Bringing to your attention an excerpt from the book by K. Rodzaevsky "MODERN JUDIZATION OF THE WORLD OR the Jewish question in the twentieth century", written in Harbin in 1943, we are again forced to give the following warning.

Somewhere before the beginning of the twentieth century, almost all Jews were Jews. Those. professed the misanthropic ideology of Judaism. However, later, and even more so in our time, there were many Jews who refused to follow this racist religion.

In fact, they refused. For example, becoming Heroes of the Soviet Union for services on the battlefields. Or faithfully serving the people on a scientific or teaching path. Finally, just having a dignified life as Russian Jews. Without Judaism.

The author of the proposed passage follows the traditions of the previous era. And does not want to see the difference between Jews and Jews. But a normal person would not call a Slavic child, turned by Muslims (through education) into a Janissary, a Russian person, would he? It is the same with the difference between Jew and Jew.

NEW ARISTOCRACY

The official Jewish directory, The Jewish World, published in Russian by the Union of Russian-Jewish Intelligentsia in Paris in 1939, provides an instructive list: a stunning list of Jews in the upper and lower houses of the English parliament. In the House of Lords, in the form of English lords, it turns out, the following Jews are sitting:

1. Marquis Reading Osterwald

2. Viscount Birmtad Walter Horace Samuel, Head of the Sheli & Co Oil Society

3. Viscount Samuel Herbert Lewis Samuel, former High Commissioner of Palestine

4. Baron Duvin Joseph

[The Jewish Lord Sir Montefiori, a wealthy Englishman, on the family coat of arms below - a lion and a unicorn, above - three stars of David and two flags with an inscription on ...] 5. Baron Jussel Herbert

6. Baron Mycroft Arthur Mikael Samuel

7. Melchett Harry Ludwig, Lord Mond, head of the chemical trust 1.C.1., Zionist activist

8. Baron Nathan Rothschild

9. Baron Sotwood Julius Soller Elias, head of the newspaper concern

In the House of Commons, the same source lists

1. Sir Leslie Hoor-Baelish, Minister of War

2. Sir Percy A. Alfred Harris (from London)

3. L.P. Glickstein (from Notterham)

4.Dadley Joel (from London)

5. A.M. Lyons (from Leitchester)

6.T. Levy (from London)

7. James George Rothschild (from London)

8.Sir Arthur Mikael Samuel (from London)

9. Samuel, Marquis of Windworth (from London)

10. Sir Isidore Salmon (from London)

11. Sir Philip Sassoon (from London)

12.Sydney Silverman (from Liverpool)

13. Edward A. Strauss (from London)

14.Lewis Silkin (from Pecham)

15. Harry Nathan (from London)

16. Daniel L. Lipson (from London)

Maybe all Jews became real Englishmen? Maybe their origin did not prevent them from imbuing with the spirit and traditions of the country in which they settled, and they became true subjects of that Britain, which so widely and hospitably opened all the doors to them, gave all the opportunities, up to the fact that it entrusted them with the highest government posts and admitted to the upper strata of its state hierarchy - made lords, marquises and viscounts?

Yes, the Jews for the time being demonstrate their belonging to the English society, without opening their Jewish visor. However, as soon as the need for "playing with the British" is over (we can observe this in all other countries of the world), the masks are instantly discarded so that the Jewish lord disguised as "one hundred percent Englishman" again turns into a true representative of his people.

Harbin's Jewish Life cites many such instructive biographies. Here is what, for example, we found in one of the issues of this magazine about "the most prominent representative of the English aristocracy, Lady Fitzgerald."
4. THE RETURN TO JEWISH OF THE EIGHTY-YEAR-OLD LADY FITZGERALD

“One cloudy London morning, the secretary of the Jewish National Fund was routinely familiarizing himself with the morning mail that had just arrived, as a check fell out of one envelope ... sterling and signed "Lady Fitzgerald".

This was Lady Fitzgerald's first appearance in the Jewish community. Not more than a year passed after that, and in that short time she became one of the most energetic activists and an irreplaceable fighter for the interests of British Jewry. And we should not forget that Lady Fitzgerald is no longer young - she is eighty years old, and her deceased husband was an English aristocrat, a Christian, her children profess the Anglican faith. But in her old age, Lady Fitzgerald returned to her people and gives them all her love and devotion, as if trying to atone for the sin of alienation from her people in the days of her youth.

Lady Fitzgerald belongs to the high society of England. She is on friendly terms with Prime Minister Chamberlain, who very often came to her castle, located a hundred kilometers from London. Also, the royal couple of England are friends with the old lady and often spend time in her company.

Recently, on the initiative of an indefatigable eighty-year-old woman, a fund called the "Golden Fund" was founded. The essence of this fund lies in the fact that the Jews of England are obliged to give for Palestinian work and the establishment in Palestine of Jewish victims from Germany all their jewelry, which they are able to refuse.

Lady Fitzgerald set to work vigorously and personally sent out tens of thousands of letters to Jewish women in England calling for donations to the Golden Fund. And this appeal was immediately answered: a golden stream of various valuable things from all over the country rushed to the Keren-Kaemet bureau. All the time mail parcels arrive with silverware, silver and gold vases, candlesticks, silver cup holders, paintings, prints, crystal, bracelets, watches and various other golden things, and all this endlessly. "

This little note is instructive in many ways. First of all, it shows one way of Jewish penetration into a foreign national organism. These are marriages of Jewish women with prominent people of their host country.

Further, the note says that a Jew or a Jew who converted to Christianity, in their hearts, remain faithful to the religion of their ancestors and return to it at the first opportunity. The note also testifies to the world unity of the Jewish people: "English" aristocrats help Jewish refugees from Germany. Finally, the article exposes the British aristocracy, the government and even the royal house, incriminating in friendly relations with the Jews.

“Nobody is like your own,” says popular wisdom. Further we will see a great many revelations of Jewry, gleaned from the Harbin "Jewish Life" - the officialdom of the Jewish Far Eastern National Council, published by KHEDO - the Harbin Jewish Spiritual Community, edited by the Far Eastern Jewish leader Dr. Kaufman, who is truly indefatigable in chatty frankness. Thank you, Abram Iosifovich!
HISTORY OF THE JEWISH CONTRIBUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN

How did it happen that England was completely captured by the Jews? In order for the picture of the Jewish conquest of this country to be unfolded before you with the utmost objectivity, let us give the floor to the Jewish historian.

“In 1320, the British government expelled the Jews from their country (why they expelled, the Jewish historian, of course, does not tell. - K.R.).

There were no Jews in England for three hundred and fifty years. During the time of Cromwell, the Amsterdam Jew Meinache Ben-Israel made a proposal to the British government to allow Jews to enter from abroad. In 1655 England was at war with the then powerful Spain and the wealthy merchant Holland.

During these wars, England experienced a great need for knowledgeable and respectable financial Jews, at least for immigrants from the same Spain, Holland, Portugal. But how will the English people react when granting permission for the Shylock brothers to enter the country? The English rulers found a typical English way out of the situation: the government did not give permission for Jews to enter the country, but decided that, according to the current English law, it does not have direct instructions in the country's laws not to allow Jews to enter England!

The essence of this decision lies in the fact that Jews were allowed to enter the country, but it had to be done quietly and almost imperceptibly. And a year after the aforementioned decision of the English government, in 1655, a group of Portuguese-Spanish Jews was allowed to acquire minor land plots for a cemetery and synagogue. At the same time, it was advised in the form of an order that "the divine service in the synagogue should be performed absolutely quietly and calmly." And for almost two hundred years there was a migration of Jews to England, mainly Portuguese and Spanish Jews, and in the 18th century, the migration of Jews from Italy and France was also noted.

But in 1850 there were only 45,000 Jews in England.

A large emigration wave of Jews poured into England after the pogroms in Russia: in 1881, 16,000 Jews entered England, in 1891 - 47,696, and from 1891 to 1906 - 310,000 Jews.

In contrast to the Jews of Eastern Europe, English Jewry achieved de facto real rights and, over the years, formal equality. After the Napoleonic wars, the political, especially the economic life of the country began to progress greatly. Jews - financiers and bankers - both in the mother country and in the English colonies, greatly contributed to the flourishing of England.

In 1847, Baron Lionel Rothschild was elected to the Parliament of England from the City of London, in 1855 Sir Solomon was elected Lord Mayor of London. And in 1866, for the first time in the history of England, the title of Lord was granted to Baron Rothschild. Disraeli's Jewish background did not prevent him from being prime minister.

Sir Rufus Isaac was appointed Viceroy of India in 1919. Lord Samuel is a minister in the Cabinet in 1915 and Khor-Baelish is a minister of war in Chamberlain's Cabinet. "

So the Jews gradually took over England in order to make it "the sword of Israel" in the XX century. However, the Jewish historian is modestly silent about the many Jews who stand at the height of British life, whose names we have given above.

It is all the more instructive to reproduce excerpts from the biographies of famous and eminent "Englishmen" quoted by the Jewish press. From them, uninitiated people can learn that, for example, one of the main British parties - the liberal - was even headed by a Jew for a long time!

“Sir Herbert Samuel, the first High Commissioner of Palestine, is sixty years old,” Jewish Life reported respectfully in 1931. “He was born in Liverpool. He is the youngest son of Edwin Samuel, brother of Stuart Samuel, President of the Union of Jewish Communities of England.

Even in his student years, Herbert Samuel was an adherent of liberalism (of course! - K.P.). In 1902 he was elected to the British Parliament. For a long time he was the president of the Liberal Party.

He is considered one of the best theorists of liberalism (note! - K.P.). In 1905, Samuel took the post of vice-minister of the interior (Judas considers the internal affairs of England to be his own business! - K.P.). Since then, he has held various high positions in all liberal cabinets. From 1918 to 1920, Samuel was chairman of the Royal Statistical Commission.

In 1920 he was appointed High Commissioner of Palestine and held this post until 1925 (Poor Arabs! - K.R.). Recently, Samuel is considered the most serious candidate for the post of Viceroy of India (poor Indians! - K.P.). Herbert Samuel occupies a very prominent place in the state life of England (we see - K.P.) He is an ardent Zionist ... etc. "

And here is another "great Englishman":

“Dead Alfred Mond, Lord Melchett, who was called in England the field marshal of British industry ...

Lord Melchett was a champion of the rationalization of the imperial chemical industry with a capital of 54,000,000 pounds sterling, of which he was chairman.

He was chairman of twelve other companies, and in total he was listed (was he only? - K.P.) on thirty different boards.

He was a member of the British Parliament from 1905 to 1928. Then he was raised to the dignity of a peerage.

During the last war, he was the government commissioner of factories, then the minister of labor, and later the minister of health.

He was rightfully called the "chemical king of England".

He was an ardent supporter of the Zionist movement, the chairman of the Zionist Federation in England, the chairman of the Council "Juish Agency" ("Jewish Agency").

He was buried in the family crypt at the Jewish cemetery. "Kalish" (kaddish, memorial prayer. - Ed.) Was pronounced by his eldest son Henry, who inherited the title of lord.

And behind the coffin of the deceased were: a representative of the government, a representative of the House of Lords, representatives of the world Zionist executive, the Juish Agency, political parties, many prominent statesmen and politicians, major industrialists and financiers and a huge crowd of people ... The King and Queen of England sent a lady Melchett's condolences telegram. After the funeral in the synagogue on Berkeley Street, a solemn azkora (from the Hebrew azkora - commemoration. - Ed. Note) took place. "

In modern England, the word posh is used, which means "chic" or "cool". Linguists and other stakeholders are trying to determine when it is appropriate to use this current concept. Is there any reason for them to unite everyone who diligently imitates the extended sound of "wye" in Queen Elizabeth II's annual Christmas address to the nation, who studied at Eton and has a membership card of a privileged club, or are there other generic signs that have never been heard of before?

The ability to draw a clear dividing line between aristocrats and rich upstarts, good taste and bad, stylish and simply fashionable - for the British it is more than science, and without comprehending this, it is difficult to understand the country.

Many believe, not without reason, that belonging to posh is determined by pronunciation. Children wonder why their father, contrary to the rules, deliberately pulls “mandii” (“Monday”) instead of “mandi”, but at the same time correctly says “today” (“today”). "Yes, because such a pronunciation in my youth was considered posh. And being posh was cool," my dad explains.

The compilers of the Oxford English Dictionary are already inclined to acknowledge the existence of such a pronunciation. True, in most cases they put it in second place after the classic version.

Initially, the word "chic" had a pejorative connotation, reflecting both the envy of the middle class towards the representatives of the aristocracy and the desire to adopt from them, along with their characteristic pronunciation, status and privileges. Experts believe that, in fact, the emergence of posh played into the hands of the English nobility, giving the sheen of elitism to purely external signs of lightness (monograms on napkins and shirts, cutlery for cream, T-shirts, jewelry boxes, etc.) and erasing less attractive features of the aristocracy (anti-Semitism, love of bloody sports, the ability to live in debt without a twinge of conscience and on a grand scale).

However, the phonetic phenomenon turned out to be a double-edged sword. He popularized aristocracy as much as he devalued it. When you see Posh nosh on the menu of a traditional English pub, it means that you are being offered one of the most exclusive treats - tiny cutlets and a slice of chocolate pie. However, few people suspect that the "favorite delicacy of the nobility" was promoted to the market by an American company that produces fragrances for bathrooms and toilets under the advertising slogan "Let's add chic to plumbing!" Thus, the term posh can also be a form of vulgarity.

Performers of fashionable music and up-and-coming actresses are shown in public in clusters of chic jewelery, and old-school English lament that the Queen's Treasures exhibit is no longer as stunning today as it was 20 years ago.

The supplier to Her Majesty the Queen's court, the famous Harrods store, had never needed advertising: the Windsor coats of arms above its entrances served as a reliable guarantee of quality. But "Harrods" is not the same now, the British complain. What is the store now selling? Bear figurines in the shape of "Beefeater" with magnets to hang on the refrigerator, gift sets of marmalade in tiny jars (not even enough for one cracker) or huge bottles of the most expensive perfume.

However, what was said may well be attributed to the old man's grumbling - they say, in our time the grass grew thicker and the sun was shining brighter. Let us now return to the etymology of the word posh.

As linguists admit, the origin of the term is very vague. According to one version, originally this word meant literally "slush", "mud". According to the second, POSH is an abbreviation for Port Out, Starboard Home. It was featured on first class tickets for ships en route Southampton - Bombay - Southampton. It was believed that the most beautiful views on the way to India were from the cabins located on the port side of the ship, and when returning home, the rocking was least felt in the cabins on the starboard side. Only the privileged public could afford such tickets.

But most experts agree that posh comes from the Roman word for "half", which was used to denote some concepts in the field of monetary circulation. The 1890s Dictionary of English Slang gives the term dandy. Thus, posh can be understood in two ways - either "a man with money" or "ostentatious luxury". Strictly speaking, one can argue whether the English nobility is considered a pure aristocracy. After all, her story was too closely intertwined with the life of the third estate. In Great Britain it is now difficult to find more than ten families whose ancestry can be easily traced back to the moment preceding the Norman conquest. Plus the sale of titles and titles, the expansion of the peerage at the expense of bankers, industrialists and politicians, marriage "for money", plus the formation of an intellectual elite and a layer of gentry (village landowners, whose family line continues for several centuries).

All this led to the need to artificially maintain the influence of the degenerated aristocracy, which was achieved, as some sociologists believe, by cultivating traditional English snobbery and outward signs of elitism. Privileged Habitats, Schools, Colleges, Dinner Parties, Gated Clubs and more are in the same series. In the 90s of the last century hairdressers were the “quality mark” of the cream of British society. They waited three months for a visit to Nicky Clark (personal stylist of the Duchess of York), Jemima Khan and Tanya Strecker, and the very fact of getting into the queue was a real success. Now the "siege" of a good stylist takes at most a month and a half. If you receive an invitation to cut and style your hair in just a few days or weeks, then you, darling, are in the wrong line ...

Nowadays, the masters of plastic surgery are the keepers of the symbolic keys from the entrance to elite salons and closed clubs. On Wimpool Street, the charming Monsieur Sebag practices in every way. For a decent fee (from £ 300 and up - you will only find out the upper price limit in the office), he gives a magic injection that "freezes" the muscles of the face, or increases the volume of the lips. Sleep on the waiting list for an appointment with the doctor is longer than at the box office of the cinema on the day of the premiere of the next "Harry Potter".

An indispensable sign of belonging to the upper strata of society is the pursuit of fashion. The list of contenders for the latest model of Gucci ladies' shoes (£ 310 per pair) has more than 60 names. Recording of interested parties is paused. “We only ordered 12 pairs,” a London boutique clerk announces importantly. Particularly impatient people are gently advised to send their order to Paris or Milan.

Why not order a lot at once so people don't wait in vain? Because no one will buy a thing if everyone they come across can wear it. Scarcity is a great thing and an engine of haute couture. Even if it does not exist, it must be created. Trinny Woodall, the host of the BBC television program "What Not To Wear," claims with good reason that waiting lists were invented on purpose. Techniques are as old as the world. For example, a boutique specifically orders a limited number of pieces of one model. Or a list of especially fashionable novelties this season is sent for familiarization first to famous people. While they express their will and buy, the line has already formed.

The situation with the opera and private clubs is even more absurd. Connoisseurs claim that membership can be expected to death. More than seven thousand people are seeking to join the Glinderbon Opera House. And it's not how much it costs - the annual fee is only £ 124. The membership is simply strictly limited. You have to wait until someone retires or leaves this world. And this happens on average once every 25 years. The Hurlingham Club, on 42 acres of West London land, is ideal for those in the capital who prefer to play tennis, swim or sip a cocktail in the company of celebrities in their spare time. However, an ordinary person has a chance to join the club not earlier than in 10-12 years - the list of applicants has about four thousand names. There are nine thousand names on the waiting list for the Marylbon Cricket Club. You can get here only after 18 years. The lucky ones pay an annual fee of £ 300, which entitles them to wear club colors and attend all cricket championships.

From time to time, founders elect honorary life members - out of turn. What needs to be done for this? A similar honor went to a very wealthy man who donated about two million pounds sterling for the construction of stands at the stadium where the cricket matches are held. And former British Prime Minister John Major had to stay in the general queue.

Privileged boarding schools also have lists of applicants for admission. If an Englishman wants to provide a child with a great future, he seeks to send him to a school, for which the name and date of foundation speaks: Westminster (1560), Winchester (1382), Eaton (1440), St. Pauls (1509), Harrow (1571) or Charterhouse (1611). High competition and queues make parents worry about admission as early as possible. For example, girls at Marlborough College are already closed until 2009. If your daughter is now over six and is not yet on the list of applicants, then she no longer has a chance. It is advisable for parents to start the school preparatory campaign right from the birth of the child. In a privileged school, first of all, the correct classical language is taught. For speech for an Englishman is a kind of visiting card. One pronunciation opens the door to high society, the other closes it tightly. For this reason, Britain is home to a unique linguistic phenomenon: the double (or sliding) accent. In one environment, a person speaks correctly and cleanly, and in another, he allows the use of vernacular constructions. For example, Prime Minister Tony Blair answers journalists' questions "Oh yes, of course", and in a conversation with voters in Sedgefield County can easily say "Yep." It is possible that he is doing this in order to avoid repeating the fate of parliamentary candidate Jacob Rhys-Mogh, who failed in the elections because voters did not like his snobbish pronunciation. The British themselves admit that it is extremely difficult to systematize all existing accents: conservative English (as the queen says), modern correct English (as TV and radio commentators say), rural (as the leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook says) and the dialect of the inhabitants of Liverpool and Birmingham. There is also a simpler division - classic English and common people. The carriers of the first do everything to differ from the lower class. For example, they introduce non-existent vowels into words and highlight the consonant "hi", which the Cockney "swallow".

It should be said that the fashion for a privileged accent has arisen relatively recently. The famous English navigator Sir Francis Drake spoke with a Devonian accent (he was from the County of Devon), the speech of King James I betrayed his Scottish origin, other monarchs were of German or French roots and also spoke foul language. In 1750, the educational centers of Oxford, Cambridge and London declared themselves to be the legislators of correct pronunciation. But the final norms were established in the 19th century, during the era of Queen Victoria. The public boarding school system solidified the rules, and the formation of an empire helped spread those rules around the world. Playwright Bernard Shaw used English phonetics as the basis of his most famous play, Pygmalion. Its main character is the London flower girl Eliza Doolittle, who speaks a disastrous Cockney dialect. Professor Higgins teaches her literary English and thus opens her way to high society. Very English! In 1997, the Institute for Personnel and Development conducted a study, during which it was found out which dialect in which profession contributes to success. For example, the Scots were encouraged to engage in banking, the sale of mobile phones and cars, but by no means publishing. Participants in another experiment were given several voice recordings to listen to and asked to determine which dialect was more prone to illegal actions. The classic English speaker was never named! Now imagine what this convention leads to during the trial. According to experts, while in England the accent matters even more than the color of the skin. Anglo-African children who have mastered posh tend to have fewer problems than whites raised in a Cockney environment. It is unlikely that the national television veteran black Trevor MacDonald would have become a popular presenter if he did not speak the classical language. David Crystal has an interesting theory in this regard. According to the professor, the division of the English according to the linguistic principle is akin to the rudimentary security system of prehistoric times. Then the caveman, by the nature of the sounds emitted, determined who came to him - his own or a stranger. If the alien roared wrong, it was time to get the club and go and figure it out ...

Well, the last post about England, Upper class or British Nobility.

By the way, do you know that in English there is no equivalent of the word "nobility"? Because there has never been such a social phenomenon. Nobility & Aristocracy does not mean nobility in the Russian sense, but means "aristocracy", which is not the same thing at all. The aristocracy in Russia included about 100 families, such as the Yusupovs and Golitsins. Most of them were the descendants of the boyars who won the favor under Ivan the Terrible.

But in addition to the aristocracy in Russia, there were also hundreds of thousands of simple nobles, including small-scale, most of whom lived only a little better than their serfs and were just as dark. This was because titles were continually eroded over generations. In England, there was a primacy, in which only the eldest son inherited the title, and all other children received the title one lower. For example, the eldest son Duke became Duke, and the rest became the Marquesses. In turn, the youngest children of Marquess were Earls, and since there were only six or seven titles, they very quickly disappeared altogether. Therefore, the aristocracy remained small and had real nobility. Actually for this, the system of entitlement was introduced.

The First World War dealt a heavy blow to the English aristocracy. First, a lot of men from this class died. Secondly, conditions changed and those who served the estates went to the front or to production. The rest demanded such payment that most of the large estates could not support them and could not exist without them. The last straw was death duties - an inheritance tax introduced in 1945, which killed most of the noble families.

Therefore, today in England there are very few, a few, estates and almost all of them are open to visitors in order to earn money and evade taxes. But the titles survived and the culture of the British aristocracy remained. One of the women from this stratum is Samantha Cameron, a direct descendant of Charles II. Diana was also from a very ancient and noble family of Spencers, who were considered more noble than the royal family.

Diana was generally a bright representative of the Upper class. She did not even finish the 8th grade of school, because she did not pass the final exams twice. This is quite typical for the British aristocracy, education in their midst was never considered a great advantage, and the ability to get it is not enough for everyone. In England there is a whole class of schools, usually boarding, where the academic requirements are noticeably lower than in good schools, but which are nevertheless very difficult to get into from another class. The emphasis is on sports and team games. Graduates of these schools often do not go to universities either, although now this is gradually changing.

Outwardly, women here are similar to women, but more careless and loving extravagant things. They think too cool to care too much the way they look. Extravagance is considered a sign of this I don’t give a damn attitude towards appearance. They can wear wild-colored trousers, or a sweater torn at the elbows, or a coat embroidered with crocodiles. But those who work try not to stand out, there are no crocodiles here. All other aesthetics in this class differ little from the Upper Middle Class, there are no lips like carp, no fake tan, no glitter.

In the comments to the previous articles about England, I was asked a lot about the foreigners living here. Upper Class is the only class where foreigners (or representatives of other groups) cannot enter as their own (yes, and Natalia Vodianova too). You cannot get married in this class, you have to be born in it. Therefore, Kate Middleton does not belong to him, and her children will be.

Foreigners who come to England, for all intents and purposes, fall into the class to which they correspond with their education, work, culture and income. Beneficiaries of the Underclass, blue-collar workers in the Working class, mid-level professionals in the Middle class, big business, bankers and oligarchs in the Upper Middle.

This is where the episode about England ends, and thank God, I'm so tired of it.

). In accordance with the English unspoken tradition, a person who is not a peer and is not a sovereign is formally considered a commoner (but not in Scotland, where the noble legal system is fundamentally different from the English one and is as close as possible to the continental one). In England, members of the peerage family can also be formally considered commoners, although from the point of view of the law they are in fact classified as gentry (the younger nobility, like baronets, knights, Esquires and gentlemen); in this, the English system differs significantly from the continental (and Scottish) system, where the whole family, and not individuals, is numbered among the nobility. Even members of the royal family who do not have peerage do not have a special legal status that differs from other members of society.

Parts of the peerage

There are several parts of the peerage with slightly different privileges: The peerage of England refers to all titles created by the kings and queens of England prior to the Unification Act of 1707. Peerage of Scotland - to those created by the kings and queens of Scotland before 1707. The peerage of Ireland includes titles of the Kingdom of Ireland prior to the Unification Act in 1800 and some titles created later. Peerage of the Great Britain refers to all titles created for the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. Finally, Peerage of the United Kingdom refers to most titles created after 1801.

After the unification with Scotland, it was agreed that not all Scottish peers would sit in the British House of Lords; they will elect 16 representative peers. After the union in 1801, Ireland was also allowed to have 29 representative peers. Irish elections ended in 1922 when the Irish Free State became a separate country. Scottish elections ended in 1963 when all Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in the House of Lords. The peerages of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom all attended the House of Lords and no elections were needed.

Story

Ranks

Often, the designation of the territory is added to the main peerage, especially in the case of barons and viscounts: for example, "Baroness Thatcher, Kestivena of Lincolnshire" ( Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincoln) or "Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Hindhead in Surrey" ( Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, of Hindhead in the County of Surrey). In such cases, the designation after the first comma is not part of the main title and is often omitted, leaving, in the above cases, “Baroness Thatcher” and “Viscount Montgomery of Alameinsky”. Territorial designations in titles are not updated with local government reforms, but newly created ones take them into account. Therefore, there is a title of Baroness Airy, Abingdon in Oxfordshire ( baroness Airey, of Abingdon in the County of Oxford), and Baron Johnston of Rockport, Caversham in the royal county of Berkshire ( baron Johnston of Rockport, of Caversham in the Royal County of Berkshire).

In the Middle Ages, peers could manage the lands transferred to them or even own them. Currently, the only peerage associated with which the land is still controlled by the title holder is the Duke of Cornwall. The title of Duke of Cornwall automatically (from the moment the reigning monarch is born into the family or the accession of a father or mother to the throne) is assigned to the eldest son of the monarch who is the heir to the throne - the Prince of Wales.

Appeal

For the naming of the lowest four ranks of the peerage (from baron to marquis), "lord<титул>"Or" lady<титул>". For ranks from Viscount to Duke, "<ранг> <титул>».

Barons are called "lord<титул>", And very rarely" baron<титул>"- except for women-pess, who are called" Baroness<титул>". For dukes and duchesses, only the naming “duke<титул>"/" Duchess<титул>».

When referring personally to male peers, use "my lord" or "lord<титул>", Female -" my lady "(eng. My Lady," my lady ") or" lady<титул>". For dukes and duchesses, "Your Grace" or "Duke<титул>"/" Duchess<титул>».

The spouse of the peer is named according to the same rules, and the same applies to personal appeal to her, but the spouse of the peer does not have any titles (unless he is a peer).

The ex-wife of the peer is named by the construction “<имя>, <ранг> <титул>"Without a definite article" the before rank (see Diana, Princess of Wales).

Subordinate titles

The ranks of count and baron and are considered the basis of titled nobility - if a commoner is immediately granted the title of duke or marquis, he is also simultaneously given separate titles of count and viscount or baron, and the count is also awarded the title of viscount or baron (for example, Prince William received the title of duke on the day of his marriage Of Cambridge and also the titles of Earl of Strathhaerne and Baron of Carrickfergus); such minor titles are called “subsidiary titles” and are inherited along with the main title.

In addition, titles can be passed on to distant relatives, and in some cases be passed on through the maternal line; as a result, peers often have several subordinate titles of the same ranks (for example, the Duke of Norfolk also has three earls and six baronial titles, and the Duke of Wellington has two subordinate titles in each of the junior ranks of the marquis, earl, viscount and baron), but traditionally for naming a peerage, only his most senior title (higher in rank or more ancient) is used, the rest of the titles are used by older children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren as a title of courtesy.

Courtesy titles

Older children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren of dukes, marquises and earls, as well as their wives, may use subordinate titles as an honorary courtesy title. For example, for a duke, the eldest son may use the subordinate title of marquis, the eldest grandson may use the title of count, the eldest great-grandson may use the title of viscount, and the eldest great-great-grandson may use the title of baron.

The youngest children of peers of the two senior ranks - dukes and marquises - use the title in the format "lord<имя> <фамилия>"And" lady<имя> <фамилия>».

Hereditary peers

Hereditary peers are those whose dignity is inherited. They can be created by the Sovereign by writ of summons or letters patent.

Life peers

There are also several rights that are not formally peerage privileges. For example, peers and their families are ranked in order of seniority. Peers have the right to wear special crowns and vestments when present at the Sovereign's coronation. The Peer Crown can be depicted on the coat of arms of the title. Peers who are members of the House of Lords have honorary robes to attend its meetings.

see also

• Local nobility (English)Russian
• Actual (main) title (English)Russian