Trans-Siberian Railway Highway (abbreviated transussiba, historical name Great Siberian Way) - Railway through Eurasia, connecting Moscow and the largest East Siberian and Far Eastern industrial cities in Russia. Length of a highway 9288.2 km. This is the longest railway in the world. The highest point of the path - an appleary pass (1019 m above sea level) . In 2002, its complete electrification is completed.. Historically, the transmission is only the eastern part of the highway, from Chelyabinsk (South Urals) to Vladivostok. Its length is about 7 thousand km. It was this plot that was built from 1891 to 1916. Currently, Transsib connects the European part, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East of Russia, and speaking more - Russian Western, Northern and South Ports, as well as railway exits to Europe (St. Petersburg, Murmansk , Novorossiysk), on the one hand, with Pacific ports and railway exits in Asia (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Zabaikalsk).In the fall of 2010, the Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Igor Levitin said that the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Highway was completely exhausted .

Stages of construction of the Great Siberian Way

Officially, construction began 19 (31) May 1891 in the area near Vladivostok (Cooper Pad), Tsearevich Nikolay Alexandrovich was present on the bookmark, the future emperor Nicholas II. In fact, construction began earlier, in early March 1891, when the construction of the Miass section began - Chelyabinsk.

One of the prominent leaders of the construction of one of the plots was the engineer Nikolai Sergeevich Sviyagin, in honor of which the Sviyagino station was named.

A part of the necessary goods for the construction of the highway were delivered to the Northern Sea Path, the scientist-hydrologist N. V. Morozov spent 22 steamer from Murmansk to the mouth of Yenisei.

The working movement of trains across the Transsiba began on October 21 (November 3) 1901, after the "golden link" was laid at the last section of the construction of the Sino-Eastern Railway.

Regular communication between the capital of the Empire - St. Petersburg and the Pacific Ports of Russia - Vladivostok and Far-Full Railways was established in July 1903, when the Sino-Eastern Railway, passing through Manchuria, was adopted in permanent ("correct") operation. Date 1 (14) July 1903 also marked the introduction of the Great Siberian Way to System on all of its length, although there was a break in the rail route: through Baikal had to transfer trains on a special ferry.

The continuous rail route between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok appeared after the start of the work movement along the 19 September 190) 1904; And a year later, 16 (29) October 1905, as the segment of the Great Siberian Path, was adopted into continuous operation; And regular passenger trains for the first time in history were able to follow only rails, without the use of ferry crossing, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean (from Western Europe) to the shores of the Pacific Ocean (to Vladivostok).

After Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war, 1904-1905 there was a threat of the fact that Russia will be forced to leave Manchuria and thus lose control over the Chinese-Eastern railway, thereby losing the eastern part of the Transsib. It was necessary to continue the construction so that the highway passed only through the territory of the Russian Empire.

End of construction on the territory of the Russian Empire: 5 (18) October 1916, with a starts of a bridge across Amur near Khabarovsk and the beginning of trains in this bridge.

The cost of construction of Transsib from 1891 to 1913 amounted to 1,455,413,000 rubles (at 1913).

Modernization of the Trans-Siberian Mainstream

In 1990-2000, a number of activities were conducted on the modernization of the Transsib, designed to increase the throughput of the highway. In particular, the railway bridge was reconstructed through Campi Khabarovsk, as a result of which the last one-section port of Transsib was eliminated. In 2002, complete electrification of the highway was completed.

It is assumed to further modernize the road due to the moral obsolescence of the infrastructure and rolling stock.

January 11, 2008 China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany concluded an agreement on the project to optimize the freight traffic Beijing-Hamburg.

Destinations of Transsiba

Northern Moscow - Yaroslavl - Kirov - Perm - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - - Vladivostok. New Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kirov - Perm - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - - Vladivostok. South Moscow - Murom - Arzamas - Kanash - Kazan - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen (or Petropavlovsk) - Omsk - Barnaul - Novokuznetsk - Abakan - - - Vladivostok. Historical Moscow - Ryazan - Ruzaevka - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk - Kurgan - Petropavlovsk - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - - Vladivostok.

Neighbors of the Trans-Siberian Mainstream

The lines of the West Siberian Railway from Omsk and Tatarsk (through Karasuk and Kuluda), the Transsib connects to the Northern Kazakhstan. From Novosibirsk to the south, through Barnaul, Turksib leads to Central Asia. At the end of the XX century, in the Far East, the north of Transsib was laid.

Popular Points on the Trans-Siberian Highway

Popular stations and railway stations located along the Trans-Siberian Highway (the entire list of alphabet):

1. Abramtsevo
2. Aksenovo-Zilovskoe / Zilovo
3. Alexandrov
4. Alzamai
5. Amazar
6. Angarsk
7. Anzhero-Sudzhensk / Anzhersk
8. Antropovo.
9. Arhara
10. Achinsk
11. Babushkin / Mesovaya
12. Balezino
13. Barabinsk
14. Belogorsk
15. Beloyarsky / Bazhenovo
16. Bikin
17. Birobidzhan
18. Biryusinsk
19. Bogdanovich
20. Bogotol
21. Swamp / Bolotnaya
22. Burea
23. Vereshchagino
24. Vladivostok.
25. Volochevka
26. Unhealthy-Nadezhdinskoye / Nadezhdinskaya
27. Vyazemsky / Vyazemskaya
28. Galich
29. Glazov
30. Golyshmanovo.
31. Dalnerechensk
32. Danilov
33. Darasun
34. Yekaterinburg
35. Ekaterinoslavka
36. Erofey Pavlovich
37. Zhekhechen
38. Crew
39. Zavodoukovsk
40. Zaigraevo
41. Chairry.
42. Caozoa
43. Winter
44. Zuevka.
45. Izhmorskaya
46. Ilanskaya
47. Kalachinskaya
48. Kamyshlov
49. Kansk / Kansk-Yenisei
50. Kargat
51. Karymskoe / Karymskaya
52. Kirov
53. Kozulka
54. Kormilovka
55. Kotelnich
56. Kochnevo
57. Krasnoyarsk
58. Ksenia / Ksenia
59. Kuitun
60. Kultuk
61. Kungur
62. Kutulik
63. Leninsky / Shabalino
64. Lesozavodsk
65. Raugorsk
66. Love
67. Lyubinsky / Lyubinskaya
68. Magdagachi
69. Mayski / Tchaikovskaya
70. Manturovo
71. Mariinsk
72. Mikhailovka / Dubininsky
73. Mogon
74. Mogocha
75. Moscow
76. Moshkovo
77. Mytishchi.
78. Nazyvaevsk / Nazyvaevskaya
79. Nizhneudinsk
80. Nizhny Ingash / Ingash
81. Nizhny Novgorod
82. Lower flood / grim
83. Novopavlovka
84. Novosibirsk
85. Novocornochiensky / Chernorechenskaya
86. Obluchye
87. Omutinsky / Omutinskaya
88. Orich
89. Pereyaslavka / Verino
90. Pervouralsk
91. Permian
92. Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky / Petrovsky factory
93. Ponaserevo
94. Deputy / Prison
95. Pushkin
96. Pyshma / Oshchepkovo
97. Radonezh
98. Rostov-Yaroslavl / Rostov
99. Sergiev Posad
100. Candle
101. Free
102. Seryshevo
103. Sibirtsevo
104. Skovorodino
105. Slyudyanka
106. Smiddovich / In.
107. Sofrino
108. Spassk-far
109. Station-Oyashinsky / Oyash]]
110. String
111. Taiga
112. Tayshet
113. Tangha
114. Tatarsk / Tatar
115. Takhtamagda
116. Tugul
117. Tulun
118. Tyumen.
119. Thazhinsky / Tychin
120. Kilinskoye / Killinskaya
121. Ulan-Ude
122. Usolye-Siberian
123. Ussuriysk
124. Ust-Kishert / Kishert
125. Ushumun
126. Falaenki.
127. Khabarovsk
128. Chilly
129. Khotykovo
130. Cheremkhovo.
131. Chernigovka / Mufftic
132. Chernyshevsk / Chernyshevsk-Zabaikalsky
133. Chul / Chulymskaya
134. Sharya
135. Shelekhov / Goncharovo
136. Shill
137. Shimanovsk / Shimanovskaya
138. Yalutorovsk
139. Yaroslavl
140. Yashkino

Below is the main Transsib route, acting since 1958 (after a fraction, the name of the railway station is given, if it does not coincide with the name of the relevant settlement):

Moscow-Yaroslavskaya - Yaroslavl-Chief - Danilov - Bui - Sharya - Kirov - Balezino - Vereshchagino - Perm-2 - Yekaterinburg-Passenger - [Tyumen - Nazyvaevsk / Nazyvskaya - Omsk-Passenger - Barabinsk - Novosibirsk-Chief - Yurga-I - Taiga - Anzhero-Sudzhensk / Anzherskaya - Mariinsk - Bogotol - Achinsk-1 - Krasnoyarsk-Passenger - Ilanski / Ilanskaya - Taishet - Nizhneudinsk - - Irkutsk passenger - -1 - Ulan-Ude - Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky / Petrovsky Plant - Chita-2 - Karymskoye / Karymskaya - Chernyshevsk / Chernyshevsk-Zabaikalsky - Mogoche - Skovorodino - Belogorsk - Arhara - Birobidzhan-1 - Khabarovsk-1 - Vyazemsky (city) | Vyazemsky / Vyazemskaya - Lesozavodsk / Ruzhino - Ussuriysk - Vladivostok

Trans-Siberian Highway in Literature

Muich Gafuri The path in the literature began with the book Seber Timer Yuli yәku әhәәl MillәT ("Siberian Railway, or Nation") (Orenburg, 1904).

Interesting Facts about the Trans-Siberian Highway

1. Although Vladivostok is a finite station of Transsiba, there are more remote from Moscow in the station - Cape Astafieva and Eastern Port.
2. Until recently, the farthest train No. 53/54 Kharkiv - Vladivostok, overcoming 9714 km in 174 hours, rushed in the world until recently. From May 15, 2010 this train is "cut" to the Ufa station, however, the crossing of foreign cars is saved. The farthest in the world of the cat in the world is Kiev - Vladivostok, the distance is 10259 km, travel time is 187 hours and 50 minutes.
3. The most "fast" train Transsiba - No. 1/2 "Russia", the message Moscow - Vladivostok. He passes the Transsib for 6 days 2 hours.
4. At the Yaroslavl station of Moscow, as well as in Vladivostok, special kilometer pillars were installed with the length of the highway - "0 km" on one face and "9298 km" on another face (and in Vladivostok, "9288" is written in Vladivostok).

Plans for reconstruction

The need for the reconstruction of Transsiba and Bama was announced at a meeting with the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on the modernization of railways in July last year. On the reconstruction of Bam and Transsib, Russian Railways and the Government of the Russian Federation intend to send 562 billion rubles to 2018, of which 150 billion rubles. Allocated from the FNB, 110 billion rubles. - in the form of direct budget investments, about 300 billion rubles. It is planned to attract a Russian Railways through the investment program. In general, at minimum estimates, the project implementation requires 900 billion rubles. Attachments. However, according to President of Russian Railways, Vladimir Yakunin, OJSC, the real amount of necessary investment reaches 1.5 trillion rubles. When implementing the project by 2020, it is planned to ensure passage of cargo traffic up to 55 million tons per year at today 16 million tons. As the preliminary results of the TCC, the economic effect of the implementation of the reconstruction projects of Bam and Transsib is estimated by investors in the amount of 100 billion rubles.

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation, which makes it possible to use the funds of the National Welfare Fund to modernize the Baikal Amur and Trans-Siberian Mountains, signed Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.

The Trans-Siberian Highway is a powerful two-door electrified railway line with a length of about 10 thousand km, equipped with modern means of informatization and communication. It is the most extended railway railway, natural continuation.

In the East, through the border stations Hasan, Grodekovo, Zabaikalsk, the Transsiberian highway provides access to the North Korea railway network, China and Mongolia, and in the West, through Russian ports and border crossings with the former republics of the Soviet Union to European countries.

The highway passes through the territory of 20 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 5 federal districts. These natural resource-rich regions have significant export and import potential. In regions serviced by the highway, more than 65% of coal produced in Russia are produced, almost 20% of refining and 25% of the production of business wood are carried out. More than 80% of the industrial potential of the country and the main natural resources are concentrated here, including oil, gas, coal, forest, ores of black and non-ferrous metals, etc. On the Transsib, there are 87 cities, of which 14 are centers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

There are more than 50% of foreign trade and transit cargo on the transmissib.

The Trans-Siberian Highway is included as a priority route in a message between Europe and Asia to the projects of international UNECE organizations, the UN ESCATO, OSJD.

• See also the photo gallery "The history of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway"

Advantages of transportation on a trassist compared with the sea

• Reducing the time of the load of goods by more than 2 times: The time of passing a container train by following China to Finland through the Trans-Siberian Highway is less than 10 days, and the time of follow-up is 28 days.
• Low level of political risks: Up to 90% of the route passes through the territory of the Russian Federation - States with a sustainable democratic system of state power, a stable political climate and a confidently growing economy.
• Reducing to a minimum of the number of cargo handlingthat reduces cargo owner's expenses and prevents the risk of accidental damage to the transshipment.

Currently, a significant part of the freight traffic in the direction of East - the West goes through the sea. The dominant or almost monopoly position of marine carriers in this direction does not allow shippers to expect to reduce the transport component in their expenditures. In this regard, rail transportation are a reasonable economic alternative to shipping by sea.

Basic routes of container trains flying through Transsib

• Art. Find-oriental - Art. Madsevo (delivery of Hyundai Motors Co. components. From Busan on a motor assembly plant in Taganrog).
• Nakhodka - Moscow.
• Nakhodka - Brest.
• Zabaikalsk / Nakhodka - Kaliningrad / Klaipeda.
• Beijing - Moscow.
• Kaliningrad / Klaipeda - Moscow ("Mercury").
• Helsinki - Moscow ("Northern Light").
• Berlin - Moscow ("East Wind").
• Brest - Ulan Bator ("Mongolian vector - 1").
• Hukho - Duisburg ("Mongolian vector - 2").
• Baltic countries - Kazakhstan / Central Asia ("Baltika - Transit").
• Nakhodka - Alma-Ata / Uzbekistan.
• Brest - Alma-Ata ("Kazakhstan vector").

Service

• The use of modern information technologies that ensure complete control over trains lasts and inform customers in real time about the location of the location, following the entire route, the arrival of the container or cargo to any item of Russia.
• Using the technology of electronic cargo declaration: due to this, time for cargo inspection is reduced from 3 days to 1.5 hours.
• Simplified procedure, according to which all containers in the container train follow on one transport document. This customs practice is used in the transport of components from South Korea to a motor assembly plant in Taganrog.
• The use of an improved technology of work of commercial inspection points (PKO), which are equipped with modern means of monitoring the status of wagons and containers in trains.
• Monitoring the safety of goods in the following way.

Perspectives of the Trans-Siberian Mainstream

The Government of the Russian Federation and Russian Railways has been developed and implemented a set of measures to further increase the transit potential of the entire transport corridor between Europe and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region formed on the basis of Transsib, namely:

• large-scale investment projects in the eastern part of the Transsib are being implemented to ensure the growth of rail transport and transit between Russia and China;
• the necessary development of railway stations on the border with Mongolia, China and the DPRK are carried out;
• approach approaches to maritime ports;
• container terminals are upgraded in accordance with world standards.
• a comprehensive reconstruction of the Karymskaya site - Zabaikalsk to ensure the increasing volume of cargo transportation to China (primarily oil).

In accordance with the "Railway Transport Development Strategy in the Russian Federation until 2030" is planned to be a specialization of the Transsib for skipping specialized container trains and for passenger traffic.

Coordination Council on Trans-Siberian Transport (CSTP), together with the leadership of Russian Railways, is preparing the concept of the development of trans-Siberian traffic for the period up to 2020but. Concept provides:

• formation of a systematic approach to the development of trans-Siberian container transportation on railways, marine sites, in ports with the participation of forwarding associations of Europe, Russia, Korea, Japan, Austria, as well as forwarding companies;
• production and application of competitive tariffs for the transport of foreign trade and transit cargo, taking into account the directions of cargo traffic and the conditions for transportation of goods on alternative routes;
• further improvement of technology and the organization of transportation of transit and foreign trade cargo on the Trans-Siberian route (TCM);
• improving the conditions and principles of joint activities of railways, shipping companies, ports, freight forwarders and operators - CSTP members to attract goods on TCM;
• ensuring high quality of service in order to attract goods on TSM based on coordination at the international level of the activities of the participants of the Trans-Siberian transport of goods (compliance with the delivery time, maintenance of goods);
• information support of the transportation process on TSM (provision of information to customers in real time about the promotion of goods to the destination);
• an increase in the processing capabilities of ports in the east and west of Russia;
• creation in the Moscow Knolution, in other industrial centers and in the Far East of modern logistics centers with warehouse complexes;
• further development of transport links between countries in Asia, Russia, CIS countries, Central and Eastern Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic States.

Transsib, Trans-Siberian Highway (Modern Names) or Great Siberian Way (Historical Name) - This is a well-equipped railway through the entire continent connecting European Russia, its largest industrial areas and the capital of the country of Moscow with its median (Siberia) and the Eastern (Far East) districts. This is the road that bonding Russia is a country stretching for 10 hour zones, in a single economic body, and most importantly, in a single military-strategic space. If he had not been built at one time, then, with a very high probability, Russia would hardly have held behind the Far East and the Pacific Coast - as she could not keep Alaska, in no way associated with the Russian Empire, the reports are not sustainable. Transsib is also a road that has given an impetus to the development of the eastern regions and involved them in the economic life of the rest of the huge country.

Some people think that the term "Transsib" must be interpreted as a path connecting the Urals and the Far East, and literally passing "through" TRANS-Siberian). But this contradicts the situation and does not reflect the true meaning of this highway. And name? The title was given to us the British, which brightened the path did not "Great Siberian Way", as it was supposed to be a literal translation from Russian, and "TRANS-Siberian Railway" - and then it was given and rooted in speech.

And now "Transsib" as a geopolitical concept makes sense as a path connecting the center and the Pacific Ocean, Moscow and Vladivostok, and wider - as a way connecting the ports of the West and the capital of Russia, as well as exits to Europe (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Brest, Kaliningrad) with the ports of the East and the outputs in Asia (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Zabaikalsk); But not the local path connecting the Urals and the Far East.

The narrow interpretation of the term "Transsib" suggests that we are talking about the main passenger progress Moscow - Yaroslavl - Yekaterinburg - Omsk - Irkutsk - Chita - Vladivostok, the exact route of which is shown below.

The length of the Transsib.

The actual length of the Trans-Siberian Railway Mainstream on the main passenger move (from Moscow to Vladivostok) is 9288.2 km and in this indicator it is the longest on the planet, crossing almost all Eurasia. The tariff length (on which the ticket prices are calculated) a little more - 9298 km and does not coincide with the real one. There are several parallel cargo bypass in different areas. The rut width on the transussier is 1520 mm.

The length of the Great Siberian Way before the First World War from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok on the North Passenger move (through Vologda - Perm - Yekaterinburg - Omsk - Chita - Harbin) was 8913 versts, or 9508 km.
Transsib passes through the territory of two parts of the world: Europe (0-777 km) and Asia (1778 - 9289 km). It accounts for 19.1% of the length of the Transsib, Asia, respectively - 80.9%.

The beginning and end of the highway.

Currently, the initial point of Trans-Siberian is the Yaroslavl station of Moscow, and the final item is Vladivostok railway station.
But it was not always that: about the mid-20s, the Kazan (then Ryazan) station was gates to Siberia and the Far East, and at the most initial period of the Transsib - at the beginning of the 20th century - Kursko-Nizhny Novgorod (now Kursk) station of Moscow . It is also necessary to mention that before the 1917 revolution, the Moscow station of St. Petersburg was considered the initial paragraph of the Great Siberian Path - the capital of the Russian Empire.

Not always, Vladivostok was considered a final point: a short time, starting from the very end of the 90s of the XIX century and up to the decisive land battles of the Russian-Japanese War 1904-05, the completion of the Great Siberian Path of the contemporaries considered the Naval Fortress and the city of Port -Arts, located on the coast of the East-China Sea, on the Liaodong Peninsula rented by China.
On the geographical limits of the Transsib (extreme points in the West, East, north and south) you can.

Construction: Major milestones.

Start of construction: 19 (31) May 1891 in the area near Vladivostok (Cooper's Pad), Tsearevich Nikolay Alexandrovich was present on the bookmark, the future emperor Nicholas II.

The actual start of construction occurred somewhat earlier, in early March 1891, when the construction of the Miass section began - Chelyabinsk.
The rails of rails all over the Great Siberian Route occurred on October 21 (November 3), 1901, when the builders of the Sino-Eastern Railway, which lasted the rail from the West and the East, met with each other. But the regular movement of trains throughout the highway at this time did not exist.

Regular communication between the capital of the Empire - St. Petersburg and the Pacific Ports of Russia - Vladivostok and Far Running on the railway was established in July 1903, when the Chinese-Eastern Railway, passing through Manchuria, was adopted in permanent ("correct") operation. Date 1 (14) of July 1903 also marked the introduction of the Great Siberian Way to operation at all of its length, although in the railway path there was a break: across Baikal had to transfer trains on a special ferry.

The continuous railway between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok appeared after the start of the working movement on the 19 September 190) 1904; And a year later, 16 (29) October 1905, the Krugobaquica road, as a segment of the Great Siberian Path, was adopted into continuous operation; And regular passenger trains for the first time in history were able to follow only rails, without the use of ferry crossing, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean (from Western Europe) to the shores of the Pacific Ocean (to Vladivostok).

End of construction in the territory of the Russian Empire: 5 (18) October 1916, with a starts of a bridge across Amur near Khabarovsk and the beginning of the train at this bridge.

The cost of construction of Transsib from 1891 to 1913 amounted to 1.455.413 thousand rubles, the value of the construction of specific sites of the Great Siberian Path.

Modern Transsiba route.

Starting from 1956, the Transsiba route is: Moscow-Yaroslavskaya - Yaroslavl-Ch. - Danilov -Bui - Sharya - Kirov - Balezino - Perm-2 - Ekaterinburg-Pass. - Tyumen - Nazevskaya - Omsk-Pass. - Barabinsk - Novosibirsk-Chief - Mariinsk - Achinsk-1 - Krasnoyarsk - Ilanskaya - Taishet - Nizhneudinsk - Winter - Irkutsk-Pass. - Slyudyanka-1 - Ulan-Ude - Petrovsky Plant - Chita-2 -Karmskaya - Chernyshevsk-Zabaikalsky - Mogoche - Skovorodino - Belogorsk - Arkhara -Habarovsk-1 - Vyazemskaya - Ruzhino - Ussuriysk - Vladivostok. This is the main passenger move of Transsib. He finally formed to the beginning of the 30s, when normal operation of a shorter Sino-Eastern Railway became impossible due to military-political reasons, and the South-Ural stroke was too overloaded in connection with the USSR industrialization.

Until 1949, in the area of \u200b\u200bBaikal, the main course of Transsiba passed along the Bagaikal road, through Irkutsk - on the bank of the hangary - Baikal Station - on the shore of Baikal - to the station Slyudyanka, in 1949-56. There were two routes - the old, along the shore of Baikal, and the new, translated. Moreover, the transfer route was first built in a 1st possible option (1941-1948), and by 1957 became 2-pretty and basic.

From June 10, 2001, after the introduction of a new summer schedule of MPS, almost all trains of the far trans-Siberian report were put on a new route through Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod with access to the "classic move" in Kotelniche. This stroke allows you to pass trains with a higher route speed. But the kilometer of Transsiba still passes through Yaroslavl - Figure.

Historical Transsiba route.

Before the revolution of 1917 and some time after it (until the end of the 20s of the 20th century), the main route of the Great Siberian Path was held:
From Moscow, starting from 1904: through Ryazan - Ryazhsk - Penza - Syzran - Samara - Ufa -helyabinsk - Kurgan - Petropavlovsk -

"Having risen over Russia and dropping it with eyes, you can see blue and steel hoops, which are tightened to the ground into a single and great power. Rivers and life roads fasten and bring its spaces. And if the rivers are the essence of the creation of God, then the railways are created, although in the will of the Most High, the human mind, will and the hands of people. And in this miracle of human creation, the Trans-Siberian Highway is the greatest man. "

V. Ganichev, Writer and Public Worker

In 2016, we celebrated 125 years since the beginning of the official construction of the Trans-Siberian highway, which was originally called the Great Siberian way. The complex of complexity and unprecedented is comparable except with the flight of a person in space. However, this is exactly how the strategic, epochal and grand event - he was perceived by contemporaries at the time of construction. This transport rod essentially first gathered in a single essence all our huge power, the intersection of which from the end to the end used to take up to several months. Hundreds of Siberia settlements remote from any roads received access to the uninterrupted highway, not to mention the fact that the land transport corridor was finally created from the eastern seaports to the central cities of the European part of Russia, and passing completely through the territory of our country.

Surprisingly, but today, as 125 years ago, the Trans-Siberian Highway remains unsurpassed by a technical thought monument, hard work and purposefulness - this the longest (9298, 2 km) in the world is a two-way railwayAnd fully electrified, and in some areas of the train paths, they ply on it with the same time intervals as in the city metro. On this and many other indicators, she was rightly entered into the Guinies Book of Records.

Through which cities of Russia passes the Trans-Siberian Highway

What is the Trans-Siberian Highway? This is the largest Railway of Eurasia, which has reduced the time of movement from Vladivostok to Moscow to 6 days. She passes (historical route) through Ryazan, Samara, Ufa, Zlatoust, Miass, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Petropavlovsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Vladivostok. And it connects the Western, Northern and Southern Ports of Russia, as well as railway exits to Europe (St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Novorossiysk) with Pacific ports and railway exits to Asia (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Zabaikalsk).

Today, the Transsib is conditionally four branches:

1. Directly historical route (red line on the map) - with the above cities.
2. Baikal Amur Highway (Green Line): Taishet - Bratsk - Ust-Kut - Severobaikalsk - Tynda - Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Soviet harbor.
3. Northern route (blue line): Moscow - Yaroslavl - Kirov - Perm - Tyumen - Krasnoyarsk - Taishet - And then the transition to the Baikal Amur highway.
4. Southern way (the black line shows a segment of a southern way where it differs from other routes): Tyumen - Omsk - Barnaul - Novokuznetsk - Abakan - Taishet.

The history of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway

Historically, the Transsib was only the eastern part of the highway from the Southern Urals to Vladivostok. It is this segment of length of about 7,000 km and was built from 1891 to 1916. The project of the Great Construction was conceived since Alexander III, Which commanded his heir to embody his in life "... to start building solid through the entire Siberia of the Railway, which is aimed at combining the abundant gifts of the nature of the Siberian regions with the network of internal rail messages."

In 1891, the future heir to the throne Nicholas II personally took the first car of the ballast in the cloth of the future road and took part in the laying of the first stone of the railway station in Vladivostok.

In just 10 years (just think about it!) All rails, except for segments on river crossings, was already ready and began transporting goods and passengers. I.e on average, workers paved 700 km per year, Or 1.9 km per day! But the conditions of work were the most as heavy - the road was laid in the wilderness, through the forests, beams, rocks, the full-flowered Siberian rivers, swamps and weak soils, did not exist in essence and infrastructure for the import of materials. At the same time, the builders were limited in funds and one of the paramount tasks set in front of the engineers were the task of saving.

It is impossible not to say in this regard a little more about the talented engineers themselves, thanks to which this project has become possible, in spite of any climatic and financial restrictions. The profession of the communication engineer was one of the most prestigious in pre-revolutionary Russia, because in this area, at that time, all the most advanced developments of scientific and technological progress were embodied. Today we, perhaps, could carry out an analogy with IT, robotic and nano-materials ...

But let's go back to the past. The Institute of Corps of Engineers' Communications, founded in 1809, gave the formation of such a class that on course projects of his students could immediately build without making any edits and additions - they were so twisted, developed in detail and technically literate. The emperor Nicholas I said: "We are engineers," implying that it is in this specialty that all the creative and analytical qualities of the Russian people are manifested. And you need to admit, these people really have fulfilled their professional debt with honor, (and perhaps surpassed it) and embodied the most courageous aspirations of their contemporaries - Transsib will remain an eternal monument to their talents.

"The bridge across the River Yenisei I was laid with a margin of strength 52 times, in order to God and the descendants never said the insults to me."

Evgeny Knorre engineer-builder

From 1901 to 1916 only auxiliary work was already carried out - on the construction of bridges and various engineering structures. However, their volume is impressive no less than the length of the rail canvas. Only at the initial stage, 87 large stations and locomotive depots were built on the transussier, more than 1,800 small stations and gerverters and about 11 thousand engineering structures: bridges, tunnels, water pipes, jackhafts.

Exactly 100 years ago - in 1916.(that is, during the First World War and the total shortage of financial and human resources), it was still commissioned the most complex bridge over Cupid. It is from now on that begins counting uninterrupted railway communication throughout the length of the Trans-Siberian Highway, Therefore, it is considered the date of the final completion of construction.

The emperor understood that the finished section of the Trans-Siberian Highway is only the beginning of the large-scale development of the country's transport infrastructure. After all, one branch covers all key points is simply impossible. Golden prima remained aside in the Bodaibo area, as well as the main water artery of Siberia - the Lena River ... The plans for the construction of a new branch in Tsarist Russia were not destined to come true because of the war and revolution. One way or another, the project was still implemented under the name Bam (Baikal-Amur Magistral) already under Soviet power. This building of the century of the XX-th deserves a separate study - now only pay attention to the fact that it logically continues the Transsib and today it is a single whole.

Now the Transsiba route ends in Vladivostok, but in the nearest plans - the construction of a bridge or tunnel on Sakhalin. A large-scale plan for the modernization of Transsib and Bama for the coming years has been approved. So, the total investment in the project until 2018 will amount to 560 billion rubles. This includes the construction of the railway to Magadan and to the Bering Strait. Work began on the reconstruction of the Transcorean highway with its release on the Transsib and the transformation of the latter to the main transport corridor.

This is how - the empire replaced by the Councils, wars, revolution, crises, the Russian Federation was already inherited. Three different ways, and the Great Path continues to live and develop, no matter what ideology sets the vector at this particular point - and this is another confirmation of its incredit civilizational value.

Interesting facts about the Trans-Siberian Highway 1

• The first steam locomotives in Russia called paros

• The total length of railways by 1865 - at that time the establishment of the Ministry of Railways did not exceed 3 thousand km.
• For 40 pre-revolutionary years, 81 thousand kilometers of railways were built in the country, and from 1920 to 1960 - 44 thousand kilometers. More than half of the main routes, now at the disposal of RZD JSC - Tsarist Heritage.
• The idea of \u200b\u200bthe construction of Transsib had opponents, called her with madness and felt. The Minister of Internal Affairs Ivan Durovo two years before the start of construction argued that the creation of the Transsib would lead to the mass resettlement of the peasants to Siberia, and in the inner provinces there will be a shortage of workers hands.
• "The first thing that should be expected from the road is the influx of different chairs, artisans and merchants, then they will encounter the buyers, prices will rise, the province is flooded by foreigners, the observation of order preservation will become impossible," the Tobolsky governor worked.
• Anton Chekhov in 1890 traveled from Moscow to Sakhalin for three months.
• The initiators of the creation of Transsib were inspired by an example of the longest at that time the Union Pacific railway from Omaha to San Francisco, put into operation in 1870 and also breathed life into little lands. But the length of Union Pacific was 2974 km, and Transsiba - 7528 km (together with a plot from Moscow to Miass - 9298.2 km). Along with the branches were laid 12390 km of paths.

• The cost of the Trans-Siberian Highway is 1 billion 455 million rubles (about 25 billion modern dollars).
• The regular movement began on July 14, 1903, but from Cheats to Vladivostok trains did not follow the unfinished Transsib, but on the Sino-Eastern Railway through Manchuria.
• The first time in the Transsibe there was a break: Baikal trains crossed on the ferries, and in winter, the rails were laid on ice. On October 20, 1905, a round-bayal road with a length of 260 km with 39 tunnels was commissioned.
• At the same time, a monument to Alexander III in Irkutsk was opened in Irkutsk. The shape of the railway conductor, and at the station Slyudyanka - the only station in the world, entirely built from marble.

• On the construction of Transsib was employed up to 20 thousand workers. For political considerations, Chinese and Korean migrant workers were not attracted. The view common in the Soviet era, as if the roads were built by the roads - myth.
• The most highly paid workers, bridge-buildings-rivests, received a ruble for each rivet and scored seven rivets for shifting. The over-fulfillment of the plan was not allowed so that the quality did not suffer.

• Part of cargo for construction was delivered by the Northern Sea. Hydrologist Nikolai Morozov spent 22 steamer from Murmansk at the mouth of the Yenisei.
• Amur bridge was built three years. The ship, driving steel spans from Odessa, sank in the Indian Ocean the German submarine in connection with which the work was delayed for 11 months.
• At the Amur site was laid the world's first tunnel in permafrost.
• The locomotives, cars and the 27-arral model of the bridge through the Yenisei became the nail of the world exhibition in Paris in 1900 and received the Grand Prix there. French journalists called Transsib "Broan Range of the Russian Giant" and the "Grand continuation of the era of great geographical discoveries."

• The services of the 1st grade passengers had a salon wagon with a library and piano, bathrooms and a gym. Wagons decorated in red wood, bronze and velvet are now exhibited in the railway museum in St. Petersburg.
• In the 1930s, Japanese diplomats who have fought on a transussiba in Europe and back, for days, in turn, counted oncoming military echelons, so on the road specifically sent many dules.
• Electrification Transsiba was fully completed in 2002.
• The throughput of the road, according to experts, can reach 100 million tons of cargo per year.
• The delivery time of containers from the Far East to Europe by rail is on average 10 days, approximately three times faster than the sea.

Results: Transsib - Pride of the country

The construction of Transsib is considered an outstanding event in the history of not only engineering thought, but also civilizations in general. In 1904, Scientific American's magazine called this transport highway to the most outstanding technical achievement of the boring of centuries. The Great Siberian way to this day holds the palm of the championship in length, the number of stations and the pace of structures among all the railways of the world.

During construction, hundreds of decisions were applied in practice "for the first time": more than 1000 of them were officially patented. So, it was there for the first time that improved centers with a gravel coating were built, it was there for the first time the tunnels were built in the easers ...

Uninterrupted message, the possibility of operation in all weather conditions, high speed, as well as the features of the geographic location of our country, with its immense latter and milk galetric transitions between major cities and resource bases led to the fact that immediately at the end of the construction of Trans-Siberian, railways became the main transport countries.

And Transsib himself as the largest Eurasian transport artery made an invaluable contribution to the strengthening of the geopolitical power of the Russian Empire and its heirers on the world stage as a whole.

The Trans-Siberian Mainer during the century was the main "window" in the Far East, connecting the most vast Russia, he was Western to Eastern borders. Its construction, despite the fact that almost a hundred years has passed since its completion (next, 2016, the anniversary will be celebrated) - the largest (in terms of spent effort and time) and the most expensive in the history of Imperial Russia, the project.

Prerequisites for construction

The exit of Russia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean occurred in the 17th century, but the remoteness of these places was simply incredible at the then of the movement of movement - it is enough to recall the tragic history of a long-term travel to the capital, to the coronation of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, "Priests of Kamchatka Girls". Only by the time they arrive Elizabeth has long been crowning, and the girls refused to go back the "slightly late" devits categorically.

In the practical plane, this problem has passed only in the age of 19th. The "era of the pair" repeatedly reduced the time required to move people and cargo over long distances. It remained, however, one snag is to pave rails and put trains on them.

Railway construction was caused by the needs of the industrial era and became its locomotive itself: after all, there were also powerful metallurgy, and developed mechanical engineering, and a lot of things related to the production of construction equipment and construction materials, and the construction of construction equipment, and the construction of construction systems, and a lot of concomitant Training and other training.

At the same time, railway construction has become the largest in the era of the initial accumulation of superficial sources and the phenomenal on arrogance. When in the United States decided to tie the railway of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, paying each kilometer to the contractors to the contractors, it turned out that the railway "on the ground" was twice as long than it would have to be under the condition of normal construction. Transsib, alas, this fate also did not avoid: at the initial estimate value in half a billion rubles, he, as a result, "pulled" on a full-fledged one and a half. For clarity, we indicate that a million of the then rubles is more than a ton of gold.

Construction and modernization

Having in the second half of the 19th century, the railway network in the European part of the country, the Russian Empire was ready for more large-scale projects. After preliminary survey work, in the spring of 1891, Alexander II, the peacekeeper signed a decree on the beginning of the construction of the "Great Siberian Way" (so Transsib was called initially). Moreover, construction began both by the European Russia and Vladivostok.

Incompracting difficulties in the construction of a highway - despite the fact that the main "mechanism" was a shovel and a car, and the road took place on a slightly populated, and even non-hedied terrain, through all sorts created by nature obstacles. We had to build bridges and pierce the tunnels, tear the hills and erect mounds, break through the deaf taiga. However, construction - the site behind the site - ended, mainly in the design time. And this record - and duration, and the construction rates in the hardest conditions, not beaten until now!

The Trans-Siberian Highway includes such sections:

• Ussuri road;
• West Siberian road;
• Medium-Siberian road;
• Transbaikal road;
• Manyzhur road;
• Krugobaquica road;
• Amur road.

It is clear about its meaning for Russia, it is clear that the work on increasing bandwidth did not stop even in the "dashing nineties", and in 2002 the complete electrification of the highway was completed. And "Russian reversal to the East" will be carried out, as a hundred years ago, it is on the rails of the Great Siberian Path.