds himself. For example, the Indians of North and South America with a strong character have beautiful, monumental, impenetrable faces. When performing festive rituals, in hot military battles, in joys and sorrows, their faces remained calm, at first glance, indifferent and indifferent to everything. In fact, these people were able to experience “to themselves”, while not reflecting anything on their faces, without setting their facial muscles in motion. The African population, on the contrary, is smiling, good-natured, radiating with all facial features, a white-toothed smile, a gleam of big eyes, joy and fun, even regardless of the circumstances.

Naturally, expression depends on age. It is known that in childhood and youth, faces are more mobile than in mature and advanced years. The endless cheerful chatter of a child gives way to thoughts, experiences of a young man, an old man.

Alone with himself, a person does not think about his facial expressions, except for those cases when he works it out in advance and purposefully. Actually, the nuances of facial expressions are formed and developed in communication with others, in search of means to enhance their emotional and intellectual expressiveness. Thus, turning the individual qualities of a person "outward", facial expressions are one of the forms of social communication.

In everyday life, natural facial expressions are constantly interbedded with artificial ones, and the range of expressiveness is unusually large - from amimia (facelessness) to mimicry, expressing even the strongest affect. The sincerity and completeness of the reflection of the inner world is an ideal criterion for eliminating any falsehood. Spontaneous, involuntary facial expressions are the privilege of children and patients.

Analyzing facial expression, of course, one cannot be immune from mistakes, even taking into account eye movements, the position of the lips, gesture, posture, speech, finally. But when intuition is included in natural rational assessments, the determination of the true mental state by facial expression becomes more successful.

Well-thought-out methods of observing the external signs of the patient's condition, including facial features that are easily accessible to visual analysis, have been helping the doctor since the time of Hippocrates (and certainly earlier). And today, when instrumental methods of examining a patient are replacing direct observation at his bedside, we are forced to admit that the ability to see and differentiate suffering by the patient's face and facial expressions has not lost its significance.

The repetition of the same facial movements it is possible to achieve the development of a stereotype that fixes the facial expressions of one or another prevailing emotion. Artists do it professionally. The face is an instrument of human communication, and like any instrument, one must learn to master it. This is auto-training: it turns out that during voluntary training of facial muscles, the so-called reverse afferentation (feedback from the muscles to the brain) is created, recreating the corresponding emotions. And this is of great importance for self-regulation, because, by reflecting, say, joy, fun on the face, through training, one can achieve a noticeable improvement in the psychological mood. A person can and should control his face, watch his expression. Excessive affectation and deliberate demonstration of emotions is useless. Let you have open, friendly faces, the beauty and expressiveness of which will be emphasized by facial expressions developed by a good upbringing.

Facial expressions are complemented posture, gesture, features of movements.

abstract

« facial expressions of the human face »

1st year student

Group 131

specialties: Medicine

Fedin A.D.

teacher

Panasenkova T.S.

Introduction……………………………………………………..3-5

Types of facial expressions…………………………………………………….6

Emotional facial expression as a subject of facial expressions…….7

Determining facial expressions……………………………..8

Methods for diagnosing emotions by facial expression…..9-10

Mimic changes in the faces of patients……………………..11

Conclusion………………………………………………………… 12

List of sources used……………………….13

Introduction

People often say one thing and think something completely different. Therefore, it is important to learn to understand their true state. When transmitting information, only 7% is reported in words, 30% is expressed by the sound of the voice, and more than 60% goes through other non-verbal channels: look, facial expressions, etc.

People tend to say one thing and think something completely different, so it is very important to understand their true state. When transmitting information, only 7% of it is communicated through words (verbally), 30 percent is expressed by the sound of the voice (tones, intonation) and more than 60% goes through other non-verbal (look, gestures, facial expressions, etc.) channels.

For a correct understanding of the speaker, it is desirable to evaluate what is being said in the inseparable connection of words, speech, pantomime and other "accompanies" of communication, bringing one's perception to some completeness.

The emotions experienced in the soul, people usually express:

conventionally (in a standard way accepted in a given communication environment);

spontaneously (involuntarily).

When a partner seeks not to give away how he relates to what is being reported, everything can be limited to a simple conventional non-verbal hint, sometimes true, but more often disorienting.

People often weigh their words and control facial expressions, but a person is able to simultaneously monitor no more than two or three of all reactions born inside. This “information leakage” allows you, if you have the appropriate knowledge and experience, to identify those feelings and desires that the object would prefer to hide.

The reactions that involuntarily arise in people are purely individual and are well read only with excellent knowledge of the partner. Failure to understand this moment can lead to fatal self-deception in the knowledge of another person.

When evaluating personal expression, not only innate differences are taken into account, but also the influence of traditions, upbringing, environment and general life culture. It is desirable to be aware of both the background state (mood) of the individual and his reaction to some emerging stimulus (probing, act, situation).

Much more clearly than in men, the emotions present in women are visible, which are usually (though not always) easy to read. Success in hiding one's feelings depends on the nature of the person (it is more difficult for a choleric than for a phlegmatic person), the accompanying circumstances (affectability, surprise) and the experience of the perceiver.

When stimulating personal feelings, for greater persuasiveness, all expressive means are usually used in excess. Keep this fact in mind when appreciating the sincerity of other people and trying to portray your experiences.

Experiences that arise in the soul of a person are highlighted in his appearance and movements in a very definite way - this is probably the simplest and least controversial zone. We found that many people do not understand at all that communication can occur through facial expressions. They never tried to understand how it happens.

During business negotiations, you can observe the widest range of facial expressions: at one pole - an aggressively tough person who looks at negotiations as a place where you need to "do or die." This one usually looks you straight in the eyes, his eyes are wide open, his lips are firmly compressed, his eyebrows are furrowed, and he even sometimes speaks through his teeth, almost without moving his lips. At the other end of the spectrum, someone with impeccable manners, an infantile look from under closed eyelids, a slight veiled smile, peacefully arched eyebrows, without a single wrinkle on his forehead. He is probably a capable and approachable person who believes that cooperation is a dynamic process.

Under the influence of the feelings experienced by the individual, coordinated contractions and relaxations of various facial muscles are born, which determine a facial expression that perfectly reflects the emotions experienced. Since the state of the facial muscles is easy to learn to manage, the display of emotions on the face is often tried to mask, or even imitate.

The sincerity of human emotion is usually indicated by symmetry in the display of feelings on the face, while the stronger the falseness, the more the facial expressions of its right and left halves differ. Even easily recognizable facial expressions are sometimes very short-lived (fractions of a second) and often go unnoticed; to be able to intercept it, practice or special training is needed. At the same time, positive emotions (joy, pleasure) are more easily recognized than negative ones (sadness, shame, disgust).

The lips of a person are distinguished by special emotional expressiveness, which are not at all difficult to read (increased facial expressions of the mouth or biting the lips, for example, indicate anxiety, but a mouth twisted to one side indicates skepticism or mockery).

A smile on the face usually shows friendliness or a need for approval. A smile for a man is a good opportunity to show that he is in control of himself in any situation. A woman's smile is much more truthful and more often corresponds to her actual mood. Since smiles reflect different motives, it is advisable not to rely too much on their standard interpretation:

excessive smiling - the need for approval;

a wry smile is a sign of controlled nervousness;

a smile with raised eyebrows - a willingness to obey;

a smile with lowered eyebrows - showing superiority;

a smile without lifting the lower eyelids is insincerity;

a smile with a constant expansion of the eyes without closing them is a threat.

Typical facial expressions that communicate the emotions experienced are as follows:

joy: lips are twisted and their corners are pulled back, small wrinkles have formed around the eyes;

interest: the eyebrows are slightly raised or lowered, while the eyelids are slightly dilated or narrowed;

happiness: the outer corners of the lips are raised and usually laid back, the eyes are calm;

surprise: raised eyebrows form wrinkles on the forehead, while the eyes are dilated, and the parted mouth has a rounded shape;

disgust: eyebrows are lowered, the nose is wrinkled, the lower lip is protruded or raised and closed with the upper lip, the eyes seem to squint; the person seems to be choking or spitting;

contempt: the eyebrows are raised, the face is long, the head is elevated, as if a person is looking down on someone; he, as it were, moves away from the interlocutor;

fear: the eyebrows are slightly raised, but have a straight shape, their inner corners are shifted, horizontal wrinkles pass through the forehead, the eyes are dilated, and the lower eyelid is tense, and the upper one is slightly raised, the mouth can be open, and its corners are pulled back (an indicator of the intensity of emotion) ; when there is only the mentioned position of the eyebrows, then this is a controlled fear;

anger: the muscles of the forehead are drawn in and down, organizing a threatening or frowning expression of the eyes, the nostrils are dilated, the wings of the nose are raised, the lips are either tightly compressed or drawn back, assuming a rectangular shape and exposing clenched teeth, the face often reddens;

shame: the head is lowered, the face is turned away, the gaze is averted, the eyes are fixed downward or “run” from side to side, the eyelids are closed, and sometimes closed; the face is reddened, the pulse is quickened, breathing is interrupted;

grief: the eyebrows are drawn together, the eyes are dull, and the outer corners of the lips are sometimes somewhat lowered.

Knowing facial expressions during various emotions is useful not only in order to understand others, but also for the most thorough practice (usually in front of a mirror) of your working imitations.

Thus, if facial expressions are a movement of the muscles of the face, reflecting the internal emotional state of a communication partner, then the possession of facial expressions is necessary, in fact, for any person, but especially for those who, by the nature of their activities, have numerous contacts with people.

facial expressions(from other - Greek μῑμέομαι - to imitate) - "expressive movements of the muscles of the face, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain feelings of a person" or "movements of muscles in coordinated complexes, reflecting a variety of mental states of a person." “Approximately the same wording of the latter is given in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, but instead of “reflecting”, “corresponding to various mental states” is used. It should be noted that in these definitions, emphasis is placed on the reflective function of facial expressions, on its correspondence to the state of the psyche. The physical state of the body, apparently, is combined with the mental one, which can hardly be considered fair.<...>In addition, an important element of facial expressions is the gaze, which depends on the size of the pupil, the color of the iris, the luster of the cornea, which are not controlled by somatic muscles. In the definition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, only “feelings” are indicated as part of emotional processes, while it would be more correct to indicate the many forms of experiences in the form of “emotional states of a person”, which explains the meaning of the term from a psychophysiological point of view. Among other things, from a pathological point of view, in the definition of the word "facial expression" it is important to take into account somatic processes, since the face, according to Hippocrates, is the first indicator of the patient's condition, by which one can judge the state of health and identify "a number of diseases of the internal organs, which causes the appearance of quite peculiar memes<...>» . From an artistic and theatrical point of view, facial expressions are the ability or ability to arbitrarily use such muscle movements, which can be called "the art of expressing feelings and moods<...>”, “through gestures, postures and various facial expressions (min)”. For example, in the term of the beginning of the XX century. from the dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language, edited by Pavlenkov, there was an approximate and incomplete union of today's definitions of facial expressions, which was as follows:

“Movement of muscles corresponding to the work of the brain. But this movement can be produced artificially, both to achieve a resemblance to someone, and for greater expressiveness of the expressed thought (theatrical facial expressions).

In general, "as you can see, the most accurate definition of facial expressions is not yet available." Mimicry refers to expressive movements and is one of the links in the chain of various forms and methods of communication between people, and between representatives of the animal world during biocommunication. At the same time, mimic, including bodily, manifestations are usually called emotional expression, which are considered as the main defining components of emotions. In everyday life, facial expressions are called the "language of feelings", facial expression or expression, expression of emotions, or simply expressiveness.

Types of facial expressions

1 . According to I.A. Sikorsky, "facial facial expressions can be conveniently divided into three groups that correspond to the three main mental functions":

mind - the muscles surrounding the eyes are witnesses or spokesmen of mental acts;

· will - the muscles surrounding the area of ​​the mouth, which are associated with acts of will;

Feelings - nevertheless, in general, facial muscles that are able to express feelings.

2 . Distinguish:

involuntary (reflex) everyday facial expressions;

· arbitrary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, consisting of conveying the state of mind of the character with expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining the psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, just like speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another).
3 . Forms of mimic complexes

Amimia, which refers to the absence of visible facial expressions; with low mobility, facial expressions speak of hypomimia;

Intense facial expressions, accompanied by the motor skills of a tightly closed mouth with a corresponding tension in the upper part of the face;

Facial expressions of interest, characterized by a slight raising or lowering of the eyebrows, a slight expansion and narrowing of the eyelids, as if to increase the field of view or sharpen the focus of the eyes. Facial expressions of interest are quite common, as they are determined by positive emotion and are a type of motivation in the development of skills, knowledge and intelligence;

· Mimicry of a smile. Despite the outward simplicity, the facial expression of a smile is very polymorphic; it is not common during normal contact. A smile serves to pacify or distract from aggressive behavior, manifests itself when greeting.

Emotional facial expression as a subject of facial expressions

The facial expressions of a person's face, from the point of view of non-verbal psychology, are a very valuable source of information. Using it, we can determine what emotions a person experiences (anger, fear, sadness, grief, disgust, joy, satisfaction, surprise, contempt), as well as the strength of their manifestation. But despite the expressiveness of a person's face, it is it that often misleads us. However, the expressiveness, expression or facial expressions and inner experiences of a person are very difficult to separate from each other, which is why his concept includes the following components:

Designated (designatum) - the main characteristic of the perceived personality;

designation - a visual configuration that represents this characteristic;

means - physical bases and manifestations (skin, muscles, wrinkles, lines, spots, etc.);

Interpretation - individual features of perception, with which it is necessary to be careful and attentive, since from birth we get used to patterns and stereotypes of behavior, where a formal smile or, on the contrary, an expression of sadness become part of everyday life.

• Mimicry (from other Greek μῑμέομαι - imitate) - “expressive movements of the muscles of the face, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain feelings of a person” or “movements of muscles in coordinated complexes, reflecting a variety of mental states of a person” (L. M. Sukharebsky , 1966). “Approximately the same wording of the latter is given in the Great Medical Encyclopedia, but instead of “reflecting”, “corresponding to various mental states” is used. It should be noted that in these definitions, emphasis is placed on the reflective function of facial expressions, on its correspondence to the state of the psyche. The physical state of the body, apparently, is combined with the mental one, which can hardly be considered fair.<...>In addition, an important element of facial expressions is the gaze, which depends on the size of the pupil, the color of the iris, the luster of the cornea, which are not controlled by somatic muscles. In the definition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, only “feelings” are indicated as part of emotional processes, while it would be more correct to indicate many forms of experiences in the form of “emotional states of a person”, which explains the meaning of the term from a psychophysiological point of view. Among other things, from a pathological point of view, in the definition of the word "facial expression" it is important to take into account somatic processes, since the face, according to Hippocrates, is the first indicator of the patient's condition, by which one can judge the state of health and identify "a number of diseases of the internal organs, which causes the appearance of quite peculiar memes<...>"(Vorobiev V.P.). From an artistic and theatrical point of view, facial expressions are the ability or ability to arbitrarily use such muscle movements, which can be called "the art of expressing feelings and moods<...>”, “through gestures, postures and various facial expressions (min)”. For example, in the term of the beginning of the XX century. from the dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language, edited by Pavlenkov, there was an approximate and incomplete union of today's definitions of facial expressions, which was as follows:

  In general, "as you can see, the most accurate definition of facial expressions is not yet available." Mimicry refers to expressive movements and is one of the links in the chain of various forms and methods of communication between people, and between representatives of the animal world during biocommunication. At the same time, mimic, including bodily, manifestations are usually called emotional expression, which are considered as the main defining components of emotions. In everyday life, facial expressions are called the "language of feelings", facial expression or expression, expression of emotions or simply expressiveness.

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Mimicry and its varieties

Introduction

1. Development of facial expressions

2. Types of facial expressions

3. Analysis parameters

3.1 Typical facial expressions

5. A man's face is molded by his conscience and life.

Introduction

Facial expressions (Greek myichpzh - imitator) - expressive movements of the muscles of the face, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example, primates, often use facial expressions to express certain feelings.

Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness.

1. The development of facial expressions

Since ancient times, mankind has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of face reading was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, attaching importance to every bump, every redness or blanching of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of mimic muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, as their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced.

2. Types of facial expressions

Distinguish:

involuntary (reflex) everyday facial expressions;

· arbitrary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, consisting of conveying the state of mind of the character with expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining the psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, just like speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another).

3. Analysis Options

The face is the most important characteristic of the physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle of his face. Cortical control of the external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P.K. Anokhin, its adaptive features and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its arbitrary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation of emotional reactions adequately to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, can create a "language" of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific mimic signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components;

On the basis of its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);

in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a particular culture, expressions accepted in a social group, individual style of expression);

Phenomenologically (“topography of the mimic field”): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;

· in terms of those mental phenomena to which the given mimic signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of human perception of facial expressions surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.

3.1 Typical facial expressions

Typical Expressions face, reporting about experienced emotions are:

Joy: rough are twisted and their corners are pulled back, around small wrinkles formed in the eyes;

Interest: the eyebrows are slightly raised or lowered, while the eyelids slightly expanded or narrowed;

Happiness: outer corners of lips raised and usually allotted back, eyes calm;

Astonishment: raised eyebrows form wrinkles on the forehead, eyes with this is expanded, and the slightly open mouth has a rounded shape;

Disgust: eyebrows lowered, nose wrinkled, lower lip protruding or raised and closed with the upper lip, the eyes seem to squint; human, as if choking or spitting;

P vision , the eyebrow is raised, the face is extended, the head is raised, as if a person is looking down on someone; he seems to be moving away from the interlocutor;

Fear: eyebrows slightly raised but have direct shape, them internal the corners are shifted and horizontal wrinkles pass through the forehead, eyes widened, and bottom eyelid tense, a top slightly raised, mouth maybe to be open, a corners pulled back pulling and straightening the lips over the teeth (the latter just speaks of intensity emotions ); when only the mentioned position is available eyebrows, then this is controlled fear;

Anger: muscles forehead shifted inside and way down, organizing threatening or frowning eyes, nostrils expanded, and wings the nose is raised, the lips are either tightly compressed or pulled back, taking rectangular shape and exposing clenched teeth, the face often turns red;

Shame: head down, face turned away, gaze averted, eyes directed down or "run" from side to side, eyelids covered a sometimes and closed; face enough blushed, pulse speedy, intermittent breathing;

Sorrow: eyebrows are pulled together, eyes are dull, and the outer corners of the lips are different omitted several times.

Know Expressions faces with various emotions is useful not only for Togo, in order to understand others, but also for the most thorough practice (usually in front of a mirror) of their working imitations.

4. National features of non-verbal communication etiquette of foreigners

It is interesting to know about the meaning of the gestures of foreigners with whom you have to communicate, the national features of foreign gestures and facial expressions.

Knowing the language perfectly well, we still run the risk of not understanding our foreign interlocutor if we are not familiar with the rules of conduct adopted in his country, the symbols of communication.

So, for example, if we knock or ring at the door we are going to enter, then the Congolese do not allow themselves this, they voice the sound: “kokorroko”.

To say "no", the Turks do not move their heads from shoulder to shoulder, but raise their heads and click their tongues. With a decisive denial among the Arabs, it is permissible, biting the nail of the thumb, to throw the hand forward. And the Malay blacks simply lower their eyes (we would take this gesture for consent).

Speaking about himself, a European will show his hand to his chest, and a Japanese to his nose.

If an American makes a “get out of here” gesture with his hand, then in a Buenos Aires restaurant a waiter will immediately approach him: this is the gesture usually called in his country. And having gathered to call someone with a gesture in Europe, an American will not wait for him, since for most Europeans this gesture means "goodbye."

For us, the gesture of an Englishman who covers his eyes, mouth and ears with his hands (which means: “I don’t know anything”) will remain incomprehensible. But few people will understand the Russian, who, instead of saying the word "money", rubs his thumb on his middle and forefinger.

Swiping the finger from side to side in the US and Italy signifies slight condemnation or threat; rejection in Holland.

In England, a woman on the street is usually the first to greet a man. This means that they want to give her the right - and it is precisely in England that this is the norm of courtesy - to decide whether she wants to personally confirm her acquaintance with this man or not.

When expressing friendliness, the Indonesian slouches, nodding his head almost continuously. Europeans see this as self-abasement.

When a Frenchman or an Italian knocks himself on the head, it means that he thinks some idea is stupid. If a British or Spaniard hits his forehead with his palm, then by doing so he will show others that he is pleased with himself. With the same gesture, the German expresses his extreme indignation towards someone. The Dutchman, banging his forehead and at the same time, stretching out his index finger, reports that he liked the idea, but he thinks it is a little crazy.

If they raise the middle finger instead of the thumb, then it has an offensive meaning "sit on it." In Greece, a thumbs-up gesture means "shut up". In Italians, this means the number "1". In Holland, turning the index finger to the temple means that someone said a witty phrase.

The linked index fingers of an Arab indicate that he is offering you friendship, but do not forget, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that in Morocco this gesture warns of hostility.

Raised eyebrows in Germany denote admiration; in England an expression of skepticism.

The American, connecting the thumb and forefinger in the form of the letter "O", says with this gesture: "Everything is in order." The Japanese, on the basis of the symbols adopted in his country, decides that the American is asking for money, and in France this gesture means “zero” or “nothing”. Americans despise the Japanese porters, mistaking them for shameless extortionists, because they constantly raise their palms when inviting them to pass. They do not take tips and do not realize that they are compromising themselves with a gesture used by American beggars.

Accustomed to freedom in communication, the American is distrustful of the tense posture, low bows of the Japanese, who, moreover, continuously nods his head to him. Although the Japanese does not express agreement with this at all, he simply shows that he is listening and perceiving. But it seems to the Japanese that the habit of Americans to put their feet on the table in front of strangers is the height of indecency.

The Italian expresses disbelief when he taps his nose with his index finger. The same gesture in Holland means that the speaker or whom they are talking about is in a state of intoxication.

When the Frenchman is delighted with something, he puts the tips of three fingers together, raises them to his lips and, raising his chin high, sends a gentle kiss into the air. If he rubs the base of his nose with his index finger, this means that he does not trust the person they are talking about.

The Miskito people of Honduras kiss their young children with their noses and call it "hearing their scent". One researcher who lived among this tribe for a long time notes that "our way of kissing disgusts them and is considered a mitigated form of cannibalism." In Algeria or Egypt, the Arabic gesture of calling is similar to the Russian farewell gesture.

It is customary among some tribes to squat at the sight of a stranger until he approaches and notices this peaceful posture. Sometimes "they take off their headgear, shoes, and other items of clothing to greet them."

5. A man's face is sculpted by his conscience and life

facial expressions non-verbal etiquette foreigner

In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, attaching importance to every bump, every redness or blanching of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character of a person and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of mimic muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, as their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced. Many scientists tried to prove the need to study physiognomy, for example, Ch. Darwin, answering the question: "What is scientific in the so-called science of physiognomy?", wrote "Each individual reduces mainly only certain muscles of the face, following their personal inclinations. These muscles can be more developed, and therefore the lines and wrinkles of the face, formed by their usual contraction, can become deeper and more visible, "the matter did not go beyond words, until now physiognomy is not considered a serious science. However, the study of the relationship between character traits and thoughts of a person and his facial expression is necessary, first of all, for actors, artists, those who work with people, as well as investigators, psychologists, teachers, salesmen, and many others.

Four of the five sense organs are located in the face, with their help we receive information about the world around us. Eyes, nose, ears, mouth, these peculiar antennas report twenty-four hours a day what is happening around. Usually, a person perceives this information most intensively before the age of five or six. This is clearly seen on the face of a child up to seven years old, he has large, wide eyes that seem to want to see everything in the world, an upturned nose that tries to feel even the most subtle smells, a mouth where everything that can only go there goes, ears that hear the quietest sounds, in a word, during this period a person learns the world, and his sense organs help him in this. But over time, the sharpness of feelings passes, and the person no longer notices everything that previously gave him so much surprise and joy, which means that his brain is used to the influence of the outside world, and such sensitive antennas are no longer needed. The human psyche begins to accept changes with difficulty, that is, it gradually becomes rigid, and this is immediately reflected on the human face. The process of reduction begins, which means that little by little the eyes sink and lose their brilliance, they are no longer so interested in everything that happens around them, the mouth shrinks into a narrow and stubborn gap, and the face loses its mobility.

The character becomes more withdrawn, the person slowly withdraws into himself. Such changes occur at different rates for everyone, it does not depend on age, for some, at eighty years old, the face is just beginning to change, for others, by the age of eighteen, the changes have already been completed.

A person whose face quickly lost its liveliness is distinguished by pessimism and fears the new, the inevitable changes in life are perceived by him very painfully, he convulsively clings to the old. His character is dominated by the traits of an introvert. To persuade such a person to undertake something that will somehow change his life is very difficult. These people often believe that at forty everything is over, and they just have to wait in the wings. Fortunately, this type of people in their pure form, that is, with such a character by nature, is not often found. More often, people with such behavior suffer from some kind of ailment, or experience great troubles, but when the ailment passes, and all the bad ends, the person literally transforms before the eyes of others, he gets younger, his antennas come out, receiving signals from the outside world, he again interested in everything new and receptive to change.

Sometimes we meet people who, being at a fairly respectable age, even despite wrinkles and gray hair, look very young. Often, their energy and optimism are envied by those who are much younger in age. In such people, the faces are not subject to reduction processes and their antennae do not close until old age, which means that the desire for knowledge and craving for everything new remains with them for a long time. Extroverts by type of character, these people will forever remain big children. They easily make acquaintances, it is quite easy to draw them into any adventure. But just as easily, they quit what they started to do something newer and more interesting. Their sparkling eyes and open faces make such people very popular in society.

Sometimes, when we see a person’s face, we involuntarily find in it a resemblance to the face of an old sea wolf, and sometimes it even seems that this face was sculpted by a not too diligent sculptor, the work is so rough. It is very uneven, protruding cheekbones, sunken cheeks, in general there are many depressions and protrusions on it, left by strong emotions that arise quite often. The owner of such a person easily enters into a state of passion, that is, when there is a strong emotional arousal, and this happens quite often for such a person, he is not able to control his behavior. An affective face can belong to both an extrovert and an introvert, equally. Extroverts, with open faces, and introverts, with reduced ones, naturally have different affects, if an extrovert has anger, anger, resentment immediately, violently splashes out, then an introvert has negative emotions seething inside, for a long time, corroding him soul.

Tightness or, conversely, relaxation of the muscles of the face will tell a lot to an attentive observer. A person who has hypertonicity of facial expressions, that is, excessive muscle tension, which can manifest itself in various twitches and tics, as a rule, has a lot of problems that disturb him, they can be real or far-fetched, this is not so important, the main thing is that these problems are not on they don’t let them forget about themselves for a minute, often even at night such a person wakes up with the thought: “Am I doing everything right? Will my competitors bypass me?”, etc. etc. Often, fears of this kind do not allow a person to make new decisions that radically change the situation, he is too afraid that everything that was built with such difficulty will collapse, and he will have to start everything anew. But, nevertheless, such people are energetic, easy-going, and if they are confident in the success of a new enterprise, they will be engaged in it with great enthusiasm, in addition, they have a stronger decision-making ability, a more pronounced need for communication.

A person with relaxed muscles (hypotonicity), a person with a more or less pronounced sagging of the cheeks, half-closed, sleepy eyes, a slightly open mouth, and often an expression of complete indifference behaves completely differently. Their thoughts flow slowly, and their actions are devoid of energy and enthusiasm, they do something only because it is necessary, it would be, their will, they would not do anything at all. Such people are too lazy to solve any problems, and in fact they have no problems. They all dissolve on their own. It should be noted that muscle hypertonicity and hypotonicity only reflect the state of the nervous system, its excitability and stability. The higher the muscle tone, the easier the nervous system is excited, and the sooner hypertonicity is replaced by hypotonicity, the less stable it is. The latter is most often observed in owners of affective faces.

Physognomists divide a person's face into three parts, mentally, of course, the first of which is called vital, from the word "vita" which means "life" in Latin, it shows how strongly a person defends his right to exist. The chin included in this part makes it clear to understand to what extent a person uses his strong-willed qualities in order to achieve his goal. It has been noticed that in those moments when you need to defend your point of view, a person unconsciously begins to strain the muscles of the lower part of the face, the more often and the more successfully he defends his rights, thus achieving his goals, the better his chin develops. A harmoniously developed chin indicates that the one to whom it belongs, in most cases, achieves the intended, although he is able to abandon the goal if he sees that its achievement, for one reason or another, is inappropriate. A man whose chin is too developed, often has a square shape, goes straight ahead to the goal, sweeping away everything in its path like a tank, he absolutely does not care what will happen after the intended is achieved. He will go to storm new heights. The owner of a small, as if soft, chin is able to deviate from his plans only by imagining possible obstacles. But all of the above loses its meaning, if a person has a strong desire, or unwillingness, to achieve something.

The second zone, which includes the cheeks, cheekbones, nose, and mouth, is called the emotional zone. The mouth, as the most mobile part of the human face, is the first to react to changes in the emotional background, reflecting, even for a split second, the emotions that a person is currently experiencing. Anger, joy, sadness, resentment, contempt, all this expresses the bend of the lips, even if their owner is in perfect control of himself and wants to hide his mood, all the same, for a moment the emotion will be reflected on the face, mostly in the mouth area, it is only important not to miss this moment. If you notice that your interlocutor is biting his lips slightly, know that at the moment he is thinking hard about something, whether to interrupt his thoughts or not, it's up to you. When a person finds himself in a critical situation, which is a challenge for him, he often bites not only his lips, but also his tongue. This habit originates in very early childhood, when the baby, having had enough of mother's milk, pushes out the breast with the movement of the tongue. Psychologists filmed billiard players with a hidden camera. The masters practically did not "use" the tongue, while the beginners stuck it out with each more complex technique. The nose also very well conveys the feelings that a person is experiencing at the moment. When excited, of any origin, the wings of the nose begin to swell. If a person sees something that makes him feel disgusted, his nose will immediately wrinkle.

The area that includes the upper part of the face, forehead, eyebrows and eyes is called the intellectual. Thought processes, their speed and direction are clearly reflected in the eyes. A lively look, brilliant eyes, even to an inexperienced observer, will say that their owner is passionate about some idea and full of enthusiasm. And vice versa, an extinct look, half-closed eyes, clearly speak of a depressed state of a person, or, even worse, of his depression. American scientists have discovered that people look in six different directions - depending on what is going on in their brain. For right-handers from birth, remembering what they saw, their gaze will be directed to the right - up, but if they imagine something, for example, what a shaved porcupine would look like, then their gaze will immediately move to the left - up. Remembering the sound of, say, a guitar, a right-hander will look to the right, and imagining some kind of sound, to the left. Down - to the left a person with a right-handed orientation looks when he wants to remember a taste, smell, sensation, and in the opposite direction, leading an internal dialogue. As for a left-handed person, he has everything the same, but in a mirror image, it is not difficult to check who is in front of you, right-handed or left-handed, just ask the person to remember any sound or image and look at the movements of his eyes. In Chinese physiognomy, wrinkles that appear at the corners of the eyes when laughing are called "goldfish tail". So the larger and more magnificent this "tail", the kinder and more sympathetic is the one to whom it belongs. On human faces, above the eyes, one can often see two small arches, they are especially noticeable in people with high powers of observation. As a rule, they mean increased attentiveness and a desire to help.

Not always, although very often, a large forehead is a sign of a great mind, sometimes circumstances develop so that a person cannot develop his intellectual potential. And it happens that a very smart person in one field of knowledge is a complete ignoramus in another. So with the assessment of the mind of others you need to be extremely careful.

Many adults have a furrow in the middle of the forehead, which indicates introversion and a high degree of introspection. If a person often concentrates, focuses on something, he has several vertical folds above the bridge of his nose.

Significant for evolutionary and social psychology is the study of facial expressions as a way of strengthening, weakening, supplementing or masking what is expressed in words. The use of facial expressions as a means of regulating emotions is of practical importance both for psychotherapy and for improving interpersonal relationships.

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Mimicry refers to the movements of the muscles of the face. Facial expressions can be highly mobile, inactive, monotonous and conjugated. Strongly mobile facial expressions testifies to the liveliness and rapid change of perception of impressions and internal experiences, to slight excitability from external stimuli. Sedentary facial expressions indicates the constancy of mental processes. Such facial expressions are associated with calmness, constancy, prudence, reliability, superiority and balance. A sedentary mimic game can, with reduced activity (motor strength and temperament), also give the impression of contemplation and comfort. Cause monotonous facial expressions there may be motor disturbances, stiffness, or paralysis. This behavior is typical in depressive states, sadness, emotional poverty. Most of the facial expressions are conjugated. They consist of many separate expressions, but are interconnected. Statements like “he opened his mouth and opened his eyes”, “cold eyes contradict a laughing mouth” and others testify to the harmony or disharmony of emotional processes and their manifestations in a particular case.

The auxiliary function of the expression of the eyes in most cases is performed by musculature forehead. Due to the muscle movements associated with the activity of the eyes, wrinkles are formed. Longitudinal wrinkles above the bridge of the nose are a sign of desire fixed in the mind. Vertical wrinkles are an expression of mental or physical stress. The reasons for their occurrence can be firm determination, stubbornness, willfulness, discontent and irritability.

Transverse wrinkles on the forehead occur with raised eyebrows and wide eyes, which indicates a desire to perceive as much information as possible. This is a facial expression of fear, horror, misunderstanding, surprise and unexpected enlightenment (clarification of something).

Eyebrows are very informative in expressing emotions. Furrowed eyebrows are usually associated with tension, criticism, displeasure beyond normal physical or mental activity, anger, fury, and shock. Eyebrows in the form of a convex crescent - on the contrary - express surprise, bewilderment in certain situations, and in others, in combination with a smile - joy, pleasure.

If you wrinkle nose, then an accumulation of wrinkles will appear obliquely to the back of the nose. They testify to disgust, embarrassment, discomfort and hostility. The process of wrinkling the nose is an integral part of the reaction to bitterness, when the upper lip also rises slightly. With frequent activation of the muscles involved, the so-called sensitive person wrinkle is formed. In this case, the upper tip of the nasolabial fold cuts deeper into the corner of the nose. If the nasolabial fold is clearly visible not only in its upper part, but also in the area from the corners of the nose to the mouth line, then it is also called an "intense fold". It signals vigor, vitality and the ability to endure heavy loads.

Mouth also largely determines facial expressions. The mouth is the most mobile part of the face. He is the center of every smile and every pain. Lips protruding forward should be regarded as a hostile expressive signal, and if they are pursed, then this is already a symbol of withdrawal into oneself, producing rather an impression of fright. If the pursed lips are tense, compressed, this expresses impotent anger. If the mouth is distorted during conversation or laughter and the alternation of movements is disharmonious, then this expresses negative aspirations, even if all other signals are positive and the face seems friendly. If the mouth is twisted to one side and this is not caused by a state of health, then we can talk about the tendency of this person to a mocking and contemptuous attitude. Twitching and trembling of the mouth is an alarm signal, a warning of increased nervousness and calling for caution. The lowered corners of the mouth Darwin called "the vestige of a weeping man." Such corners of the mouth are an element of the bitterness reaction. The triangular muscle, also called the "sadness muscle", pulls the corners of the mouth down. The corners of the mouth that are relaxed down indicate a bleak state, sadness, disappointment and a painful rejection of something. Often they are an expression of a negative life attitude. This expression is also characterized by the words: mi "his face was stretched out."

Smile. The freer and more at ease a smile seems to us, the more it is an expression of naive, pure joy. Such a smile is the most charming form in the mimic repertoire, having an exceptionally pleasant content for others. A forced forced smile "on order" turns into a movement of intention with a rather small content of feeling. It suddenly appears and just as suddenly disappears. Because of this, the hypocritical intentions hidden behind her become obvious. The smile of embarrassment also belongs to smiles “on order”. She is also inorganic. This is a forced smile, which is often used as compensation, for example, when expressing sympathy. A sugary smile, like a slightly noticeable stretching of the lips, produces an exaggerated, slightly feigned impression, expressing more than what is actually experienced. A smile in which the lips remain closed in a rather tense state. Due to this, some volitional effort is expressed in this kind of smile. Tension can signal both attention and dominance. Compressed lips express detachment. Often the grin also contains a sly expression. In this case, it turns into a mimic expression of joy over something that should be kept secret. A smirk is a smile-grimace. By such a smile, one can judge that perhaps you have an impudent or provocative insidious person in front of you. The downturned corners of the mouth (“sour” reaction) give the face the expression of a person “overwhelmed with sarcasm”. With a wry smile (or fake laugh), only one of the corners of the mouth either rises or falls. The organic dissonance thus manifested expresses a state of inner discord. This smile makes it possible to hide a true opinion behind feigned friendliness (for example, when a boss or a respected person tells some joke and employees have to laugh out of politeness, although the joke itself was no longer new, and there was little funny in it). With a derogatory smile, the corners of the mouth are slightly lowered. The shape of the mouth expresses both affirmation and negation. The derogatory smile is a weaker version of the sarcastic one. This is how a person smiles, tuned in to the hangman's humor or refusing everything, as well as arrogantly ironic, omniscient or gloating for one reason or another.

The head, as the carrier of the most important human organs, is given special importance in the dynamic body language. Numerous expressive patterns of behavior are manifested, for example, in the fact that for improved perception the head is pushed forward, for the purpose of defense it is retracted, when avoiding something - to the side, and when approaching - it leans forward. If the head hangs down without tension, then this means lack of will, apathy, lack of impulse and hopelessness. In the absence of tension of the occipital muscle, the head falls on the chest. If the head is bowed, and at the same time the gaze is turned down, then this indicates submission. If such a tilt of the head is used in greeting, then we are dealing with a conscious submission corresponding to politeness, i.e. symbolic submission. In combination with a bow, this is how the refusal to manifest one's will or tacit approval is expressed. Depending on the degree of head tilt and the duration of the absence of eye contact, one can speak of either bashfulness or a manifestation of submission.

A look from under the brows with a bowed head indicates readiness for a fight, aggressiveness, betrays a sense of joy from being in opposition and stubbornness. If the gaze is directed slightly to the side, then it can be used to draw a conclusion about deceit or awareness of one's guilt. This is how watching, full of expectation, or a hidden search for weaknesses in someone else is carried out. In combination with wide eyes, relaxed neck muscles and the position of the eyes, when the visual axes are almost parallel to each other, a state is manifested when a person "attacked on some kind of trail."

The one who appears before you with his head up feels free and confident, without fear. In accordance with this, raising the head means a sense of dignity and readiness to begin any business. Often, a deep breath is associated with straightening the head. Such a simultaneous replenishment of air supplies indicates the presence of the will to act and the readiness for frank proceedings. If the head is lifted up, then proud impregnability and arrogance are expressed. It also makes a defiant impression on others.

If the head, which was held straight, is sluggish reclines back, it is an expression of self-giving. In contrast to submission, when lowering the head, along with a decrease in impact, leads to simultaneous protection of the neck, in this case they surrender defenselessly to the power of another person. From this position, one can also judge that this or that person is in the grip of memories, pleasures experienced when enjoying one or another type of art, etc. In combination with laughter, subordination transforms into pretense and expresses helplessness. From this position of the head should be distinguished the position heads, relaxed thrown back. In this position, they speak of a decrease in concentration of attention, it is often observed in people in dreams and during contemplative behavior. If such a position of the head "does not fit" into the situation, then we can talk about softness, laziness and a thirst for pleasure. Another almost similar position of the head - thrown back - but with a tense neck, indicates aggression, assertiveness, courage. In combination with a piercing gaze, tilting the head back gives the impression of arrogance, and when turning the entire body towards the counterpart, it is also obtrusive. The more impetuous a movement is, the more nervous excitation it contains. In such cases, a strong protest and an insult to one's sense of honor and dignity can be expressed in this way. With a calm version of the execution of this movement, one can draw a conclusion about the behavior of superiority. Either a silent invitation or a silent question can be expressed in this way.

The head put forward speaks of the desire to bring the senses closer to the source of irritation, that is, it indicates the presence of interest. This head position is also used in threatening behavior. The person, as it were, demonstrates: "I perceive all the stimuli transmitted by you, and I am not afraid of them." A full turn of the head and a slight tension indicate an interest expressed without any restraint or any ulterior motives. With an incomplete turn of the head, not all of the face is turned towards the partner. Due to the incomplete rotation of the head, eye contact is established with the help of a look directed from the corners of the eyes, obliquely, which signals the person's interest. With a restrained expression of interest, the turn of the head slows down. It seems that this object or partner is not worthy of turning to him with his whole face. Therefore, such behavior is perceived as offensive. If the head is turned away, then interest in the object being contemplated has disappeared. The speed and intensity of the performed movement provide quite important additional information. If the turning away is dictated by anger, then there is always a strong tension in it.

Gestures.

In business communication, there are several main types of gestures that reflect the state of a person. Gestures of openness testify to sincerity and a desire to speak frankly. These include "open hands" (stretched towards the interlocutor with palms up) and "unbuttoning the jacket". The one who changes his mind in a favorable direction usually opens his hands and automatically unbuttons his jacket. When it becomes clear that an agreement or a positive decision on the issue under discussion is possible, as well as in the case when a positive impression is created from joint work, those seated unbutton their jackets, straighten their legs and move to the edge of the chair, closer to the table, which separates them from those seated. opposite the interlocutors. To stealth gestures include rubbing the forehead, temples, chin, the desire to cover the face with hands, avoiding eye contact. Gestures and postures of defense are signs that the interlocutor feels threatened. The most common is crossing the arms over the chest. Hands can take several characteristic positions (FOOTNOTE: Borozdina G.V. Psychology of business communication. M., 2002. P. 138-139.).

Simple Crossing arms is a universal gesture that indicates the defensive or negative state of the interlocutor. This gesture also influences the behavior of other people. If, in a group of four or more, one of them crosses his arms in a defensive posture, the members of the group will soon follow suit. Sometimes this gesture can simply mean calmness and confidence when the atmosphere of the conversation is not of a conflict nature. Crossing your arms helps you focus when you are talking out loud or remembering an event.

If, in addition to arms crossed on the chest, the interlocutor also clenching his fingers into a fist, then this indicates his hostility or offensive position. Excessive excitement of the interlocutor can be removed if you slow down your speech and movements, reducing the overall pace and emotionality of the conversation.

Gesture when folded arms wrap around shoulders(sometimes the hands dig into the shoulders or biceps so tightly that the fingers turn white) indicates the containment of the interlocutor's negative reaction to the partner's position on the issue under discussion. This gesture appears when the interlocutors argue, trying at all costs to convince each other of the correctness of their position, and is often accompanied by a cold, slightly squinted look and an artificial smile. This facial expression means that your interlocutor is at the limit, as a result of which a breakdown in negotiations may occur.

Gesture when hands crossed on the chest but with vertical thumbs, conveys a double signal: the first is about a negative attitude (crossed arms), the second is about a sense of superiority expressed by the thumbs. At the same time, a person usually plays with one or both fingers, and in a standing position sways on his heels. Such a gesture also expresses a mockery or disrespectful attitude towards a person who is pointed with the thumb as if over the shoulder.

Reflection gestures and ratings reflect the state of thoughtfulness and the desire to find a solution to the problem. These include “hand on the cheek” (the interlocutor is interested in something), “pinching the bridge of the nose”, which is usually combined with closed eyes (intense thinking), “scratching the chin” (decision making). When the interlocutor brings his hand to his face, resting his chin on his palm, and stretches his index finger along his cheek (the rest of the fingers are below the mouth), this is evidence that he critically perceives the arguments of the communication partner.

Gestures of doubt and uncertainty are most often associated with scratching with the index finger of the right hand under the earlobe or on the side of the neck, as well as touching or lightly rubbing the nose (“Pinocchio syndrome”).

Gestures and postures that indicate an unwillingness to listen and a desire to end the conversation: scratching the ear or pulling on the earlobe, deploying the body towards the door, twitching the feet. If a person wears glasses, then for him a characteristic gesture of wanting to end the conversation is taking off the glasses and putting them aside.

Gestures that indicate a desire to deliberately drag out time are usually associated with glasses: the interlocutor takes them off and puts them on, wipes them. In this case, it is recommended to wait until the partner puts on his glasses again. Sometimes a person begins to pace when he makes a difficult decision, and here it is important not to interfere with him.

Gestures of confidence and superiority: laying hands behind the back and grabbing the wrist (this gesture should be distinguished from the gesture “hands behind the back in the lock”, in which case the person is upset or angry and tries to pull himself together), laying hands behind the head (this gesture is usually very annoying interlocutors). In this case, psychologists recommend asking a clarifying question, preferably in a visual form (showing an object or drawing), so that the interlocutor leans forward.

Gestures of disagreement: picking up non-existent villi from the suit, looking at the floor.

Readiness gestures signal the desire to end the conversation and are expressed in the forward movement of the body, slowing down the pace of speech and increasing its volume. Psychologists advise in this case to be the first to offer to end the conversation, which will allow you to maintain a psychological advantage and control the situation. Rubbing the palms conveys positive expectations. Clasped fingers indicate disappointment.

When analyzing pantomime, it is important to pay attention to involuntary, ideomotor movements. Keep in mind that the upper torso is better controlled than the lower, and the right side of the body for righties is better controlled than the left. Foot movements are especially informative. Foot twitching indicates impatience or irritation. Finger drumming in anticipation. They twist something in their hands with insecure behavior. It is important to pay attention to involuntary twitches of the non-dominant hand (if any) when a person listens to an unexpected unpleasant question.

Needs in the communication system Need for security. A person feels safe if there is no aggression (real or potential) from other people. One of the serious aggressive actions is