In the Kirovsky district, on Stachek Avenue, there is one of the most atypical workers' towns in St. Petersburg. The complex, consisting of the Sievers dacha, the Potemkin estate, the Hospital of All Who Sorrow and the houses completed in Soviet times, is called by the locals the Kirov town.

The site on which the buildings stand today belonged to Admiral Golovin, an associate of Peter I. After the death of the admiral, the site was divided by his sons. The western part in 1740 passed to Senator Naryshkin, and five years later, after his death, to his wife. It was from her that the land was bought by Karl Sievers, the marshal at the court of Elizabeth Petrovna. He also bought the eastern part from Golovin's heirs. On the site of old wooden buildings, a two-story baroque palace was erected. Sievers ordered the project from the architect Rastrelli.

The central part of the palace was emphasized by a magnificent entrance, to which two ramps led. Above the entrance is a covered balcony, completed with a complex cartouche. The facades were punctuated by pilasters, the roofs had complex outlines.

Sculpture was used extensively in decoration. The palace was located on a natural terrace, below which the Peterhof road passed. The ensemble was complemented by two separate outbuildings and a regular park with a pond.

Subsequently, the dacha was owned by many noble people, including Prince Potemkin. In 1828, the estate acquired a completely new purpose - the state bought it to the treasury for 190 thousand rubles, for the construction of the first hospital for the insane in St. Petersburg.

Hospital buildings were attached to the main building, so that it acquired the shape of the letter "P". The main building housed a church, an office, reception rooms, and dining rooms. The halls were also divided for men and women from the "calm" patients. From the main building, spacious corridors led to the side wings - male and female.

In 1922, the hospital was renamed after the Swiss neuropathologist and public figure Auguste Henri Forel, who was friends with Lunacharsky and expressed his sympathy for the USSR. According to a typical scenario for that time, the church was liquidated in 1924, giving its premises to a club

Hospital them. Trout existed until 1941. When the front line approached Leningrad, the personnel were evacuated. The buildings occupied the command posts of the military units that defended the city. In the 41st, the headquarters of the 21st division of the NKVD was located here. During the war years, the buildings were badly damaged, only ruins remained of them.

The issue of restoring the architectural monument began to be discussed in the late 1940s. The whole complex was decided to be reconstructed as a House of Culture and supplemented with residential buildings for the workers of the growing Kirov Plant.

The creative team of the 8th architectural workshop of the Lenproekt Institute worked on the project of the residential town being created here. The complex was built with the help of factory builders.

The former palace complex remained the center of the town, to which one floor was added. Two seven-story towers were erected on the sides, and the central tower of the main building was demolished. The outbuildings, where the patients used to live, were completed up to four floors. In 1950, factory builders restored the four-story western building and completed two more similar buildings, which completed the architectural composition of the town.

It was decided to build all the buildings in the traditions of classical architecture in order to form a single architectural ensemble. The ancient pond and centuries-old trees have been preserved. One-story Tuscan colonnades have been preserved from the original palace of the Classicism era. The façade of the palace from Osterman's time, facing the park, has partially survived, and the vaults of the cellars rest on pillars erected under Rastrelli.

In 1990, the Kirov town was taken under state protection as an architectural monument. Today the complex is inhabited, there is a house of culture, a kindergarten, some premises are occupied by offices, cafes and shops.

The history of the psychiatric hospital of all who mourn as an example of humane treatment of the mentally ill

While Western European practice for a long time solved the problems of the mentally ill to a greater extent by isolating them from society and placing them in prisons, correctional and workhouses, Russian debtors and hospital departments for the insane from the very beginning belonged to the medical department.

In the government order on the organization of special longhouses for the mentally ill, developed with the participation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it was strongly emphasized that the insane should be treated and protected so that these patients could not harm themselves or others.
To oversee them, it was recommended to appoint kind-hearted people, for example, retired soldiers capable of greater tolerance.

The first hospital department for the insane was officially opened in 1784 at the Obukhov hospital in St. Petersburg. The description of this first lunatic ward contains the following information about its structure and interior:
“The building had 32 rooms (or chambers), which were arranged in two rows, one row for men, the second for women. Between these two rows of chambers there was a wide corridor, which was partitioned along its entire length and thus separated the men's section from the women's. The wards were particularly clean and tidy, but restless patients were tied to their beds with leather straps. “The means of restraint of the restless consist in a belt 2 inches wide and 2 arshins long, with which they bind their legs, and so-called straitjackets (camsoles), to which are attached narrow sleeves of canvas 3 arshins long, for tying the hands of the patient around the body.” These belts are more relaxed than chains, as the patients were treated gently and in a friendly manner. This, as well as good nutrition, helped the sick a lot to restore their health. When possible, attempts were made to limit the use of coercive measures and to introduce humane principles of treatment.

Since the curative possibilities available were extremely modest, great importance was attached to humane forms of treatment and a good moral climate. In January 1828, the Obukhov hospital with a lunatic asylum, an almshouse, an orphanage and a strait home, and then 8 more institutions in St. In the same year, it was decided to separate the wards for the mentally ill from the Obukhov hospital and move them outside the city.

The Russian State Historical Archive contains an autograph of Maria Fedorovna, in which she states “the approximate staff of the Asylum for 120 people, for proper monitoring, when this institution is separated from the Obukhov hospital ...”. The document was written in Pavlovsk, dated May 9, 1828 and signed "Maria". Maria Fedorovna, trying to improve the situation of the mentally ill and to have a greater understanding of the assistance to the mentally ill in Western European countries, made attempts to familiarize herself with the organization of care for the mentally ill in these countries.
Trustee John Venning offered to buy a house at 11 versts of the Peterhof road and adapt it for the needs of the hospital, stating that "this building is recognized by the most famous physicians as very convenient for the aforementioned institution."

From 1828 to 1832, the hospital building was rebuilt and expanded. Initially, outbuildings were added to the main building according to the project of D. Quadri, and later the architect P.S. Plavov also rebuilt the palace itself, arranging a church in the name of the Mother of God of All Who Sorrow Joy in the former ballroom.
Subsequent restructuring of the hospital in the middle of the 19th century concerned mainly its internal redevelopment or the addition of new clinical buildings.
As a result, a whole hospital town arose, called the Hospital of All Who Sorrow.

Doctors considered it necessary to provide "an individual lifestyle in accordance with the mental state." Flowers on the windows, paintings, a fireplace in the smoking room created a semi-home atmosphere.
The management of the hospital was taken over by a native of Saxony, doctor F.I. Herzog (F.Hartcoh, 1784-1853), who previously worked as a psychiatrist in Moscow. the best in Europe.
No wonder it soon became overcrowded. Among her were many chronicles, for which it was difficult to provide proper care at home. A few years later, a new building with 80 beds was added to it, but this did not solve the problem either.
At the end of the 19th century, the hospital had 300 beds - 150 for men and the same number for women. In addition, it carried out an outpatient appointment "for poor patients suffering from various diseases", which were treated annually by up to 3 thousand.

The hospital buildings consisted of two large stone buildings with one-story outbuildings and two summer barracks for 50 people each. The living conditions were excellent: 100 rooms for women, including 4 halls for daytime stay, a needlework workshop and two dining rooms. There are 79 chambers in the men's departments, including 3 day-care rooms, 3 canteens and a bookbinding workshop.
For walks of various categories of patients - calm, restless and violent - seven gardens and a large grove were intended. The territory of the medical institution of 160 acres stretched from the coast of the Gulf of Finland to the Ligovka River and the Baltic Railway. The Peterhof highway divided it into two almost equal parts. About 80 acres of land was leased for vegetable gardens and mowing. They admitted to the hospital "persons of every rank." Of the total number of places, 160 were paid: for people with limited means, the fee was 10 rubles per month; for patients placed by state and public institutions - 20 rubles; for self-catering half boarders - 30 and self-catering boarders - 60 rubles per month. 110 places were free of charge, including 10 so-called spare beds.

Here (probably in the building for terminally ill patients) died the artist Pavel Andreevich Fedotov, the author of The Widow, The Major's Matchmaking, The Fresh Cavalier, all of whom we have known since childhood. The disease came unexpectedly. Back in the spring of 1852, he visited, met with friends, and in the summer he had to be placed in the hospital. First - to the medical institution of the Austrian doctor M. Leidesdorf on Slonovaya Street near the Tauride Palace. But the payment was too high - 80 rubles a month, and friends transported him to the hospital "All Who Sorrow" at 11 miles of the Peterhof road.
By the way, having learned about the artist’s illness, Nicholas I allocated a rather large amount for his treatment, but this did not help. Since October 8, the artist has been in the hospital of All Who Sorrow. He no longer recognized his visiting friends, and on November 13, 1852 he died. Pavel Andreevich Fedotov was buried at the Smolensk cemetery, but in 1936 his ashes were disturbed - they were transferred to the Necropolis of Masters of Arts at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Very interesting information about the staff of the hospital. The medical staff consisted of 7 doctors, 6 paramedics, a pharmacist, a pharmacy student and a paramedic at a pharmacy. The administrative staff was represented by a superintendent, an accountant, a clerk, an assistant superintendent, 2 scribes, a priest, a reader and an architect. Supervised and looked after the sick 4 overseers and 3 overseers, 11 of their assistants, a housekeeper, 40 ministers, 41 nurses and 92 people for the household part.

Of course, today psychiatrists have effective pharmacological agents at their disposal, but in terms of the conditions in which patients are kept, the comparison is by no means in favor of modern reality.
The guiding document regulating its work was the hospital charter, which was based on the Western European model of charity for the insane, and which proclaimed humane principles for the treatment of the mentally ill and formulated the first proposals for the introduction of rational employment therapy.
The author of the charter was the doctor Johann Georg Rühl (1769-1846), who received a medical education in Germany, but entered the service in Russia and did a lot for her. He acquired his experience in the field of psychiatry at the Obukhov hospital in St. Petersburg.
In 1804 I.G. Rühl was appointed life physician to the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna and since then has belonged to her closest and most trusted advisers. He was responsible for medical issues that were resolved by the Board of Trustees for charitable institutions created by Maria Fedorovna.
The draft charter for the Hospital of All Who Sorrow was approved by the Board of Trustees in 1832 and published in book form. Proceeds from the sale of this work went to meet the needs of the poor patients of the hospital. The book consisted of 14 chapters, which gave a detailed description of the organization, management and life of the hospital. So some chapters were called: “On admission to an institution”, “On the distribution of the mentally ill according to the type and severity of the disease”, “On the dress of patients”, “On food and drink”, “On the duties of the head physician and medical personnel”, etc. It also discussed coercive measures and their role in treatment in detail.
If we carefully consider some of the considerations of I.G. Ruhl, the following aspects will be new and important: already in the first paragraph it is emphasized that the institution first of all accepts curable patients and therefore is not intended solely for isolating and looking after them.
The significance of the area in which the hospital should be located was pointed out: it should be healthy and beautiful and awaken cheerfulness in the mentally ill. The hospital should have a garden and various workshops for the employment of patients. Bars on the windows should be avoided, and all wards for the insane should be comfortable so as not to give patients the impression of a prison.
Surveillance personnel should not address patients with "you", and restraints can only be used by order of a doctor. The head physician should visit the hospital twice a day, not only have an excellent medical education, but also have a good knowledge of people.
The use of crude and painful coercive means I.G. Rühl considered it inappropriate. They were to be permanently banished from institutions for the mentally ill. So he emphasized that all the latest experience accumulated in institutions for the mentally ill shows that there is nothing better than to treat such patients kindly and respectfully, but with due firmness.

In addition, in his activities, I.G. Rühl was guided by the expediency of early hospitalization of patients, noting that "if the deprived of the mind are not immediately placed in an institution arranged for them, then the first convenient period for their use is missed."

All arguments of I.G. Ruhl's comments about the interior and atmosphere of the institution, as well as the treatment methods used, testify to his great respect for the personality of the patients. At the same time, he emphasized that no one has the right to punish the mentally ill physically or in other ways. Such patients should not be scolded or reproached in any way. In his opinion, an orderly daily routine, feasible and rational employment (most St. Petersburg pharmacists bought packages of medicines made in the workshops of the All Who Sorrow Hospital, this idea, proposed and implemented by I.G. Ryul, brought additional profit to the hospital), affectionate treatment and well-thought-out therapy lead to an improvement in the condition of patients.

Study of the development of psychiatry in Russia in the first half of the nineteenth century. showed significant progressive changes in the theory and practice of servicing the mentally ill. State authorities adopted legislative acts regulating the organization and treatment of the mentally ill. Progressive domestic psychiatrists had a beneficial effect on legislation, who determined a set of measures based on humanistic principles for the maintenance and treatment of patients with the organization of rational employment of the mentally ill and the conduct of psychotherapeutic measures in specialized psychiatric hospitals, which created a solid foundation for the subsequent intensive development of psychiatry.

Cottage of K. Sievers - Estate of G. A. Potemkin -

Hospital "All Who Sorrow" -

"Kirov town"

Memory arch. (region.)

Etc. Stachek, 158

Country estate

mid. 18th century - arch. Rastrelli Francesco-Bartolomeo

Estate of G. A. Potemkin

1770s - arch. Ogarev I. E. - perestroika

Hospital

1828 - arch. Quadri Dementy Ivanovich, architect. Plavov Petr Sergeevich - adaptation to the hospital

Kirovsky town

1950s - restoration with changes

Houses of the Kirov town:

* Two larches, which are visible in the picture on the right, are still alive. At the House for Hospital Employees (160 Stachek Ave.) (Forel)

Peter I granted the site to Admiral I. M. Golovin. After his death, the site was divided into equal parts by his sons Brigadier I. I. Golovin and Vice Admiral A. I. Golovin.

The western part of Admiral Golovin's plot in the early 1740s. passed to Senator A.L. Naryshkin, and after his death in 1745 to his wife, State Lady E.A. Naryshkina

Marshal at the court of Elizabeth Petrovna Karl Efimovich Sievers acquired Naryshkina's land in the late 40s. 18th century, and after 1766 the eastern section belonged to the heirs of A. I. Golovin. Also, the site of the former estate of F. M. Apraksin, adjacent to the Golovin estate from the west, was included in the Sievers estate. On the site of old wooden buildings, a stone palace was erected by order of Sievers according to the project of arch. Rastrelli. It was a two-storey baroque palace. The central part was emphasized by a magnificent entrance, to which two ramps led. Above the entrance is a covered balcony, completed with a complex cartouche. The facades were punctuated by pilasters, the roofs had complex outlines. Sculpture was used extensively in decoration. The palace was located on a natural terrace, below which the Peterhof road passed. The ensemble was complemented by two separate outbuildings and a regular park with a pond. Sievers' dacha was completed in 1761.

The estate was inherited by the daughter of the Marshal Elizaveta Karlovna, who married her cousin Yakob Efimovich Sievers, a prominent figure in the Catherine era, a diplomat, and an economist. The marriage was unsuccessful, after the divorce, E.K. Sievers sold the estate.

In August 1779, the dacha passed into the possession of G. A. Potemkin. Under him, the garden master William Gould laid out a park “in the English style” on the territory between the Peterhof road and the Gulf of Finland.

For Potemkin, the house was rebuilt by I. E. Ogarev.

In 1781, the dacha was purchased from Potemkin by the Empress for 30,000 rubles and granted to Vice Chancellor Count Ivan Andreyevich Osterman, Vice Chancellor, diplomat, and head of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. For him, the palace was rebuilt in the style of strict classicism. The authorship of perestroika has not been documented, but many researchers believe that this is I. E. Starov. The Rastrelli entrance was turned into a high three-tiered clock tower, completed with a belvedere. The length of the main façade has been increased, the articulation of the walls has been eliminated. All baroque decor was removed. Above the window openings there are classic sandriks on brackets. The pilaster portico of the garden façade was replaced by a column portico. The palace remained two-storeyed. The main house was connected with outbuildings by colonnades. Under Paul I, Osterman retired and moved to Moscow.

The dacha was bought in 1808 by Prince Pavel Petrovich Shcherbatov, the last private owner of the old estate. The prince managed poorly, the dacha brought him only losses, for several years Shcherbatov tried to sell the estate.

In 1828, the estate was bought by the treasury for 190,000 rubles to set up a hospital for the insane - the first state psychiatric hospital in St. Petersburg.

In 1828-1832. the building was rebuilt and expanded into a hospital according to the project of arch. Domenico Quadri, and then P. S. Plavova. The main building, after the addition of two hospital buildings, acquired the shape of the letter "P" in plan. The appearance of the buildings after this restructuring no longer changed, further restructuring in the middle of the nineteenth century. concerned the internal layout and extension of new clinical buildings.

In the main building there was a church, an office, reception rooms, dining rooms, separate for men and women, and halls, also separate for men and women, for "calm" patients. From the main building, spacious corridors led to the side wings - male and female.

The church at the hospital was consecrated on December 4, 1832 in the name of the icon of the Mother of God "Joy of All Who Sorrow." The icons for the temple were painted by Ya. V. Vasiliev. Above the main entrance was a belfry with bells.

According to the church, the hospital became known as "All Who Sorrow".

In one of the rooms of the main house in 1832 a chapel for Lutherans was consecrated.

Initially, the hospital was designed for 120 people (70 men and 50 women), but soon these places were not enough.

The buildings of the hospital outbuildings began to be lengthened until they formed a closed square with a courtyard. On the territory of the hospital there were also pavilions for the maintenance of patients, houses for the staff, and outbuildings.

In 1847-1850. Plavov erected a building for hospital employees (160 Stachek Ave.) and a building for terminally ill patients (148 Stachek Ave.).

In 1853, a stone chapel for funerals was built at the hospital. In the 1890s it was rebuilt by K. G. Preis.

In 1922, the hospital was renamed after a Swiss neuropathologist and public figure Auguste Henri Forel, who was friends with A.V. Lunacharsky and expressed his sympathy for the USSR.

In 1924 the church was liquidated. The premises were turned over to the club.

Hospital them. Trout existed until 1941, then, as the front line approached, it was evacuated. The building housed the command posts of a number of military units defending Leningrad. In 1941, the headquarters of the 21st division of the NKVD, which took part in the defense of the city, was located here. After the war, the manor was in ruins.

In the late 1940s the issue of restoring the architectural monument was discussed, however, it was decided to reconstruct it into a House of Culture, supplementing the complex with residential buildings for the workers of the Kirov Plant.

The creative team of the 8th architectural workshop of the Lenproekt Institute, headed by arch. B. F. Belov. Arch. L. L. Schreter, E. P. Lavrovskaya, V. N. Zotov, Yu. A. M. Likhachev, T. V. Starostina, A. V. Nezvanov and others. The UKS of the Kirov Plant (Chief Engineer A. F. Peredovsky) participated in the work - many works were carried out by the factory builders.

The center of the town was the former palace complex, built up to three floors, on the sides of which two seven-story towers were erected. The central tower of the main building was demolished. The outbuildings were built up to four floors.

In 1950, factory builders designed and restored a three-story southwestern building, which housed three-room apartments. Two new four-story buildings completed the architectural composition of the town from the side of the city.

All buildings were designed in the traditions of classical architecture and formed a single ensemble. The ancient pond and centuries-old trees have been preserved. One-story Tuscan colonnades have been preserved from the original palace of the Classicism era. The façade of the palace from Osterman's time, facing the park, has partially survived, and the vaults of the cellars rest on pillars erected under Rastrelli.

In 1965, the House of Culture was opened in the former palace building - now Center for Culture and Leisure "Kirovets".

In 1990, the Kirov town was taken under state protection as an architectural monument. In 2003, a security board was installed on the main building.

Included in the complex of monuments Dacha K. Sievers (complex of the Kirov town)

The building is included in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation as an object of cultural heritage of regional significance.

Historical districts of St. Petersburg from A to Z Glezerov Sergey Evgenievich

"Kirovskiy Zhilgorodok"

"Kirovskiy Zhilgorodok"

Since the post-war period, this is the name of the area of ​​the former estate on the 11th verst of the Peterhof road - now the section of Stachek Avenue not far from the intersection with Leninsky Prospekt.

In the time of Peter the Great, an associate of the reformer tsar, Admiral Ivan Mikhailovich Golovin, became the owner of the site. After his death, the estate was divided between the sons, it passed from hand to hand more than once, until the owner became the owner in the late 1750s. Court Marshal Karl Efimovich Sievers. For him, in 1761, according to the project of F.B. Rastrelli built a stone palace with two wings in the Baroque style. There is evidence that Catherine II liked to visit this estate.

Then the palace belonged to Sievers' daughter Elizaveta Karlovna, who married Yakob Efimovich Sievers, the Governor-General of Novgorod. She sold the estate in the late 1770s. Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin. However, already in 1781, Catherine II bought Potemkin's dacha to the treasury and presented it to Vice-Chancellor Ivan Andreevich Osterman.

The palace was surrounded by gardens: at the top, on the terrace, there was a regular park with a pond built under the Sievers, and below, behind the Peterhof road, there was a vast landscape park with a complex water system and a ladle that had access through a canal to the Gulf of Finland.

In 1808, the country cottage passed to a new owner, Prince Pavel Petrovich Shcherbatov, who in 1828 sold the estate to the treasury. In the same year, work began on the restructuring of the former palace into the first state psychiatric hospital in St. Petersburg - a ward for the mentally ill that separated from the Obukhov hospital. The former ballroom of the palace turned into a hospital church, it was consecrated in the name of the Joy of All Who Sorrow icon. This is how the name of the hospital "All Who Sorrow" came about.

Next to the former manor house, special hospital buildings were built - for incurable patients (144 Stachek Ave.), for employees (160 Stachek Ave.). In the second half of the XIX century. built another service building (now Stachek Ave., 156). Thus, a whole hospital town arose on the site of the former estate.

The initiator of the creation of a suburban psychiatric hospital was the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, but the opening of the hospital took place after her death - in 1832. Subsequently, the hospital "All Who Sorrow" was taken care of by Emperor Nicholas I himself.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. this hospital was considered one of the best in Russia. It continued to exist after the revolution, having received in the early 1920s. the name of the famous Swiss neuropathologist and psychiatrist Forel. In folk toponymy, the name of the scientist has undergone metamorphosis: it has lost its original meaning and has become associated with fish.

It is no coincidence that the locals simply called the tram stop opposite “Trout”. There was even a legend: as if the place where the Kirovsky Zhilgorodok is located was famous for trout before. The nobility of St. Petersburg used to come here to fish and stay "in the ear" in a house at a distance, where a peasant woman named Ulyana lived. Hence the name of the nearest area - Ulyanka ...

During the war, the hospital town was close to the front line of defense and was badly damaged. After the war, they decided not to engage in restoration, but restored and reconstructed houses for housing for workers and employees of the Kirov Plant. Hence the name - "Kirov Zhilgorodok". The palace turned into a three-story building with two towers on the sides. Only the colonnades of the galleries of the 18th century survived. and a fragment of the garden facade. In 1965, the House of Culture was opened in the former palace, now it is the Kirovets Culture and Leisure Center.