What are the main elements of the economic. Lesson on social science on the topic "Economic culture. What are the main elements of economic culture. Economic Culture Structure Outline Software

Economic Culture of the Company - this is a system of valuables and motives of economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and actions of a person, as well as the content of traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior.

Economic culture suggests:

- respectful attitude to any form of ownership and commercial success;

- rejection of the moods of the equalization;

- Creation and development of the social environment for entrepreneurship, etc.

- This is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity, determining the creative orientation of human economic activity in the process of production, distribution and consumption.

In the structure of economic culture, it is possible to designate the most important elements: knowledge and practical skills, economic orientation, ways to organize activities, norms regulating and human behavior in it.

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness.

Economic knowledge – a combination of economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, on paths and forms, methods that promote sustainable development of society. They are an important component of economic culture. Economic knowledge shall form an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic relations in the environment, the laws of the development of the economic life of society. They are based on economic thinking and practical skills of economically competent, morally reasonable behavior, meaningful economic quality of personality in modern conditions.

An important component of the economic culture of personality acts economic thinking . It allows you to learn the essence of economic phenomena and processes, to operate with educated economic concepts, analyze specific economic situations.

The human economic culture can be traced through the combination of its personal properties and qualities that are a certain result of its participation in activities.

For the aggregate of economic qualities, the level of human economic culture can be assessed.

Sample assignment

B1.Write down the word missed in the diagram.

Answer: Knowledge.

Topic 3. Economic property content

Own (from Old Russian. "Sobility" - possession of a thing or anyone) - belonging of things, material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bto certain persons, legal entities to such affiliation and economic relations between people about belonging, section, redistribution of property objects.

Property as assigning material benefits in the process of their production, exchange, distribution and consumption is unity of Legal and Economic Content. In real life, they are inseparable: the economic content is protected by the right, and the legal content of the property receives the economic form of implementation.

Legal content of property It is implemented through the totality of the empower its subjects: ownership, use, disposal.

These rights are closely interrelated and only in the complex accounts for the legal content of the property.

Economic content of property reveals through its functional characteristics: ownership, managementand control. Moreover, the main thing is to control the production and financial activities of the property of the property.

In addition, the economic content of the property is disclosed through human attitude towards nature, to himself and to society.

Existing forms of ownership are very diverse. We present some classification forms of ownership.

Modern market economy involves the existence of various forms of ownership, including state , collective, group, individual and many mixed forms such as, for example, collectively private or state-collective et al. Modern market economy is an economy with mixed property, both in the sense of the existence of various forms of ownership and in the sense of the formation of mixed forms.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is recognized and protected equally , State, municipal and other forms of ownership.

In different countries and in various historical periods, the specific relationship of private and state ownership may change - the state can conduct nationalization (Lat. Natio - the people) property, i.e. the transfer of property from private hands to the hands of the state, and privatization (Lat. Privatus - private) property, i.e., the transfer of state ownership to individual citizens or legal entities created by them.

Sample assignment

B2.Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of "property".

Ownership; Rent; disposal; property; stock; use.

Find and specify the term not related to the concept of "property".

Answer: Stock.

20. Economic culture. BBAZ10, §14.

20.1. Economic Culture: Essence and Structure.

20.2. Economic relations and interests.

20.3. Economic freedom and responsibility.

20.4. Concept of sustainable development.

20.5. Economic culture and activities.

20.1 . Economic Culture: Essence and Structure.

Cultural development implies the allocation of a cultural stall (sample) and is the maximum following him. These standards are in the field of politics, economics, public relations, etc. It is from a person that depends whether he will choose the path of development in accordance with the cultural benchmark of his era or simply adapt to life circumstances.

Economic culture of society - This is a system of values \u200b\u200band motives of economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and human actions, as well as the content of traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior.

There is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity.

Economic culture of the individual can correspond to the economic culture of society, to be ahead of it, but maybe and fall behind it, to interfere with its development.

Structure of economic culture:

1) knowledge (a set of economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods) and practical skills;

2) economic thinking (it allows to know the essence of economic phenomena and processes, operate with educated economic concepts, analyze specific economic situations);

3) economic orientation (needs, interests, motives of human activity in the economic sphere);

4) ways to organize activities;

5) the norms regulating the relationships and human behavior in it (thrift, discipline, waste, mismanagement, rummy, fraud).

20.2 . Economic relations and interests.

On the nature of economic relations between people (property relations, exchange and distribution of goods and services) depends not only by the development of production, but also social equilibrium in society, its stability. The economic interests of people act as a reflection of their economic relations. Thus, the economic interests of entrepreneurs (obtaining maximum profits) and the employee (more expensive to sell their employment services and get a large salary) are determined by their place in the system of economic relations.

Economic interest - This is the desire of a person to get the benefits necessary for him to ensure his life and family.

One of the ways of economic cooperation of people, the main means of the struggle against human egoism was the mechanism of a market economy. This mechanism gave the opportunity to mankind to introduce his own desire to benefit from the framework, allowing people to constantly cooperate with each other on mutually beneficial terms (Adam Smith about the "invisible hand" of the market).

In search of ways to harmonize the economic interests of the individual and society, various ways of impact on consciousness of people were also used: philosophical exercises, morality norms, art, religion. This led to the creation of a special element of the economy - business ethics, compliance with the norms of which facilitates the work, cooperation of people, reducing distrust and hostility. A civilized understanding of entrepreneurial success today is associated, first of all, with moral and ethnic, and then with financial points \u003d\u003e "honest to be beneficial."

20.3 . Economic Freedom and Responsibility.

Economic freedom includes freedom of making economic decisions, freedom of economic actions. Economic freedom without regulation of property rights by law or tradition goes to chaos, in which the right of force triumphs. Therefore, state regulation of the market economy often acts as a tool for accelerating its development. Economic freedom of personality is inseparable from social responsibility. In the nature of economic activity laid a contradiction. On the one hand, the desire for maximum profits and the egoistic protection of private society interests, and on the other - the need to reckon with the interests and values \u200b\u200bof society.

A responsibility – the special social and moral and legal attitude of the person to society as a whole and to other people, which is characterized by the fulfillment of their moral debt and legal norms. Initially, social responsibility binds primarily in compliance with laws.

!!! Then its necessary sign was the anticipation of the future (the creation of the "tomorrow's consumer", ensuring the environmental safety, social, political, stability of society, an increase in the level of education and culture). Social responsibility of participants in economic activity today immeasurably increases in connection with the breakthrough of science and technology into the deep levels of the universe. The aggravation of environmental problems led to a change in the relationship of entrepreneurs to the environment.

20.4 . .

In the 1980s began to talk about eco-diet, development without destruction, the need for sustainable ecosystem development. On the need to transition to "Development without destruction". The need for "sustainable development", in which "the satisfaction of the needs of the present time does not undermine the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Sustainable Development Concept - Such a development of society that allows you to satisfy the needs of the current generation, while damage to future generations to meet their needs.

World Bank experts identified sustainable development As a control process of assets (portfolio) assets, aimed at preserving and expanding the possibilities available in humans. Assets in this definition include not only traditionally calculated physical capital, but also natural and human capital. To be sustainable, the development should ensure growth - or at least a loose - in the time of all these assets (and not only economic growth!). In accordance with the above definition of sustainable development, the main indicator of sustainability developed by the World Bank are "True rates (norms) of savings" or "True investment norms" in the country. The approaches taken now approaches to measure the accumulation of wealth do not take into account the depletion and degradation of natural resources, such as forests and oil fields, on the one hand, and, on the other, investments in people are one of the most valuable assets of any country.

The emergence of the concept of sustainable development undermined the fundamental basis of the traditional economy - unlimited economic growth. The traditional economy claims that the maximization of profits and customer satisfaction in the market system is compatible with the maximization of the well-being of people and that market flaws can be corrected by state policy. The concept of sustainable development believes that the short-term profit maximization and the satisfaction of consumer individuals will ultimately lead to the depletion of natural and social resources, on which the well-being of people and survival of biological species.

In one of the main documents of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the "Agenda for the XXI Century", in Chapter 4 (part 1), devoted to changes in the nature of production and consumption, the thought is traced, What we need to go further the concept of sustainable development, when it says that some economists "cast doubt on the traditional concepts of economic growth," and are proposed searching for "Consumption and production schemes that meet the essential needs of humanity."

In fact, it may not be about the immediate termination of economic growth in general, but on the termination, at the first stage, the irrational growth of the use of environmental resources. The latter is difficult to implement in the world of growing competition, the growth of such current indicators of successful economic activity as productivity and profits. At the same time, the transition to the "information society" - the economy of intangible flows of finance, information, images, messages, intellectual property - leads to the so-called "dematerialization" of economic activities: already now the volume of financial transactions exceed the volume of trade in material goods 7 times. A new economy is moving not only the shortage of material (and natural) resources, but is increasingly an abundance of information and knowledge resources.

20.5 . Economic Culture and Economic Activities.

The level of economic culture of the individual affects the success of the fulfillment of the social roles of the manufacturer, the owner, the consumer. In the conditions of transition to a new, information and computer method of production from a worker, not only a high level of preparation, but also high morality, a high level of common culture is required. Modern work requires not so much discipline supported from outside, how many self-discipline and self-control. An example of the dependence of the effectiveness of economic activity on the level of development of economic culture can be the Japanese economy. There is a refusal of selfish behavior in favor of behavior based on rules and concepts such as "Duty", "loyalty", "good will" contributed to the achievement of individual and group efficiency and led to industrial progress.

Page 1.

Economic culture is developing from the culture of entrepreneurship, business, economic partnership, financial analysis.

Category Economic Culture can be defined as a method, form and result of people's activities in the process of social production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual benefits. The consistent replaceability of interconnected phases of public reproduction makes it possible to present the structure and essence of economic culture as a set of culture of production, the culture of exchange, culture of the distribution and culture of consumption.

Consideration of economic culture as a method of interaction between economic consciousness and economic thinking implies judgments about the regulatory capabilities incorporated in this method. We are talking about the possibilities of regulating the relationship in order to make it most flexible and sensitive, both in terms of determination of positive economic thinking, and in terms of saturation of economic consciousness as a real content of practice.

Consideration of economic culture as a method of interrelationship between economic consciousness and economic thinking implies judgments about the regulatory capabilities incorporated in this method regarding the economic behavior of the subject.

The peculiarities of economic culture as a process regulating economic behavior are as follows.

The development of the economic culture of society includes an economic evaluation (through the cost of an element that simulated by a total utility unit, an expert scale) of accumulated and lost, reproducible and non-reproducible (which cannot be added from the results of an artificial economic environment) of material values \u200b\u200bas in the frozen (subject, tangible ) form and in the form of a combination of created beneficial affects of various services and work performed.

In American economic culture, work is often carried out only to gain leisure. Every American student hears it from his professor of economics or finance. When Americans and the Japanese work together, fundamental and difficult problems may arise due to their different understanding of the essence of work. For the Japanese work - Human, Americans are inclined to see the work distracted from humanity. Americans like their job as a game. The greatest danger of the success of such cross-industrial cooperation is the Japanese, considering work as a ritual of subordination of management authorities.

First, economic culture includes only those values, needs, preferences that arise from the needs of the economy and have a significant (positive or negative) effect on it. These are the social norms that arise from the internal needs of the economy.

The structure of the concept of economic culture includes relevant economic knowledge, the specifics of the enterprise, the technological process of production, skill, skills, the experience gained by each member of the team.

The transmission function of economic culture is the transfer from the past to the present, of the present in the future of values, norms, behavior motives.

The selection function of economic culture is the selection from the inherited values \u200b\u200band the norms of those necessary to address the tasks of the development of society.

The optimal role of economic culture in regulating the economic behavior of the subject is regulatory in most civilized industrialized countries.

The authors consider economic culture as a kind of education (a set of social values \u200b\u200band norms), which is available and is designed to regulate certain processes. Thus, the maintenance of economic culture in the form of a set of values \u200b\u200band norms is introduced into the framework of the existing economic structure of the Company and reflects this device. At the same time, they are overlooked as the moments of the historical continuity of these values \u200b\u200b(communication times) and the moments of their update in the process of constant reproduction of culture. Thus, leaving economic culture as a static phenomenon and abstracting from the process of its development, the authors fall into a logical contradiction between the first and second parts of their definition. If economic culture acts only as a totality of social values \u200b\u200band norms, then it cannot fulfill the role of the regulator, which is attributed to it further, and contribute to the selection and updating of values \u200b\u200band norms operating in the field of economics.

Note 1.

Economic culture of personality

Note 2.

The concept of economic culture

The economic culture of society is called a system of values \u200b\u200band motives of economic activities, the quality and level of economic knowledge, actions and human assessments, as well as traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior.

Economic culture dictates a special attitude to the forms of ownership, improves entrepreneurial environment.

Economic culture is an inseparable unity of consciousness and practical activity, which is determining in the development of human economic activity and manifested in the process of production, distribution and consumption.

Note 1.

The most important elements in the structure of economic culture can be called knowledge and practical skills, norms that regulate the peculiarities of human behavior in the economic region, how to organize it.

Consciousness is the basis of human economic culture. Economic knowledge is a complex of human economic ideas about production, distribution, exchange, as well as consumption of material benefits, on forms and methods that contribute to the sustainable development of society and the impact on its formation of economic processes.

Economic knowledge is the primary component of economic culture. They allow us to develop our idea of \u200b\u200bthe basic laws of the development of the society's economy, about economic relations in the environment, they develop our economic thinking and practical skills, allow you to develop economically competent, morally reasonable behavior.

Economic culture of personality

An important place in the economic culture of the individual is occupied by economic thinking, which makes it possible to learn the essence of economic phenomena and processes, to properly use the learned economic concepts, analyze specific economic situations.

From the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity largely depends on the choice of samples of behavior in the economy, the effectiveness of solving economic problems. The directivity of the individual characterize socially significant values \u200b\u200band social installation.

The economic culture of a person can be seen by considering the complex of his personal properties and qualities representing the result of his participation in activities. The level of culture of a particular person in the field of economy can be assessed by the aggregate of all its economic qualities.

In fact, economic culture is always influenced by the effect of lifestyle, traditions, mentality, which are peculiar to this people. Therefore, as a sample, or even more so, an ideal, one cannot take any foreign model of the functioning of the economy.

Note 2.

For Russia, in all likelihood, the closer to the European socio-economic development model, which is more humane than American or Japanese, which is based on the values \u200b\u200bof European spiritual culture and includes a wide system of social protection of the population.

However, this model can only be used with the obligatory tendency and features of the development of the national Russian culture, otherwise talking about economic culture and its role is completely meaningless.

Functions of economic culture

Economic culture performs several important functions.

An adaptation feature that is the original. It is it that allows a person to adapt to the socio-economic conditions of society, the types and forms of economic behavior, to adapt the socio-economic environment to their needs, for example, to produce the necessary economic benefits, to distribute them by selling, renting, exchange, and the like .
Cognitive function that is coordinated with an adaptive function. Knowledge contained in economic culture, acquaintance with its ideals, forbids, legal norms makes it possible to have a reliable reference point for choosing the content and forms of its economic behavior.
Regulatory function. Economic culture dictates individuals and social groups that developed by it certain standards and rules affecting the lifestyle of people, their installation and value orientation.
A broadcast function that creates an opportunity for the generation dialog and epoch, transmitting an economic activity from generation to generation.

Detailed decision Paragraph § 12 in social science for grade 11 students, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014.

Question 1. Does a person need an economic culture? Economic Freedom: Anarchy or Responsibility? Where are the borders of economic freedom? Is it profitable to be honest?

Economic culture is a system of values \u200b\u200band motivation of economic activity, respectful attitude towards any form of ownership and commercial success as a large social achievement, success, the rejection of the moods of the "equalized", the creation and development of the social environment for entrepreneurship, etc.

Economic freedom is limited by the legislation of the country. There is a list of prohibited objects, such as drugs. There is a duty to pay taxes, the duty to receive a license to trade with some goods.

Questions and tasks for the document

The author warns us that any stagnation and inconsistencies of various spheres of society (subsystems of society) threatens the country with great problems, including a departure to the background, that is, the loss of their leading positions in the world, as well as such an unstable position threatens the Russian people Operation by other more developed countries.

Question 2. Does Russia need a new sociocultural order?

Now it is undoubtedly needed, because we have not long moved away from the idea of \u200b\u200bsocialism. Now the whole social system, as well, and the consciousness of people should get rid of the remnants of the past.

Question 3. What are the former cultural accumulations related to the command economy, could be sent to the "historical landfill"?

Each person should receive in its abilities, otherwise the talented people simply will not be an incentive to self-development, and this again threatens to face. Secondly, the emphasis is placed on the implementation of the plan (number), and not on quality - hence the result is the same - stagnation, excess production (no one takes low-quality products).

Question 4. Relying on the text of the paragraph, offer the values \u200b\u200bof the "new economy", which would be significant elements of the economic culture of the XXI century.

The main directions of state innovation policy in the conditions of the "New Economy" are:

Improving the innovation environment by strengthening the innovative component of all areas of national policies and their integration;

Stimulating market demand for innovations and the use of the concept of "leading" markets, involving the support of markets that are most susceptible to innovations;

Stimulating innovation in the public sector, overcoming bureaucratic conservatism of the state administration;

Strengthening regional innovation policies and expansion of cooperation.

Questions for self-test

Question 1. What are the main elements of economic culture?

Economic culture of society is a system of values \u200b\u200band motives of economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and actions of a person, as well as the content of traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior. Economic culture of personality is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity. It determines the direction of human economic activity in the process of production, distribution and consumption. The economic culture of the personality can correspond to the economic culture of society, to be ahead of it, but can and lag behind it.

In the structure of economic culture, you can select the most important elements and submit them in the following scheme:

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness, and economic knowledge is its important component. These knowledge are a combination of ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, on paths and forms, methods that promote sustainable development of society. Modern production, economic relations require a great and ever-increasing volume of knowledge from a worker.

Question 2. What is the value of the economic orientation and social attitudes of the person?

The effectiveness of solving economic tasks depends on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. Among them, it is necessary to allocate such an important element of economic culture, as the economic orientation of the individual, the components of which are the needs, interests and motives of human activity in the economic sphere. The direction of the individual includes social installation and socially significant values. Thus, in the Russian society, plants are formed on the study of modern economic theory, to participate in solving various economic tasks. The system of value orientation of the individual, which includes economic freedom, competition, respect for any form of ownership, commercial success as a social achievement.

Social settings play an important role in the development of economic culture. A person who has formed, for example, an installation for creative work, participates in activities with great interest, supports innovative projects, introduces technical achievements, etc. Such results will not give a formed installation to formal labor.

Question 3. Is your own integrity of the only basis for economic choice?

Economic interest is the desire of a person to get the benefits necessary to ensure life. In the interests of the ways and ways to meet the needs of people are expressed. For example, making profit (in which the economic interest of the entrepreneur) is a way to meet the personal needs of a person and the needs of production. Interest is the immediate cause of human actions.

In most cases, yes, because the person can not be made to do what he does not like. Other people can only show an interest in a person something else. But the main choice remains for the person himself.

Question 4. What does the choice of economic behavior be selected from a person?

The choice of the standard of economic behavior depends on the quality of factors acting on it, from personal economic consistency. The choice of standards of behavior in the economy, the effectiveness of the solution of economic problems in many ways depend on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. Among them, an important element of economic culture is the economic orientation of the person, the components of which are the needs, interests and motives of human activity in the economic sphere. The direction of the individual includes social installation and socially significant values.

Question 5. Do I need to limit economic freedom?

Economic freedom includes freedom of decision-making and action. The individual has the right to decide what type of activity is preferable to it (employment, entrepreneurship, etc.), which form of proprietary participation seems to be more appropriate, in which area and in which region of the country it will show its activity. The basis of the market, as is well known, the principle of economic freedom is. The consumer is free in the choice of goods, the manufacturer, the forms of consumption. The manufacturer is free in choosing a type of activity, its volume and forms.

Economic freedom of personality is inseparable from its social responsibility. Theoretics and practices of the economy initially paid attention to the contradiction in the nature of economic activity. On the one hand, the desire for maximum profits and the egoistic protection of private society interests, and on the other hand, it is necessary to reckon with the interests and values \u200b\u200bof society, that is, to exercise social responsibility.

Question 6. Is it possible to "voluntary marriage" of the economy and ecology?

For many years, industrial activities were characterized by irrational use of raw materials and a high degree of environmental pollution. It existed that entrepreneurial activities and environmental protection are incompatible. However, the strengthening of the global environmental movement, the development of the concept and principles of sustainable development contributed to the change in the relationship of entrepreneurs to the environment. Sustainable development is such a development of society that allows you to satisfy the needs of the current generation, while damage to future generations to meet their needs.

An important step in this direction was the creation of the United Nations Environment Conference and the Development of the World Council of Entrepreneurs for Sustainable Development, which included representatives of many largest transnational companies in the world. These companies and individual entrepreneurs who have appreciated the principles of sustainable development, effectively use more advanced production processes, strive to implement environmental requirements (pollution prevention, decrease in production waste, etc.) and the best use the possibilities of the market. Such companies and businessmen receive advantages over competitors who do not use new approaches to business activities. As global experience, the combination of business activities, economic growth and environmental safety is possible.

Question 7. What is the essence and significance of the economically competent and morally valuable human behavior in the economy?

One of the most important social roles of the personality is the role of the manufacturer. In the context of the transition to an information and computer, technological method of production from a worker, not only a high level of educational and training, but also high morality, a high level of common culture. Modern labor is increasingly filled with creative content, which requires not so much discipline supported by the outside (head, master, product controller), how many self-discipline and self-control. The main controller at the same time conscience, personal responsibility and other moral qualities.

Depending on how property is acquired (legally and morally admissible methods or criminal) and how it is used, the public significance of the owner can manifest itself either with a "plus" sign, or with a minus sign. You probably know examples of such manifestations.

In the process of realizing the personality itself, both consumers are also formed or healthy needs (sports, tourism, cultural leisure), or unhealthy (need for alcohol, drugs).

The nature of the main elements of economic culture, in turn, depends on the nature and effectiveness of economic activity.

Question 8. What difficulties is experiencing a new economy in Russia?

Firstly: almost a huge part of the Russian economy depends on energy prices and minerals in world markets, as a result, in the event of a decline in their price, Russia's economy will not be pretty serious money.

Secondly: there is a significant bundle of society. The formation of the "middle class" occurs extremely low rates, contrary to the fact that many people have good income, many of them are not sure of tomorrow.

Thirdly: Corruption continues in Russia

Fourth: is the development of small businesses.

TASKS

Question 1. Economist F. Hayek wrote: "In a competitive society, poor more limited opportunities have much more limited opportunities than that of the rich, and nevertheless poor man in such a society is much freer for a person with a much better material situation in another type of society." Do you agree with this statement?

A man with low material sufficient is much more mobile. His keeps nothing. He may at any time throw everything and leave (since he has nothing to say). A rich man is chained to his source of wealth, it is vulnerable with external changes. We need to work much more to work much more to maintain and multiply your condition. Stop in capital buildup will lead it to poverty.

Question 2. These are lines from the letter of your peer to the editorial board of the newspaper: "Only the mind, only a sober calculation - that's what you need in life. We hope only for yourself, then you will achieve everything. And less faith in the so-called feelings that are not too. Rationalism, dynamism - here are the ideals of our era. " What can you agree or what to argue with the author of the letter?

You can agree with the author of the letter, but I would have allocated in a letter of contradiction. Many problems are not easy to solve the mind (rationalism). Problems Sometimes you need to solve physically. And in life you need not only mind. Yet in life there must be a spark of romanticism so that a person has achieved the success of the soul. The dynamism in the nature of today's person should be undoubtedly present, because it is the main feature of the desire of a person to victory. Hope is only a man of man.

Question 3. "Save the freedom is only where it is conscious and where it is responsible for her," says the German philosopher XX century. K. Yaspers. Is it possible to agree with scientists? Give examples confirming his thought. Name the three main, in your opinion, the values \u200b\u200bof a free person.

Freedom is associated with the presence of a free will of a person. Freedom of Will imposes responsibility for a person and imposes in the merit of his words and actions. Freedom generates responsibility primarily for itself, for their actions, thoughts and actions. Responsibility gives man freedom: a simple example - when a person keeps an answer for his activity, the criminal code is not terrible. If everyone is thinking that freedom is only the lack of restrictions, there will be chaos in the world.

Values \u200b\u200bof a free man: development, freedom of action, freedom of thought.

Question 4. International experts put Russia for 149th place in the world in the degree of reliability of investments. So, according to domestic specialists, more than 80% of Russian businessmen believe that the law is better not to violate. But in practice, faced with the optional partners more than 90%. At the same time, only 60% of them feel the blame. How do you feel about the existence of double morality from participants in economic relations - for yourself and for a partner? Is it possible to create a system for the protection and support of economic behavior characterized as reliable, predictable and confidence? What would you suggest to do for this?

Often, Russian businessmen have negative economic qualities (waste, mismanagement, rummy, fraud) outweigh positive. The protection and support system of economic behavior may be possible, but first of all it is necessary to bring up the moral principles for future entrepreneurs so that the momentary benefit is not a priority. It is necessary to raise the level of ethics and economic culture of the person. The state should provide economic freedom, but with real legal regulation. Economic activities should consciously carry out the moral and legal requirements of the Company and be responsible for their activities. What can I offer? Since childhood, to form the right moral and ethical norms, for enterprises implementing environmental safety programs that pay attention to the development of their employees, their safety and improvement of labor protection, which introduce new technologies should be any encouragement in the form of state support, tax breaks. It is also necessary to pay serious attention to economic crimes (so that there was a real punishment for misconduct), the inability to take responsibility.

Questions for repeating to chapter 1

Question 1. How are the economics and other areas of public life interrelated?

The economic sphere is a combination of relations of people who arise when creating and moving material goods.

Economic sphere - area of \u200b\u200bproduction, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. In order to produce something, people, tools, machines, materials, etc. are needed. - Productive forces. In the process of production, and then exchange, distribution, consumption, people come into a variety of relations with each other and with a product - production relations. Production relations and productive forces in aggregate are the economic scope of society: productive forces - people (labor), labor tools, labor objects; Production relations - production, distribution, consumption, exchange.

Public life spheres are closely interrelated. In the history of sciences on society there were attempts to highlight any scope of life as defining in relation to others.

As part of real public events, elements of all areas are combined. For example, the nature of economic relations may affect the structure of the social structure. A place in the social hierarchy forms certain political views, opens up appropriate access to education and other spiritual values. Economic relations themselves are determined by the legal system of the country, which is very often formed on the basis of the spiritual culture of the people, its traditions in the field of religion and morality. Thus, at various stages of historical development, the influence of any sphere may increase.

Question 2. What does economic science study?

Economic science is the science of the economy, management, relations between people, as well as people and the environment arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange, product consumption, benefits, services. Combines signs of accurate and descriptive sciences.

Economy - social science. She studies a certain side of the life of society and, as such closely related to other public sciences: history, sociology, political scientists, psychology, jurisprudence, etc. In particular, the connection of the economy and jurisprudence is due to the fact that economic and legal relations are closely intertwined in the economic life of society. The economy cannot function normally without the relevant legal framework - the aggregate of the norms governing the activities of economic entities both on the micro and on the macro level. At the same time, the need for relevant legal norms itself is generated by changes occurring in the economic life of society.

Question 3. What is the role of economic activity in society?

Economic activities (economics) plays a huge role in the life of society. First, it provides people with material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumption items. Secondly, the economic sphere of society is a system-forming component of society, the decisive sphere of his life, which determines the course of all processes occurring in society. It is studied by many sciences, among which economic theory and social philosophy are the most important. It should also be noted such a relatively new science as ergonomics, it studies a person and its production activities, having a goal of optimizing guns, conditions and the labor process.

Question 4. How to make a rational economic choice to the manufacturer and consumer?

In order for the consumer to make the right choice, it should check and compare all possible market offers. Match the price and quality.

In order for the manufacturer to make the right choice, it must check the demand market for specific products in the place where he plans to sell it. Also check the solvency of the population in this region.

Question 5. Why is economic growth is one of the criteria of progress and economic development?

Economic growth is an increase in the volume of production in the national economy for a certain period of time (as a rule, per year).

Under economic growth is the development of a national economy, which increases the real volume of production (GDP). A measure of economic growth is the rate of increase in real GDP in general or per capita.

Economic growth is called extensive if it does not change the average labor productivity in society. When GDP growth is ahead of the increase in the number of employed in production, there is an intensive growth. The intensive growth of the economy is the basis for the growth of the welfare of the population and the condition for reducing differentiation in the income of various social layers.

Question 6. What is the features of market regulation of the economy?

With this method of trading, entrepreneurs must compete, which is favorably reflected in the price of goods sooner or later it decreases. As in the present market or bazaar.

If there is some product on the market, it will simply won't buy and not produce. All are regulated in this way.

In addition, in the developed state there are systems that do not allow entrepreneurs to enter into collusion and keep high prices. So, ultimately, market relations are beneficial to customers.

Question 7. How to make production effective?

It is costly effective to consider this method of production in which the company cannot increase product release without increasing the cost of resources and at the same time cannot provide the same amount of issue using a smaller number of one type resources and without increasing the cost of other resources.

The efficiency of production is made up of the effectiveness of all existing enterprises. The efficiency of the enterprise is characterized by the production of goods or services with the smallest costs. It is expressed in his ability to make the maximum amount of products of acceptable quality with minimal cost and selling this product with the smallest costs. The economic efficiency of the enterprise, in contrast to its technical efficiency, depends on how its products meets the requirements of the market, consumer requests.

Question 8. What is needed for success in business?

In modern society, the successful business needs starting capital.

It is necessary to put a goal, to make a plan and proceed to its implementation. To succeed in business, you need to have certain personal qualities: the ability to communicate with people, communication (support for influential people), mind and good luck. To achieve certain results, you need to be consistent and constant in your actions, have patience and spirit of the Spirit. Constantly grow and improve.

Question 9. What laws regulate entrepreneurial activities?

Regulatory legal acts regulating entrepreneurial activities at the federal level:

Federal regulatory acts: the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Codes: Budget Code of the Russian Federation; Tax Code of the Russian Federation; Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ "On the Development of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation";

Federal Law of February 25, 1999 No. 39-FZ "On Investment Activities in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments";

Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 08, 2001 No. 128-FZ "On licensing certain types of activities";

Federal Law of December 26, 2008 №294-ФЗ "On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the implementation of state control (supervision) and municipal control";

Federal Law of December 30, 2007 No. 271-FZ "On Retail Markets and Amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation";

Federal Law of March 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ "On the procedure for considering the appeals of citizens of the Russian Federation";

Federal Law of August 08, 2001 No. 129-FZ "On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs";

Federal Law of February 8, 1998 No. 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Societies".

Question 10. How does the modern state participate in solving the economic tasks of society?

State regulation of the economy is a complex of measures, actions used by the state for the correction and establishing the main economic processes.

State regulation of the economy under market economy is a system of modeling measures of a legislative, executive and controlling nature carried out by the authorized state institutions and public organizations in order to stabilize and adapt to the existing socio-economic system to changing conditions.

The main goals of state regulation of the economy include:

Minimizing the inevitable negative effects of market processes;

The creation of financial, legal and social prerequisites for the effective functioning of the market economy;

Ensuring the social protection of those groups of market society, the position of which in a particular economic situation becomes the most vulnerable.

Question 11. Who and how regulates cash flows in the economy?

In the capitalist economy, capital flows from branches with a lower rate of profit in the industry with a greater norm of profit through financial instruments of promotions, bonds and share in business, as well as through direct real investment.

The state indirectly regulates these streams through the change in the refinancing rate, government order, etc.

Question 12. Why does the economy labor market?

The labor market is an economic environment, which, as a result of competition between economic agents, a certain amount of employment and the level of remuneration is established through the competition and supply mechanism.

The functions of the labor market are determined by the role of labor in the life of society. From an economic point of view, labor is the most important production resource. In accordance with this, two main functions of the labor market are distinguished:

Social function is to ensure a normal level of income and well-being of people, the normal level of reproduction of the production abilities of workers.

Economic function - the labor market is the rational involvement, distribution, regulation and use of labor.

The demand for labor is determined by the needs of employers in hiring a certain number of employees of the necessary qualifications for the production of goods and services.

The demand for labor is in reverse dependence on the rate of real wages, which is defined as the ratio of the nominal salary to the price level. In the competitive labor market, the demand curve for labor has a negative angle of inclination: with an increase in the overall level of wages, the demand for work falls.

The proposal of labor is determined by the population, the share in it of the working-age population, the average number of hours worked out by the year, labor quality and the qualifications of workers.

The offer of labor depends on the magnitude of wages. The labor offer curve has a positive angle of inclination: with an increase in the overall level of wages, the supply of labor increases.

Question 13. Why are countries forced to trade with each other?

International Trade is the exchange of goods and services between state-national farms. World Trade is a set of foreign trade in all countries of the world.

Countries are forced to trade with each other because they are forced to share with each other missing resources and production products.

MT determines that it is more profitable to produce the state and under what conditions to exchange produced by the product. Thus, it contributes to the expansion and deepening of MRI, and therefore MT, involving all new states in them. These relationships are objective and universal, i.e. they exist independently of the will of one (group) of a person and are suitable for any state. It is necessary to systematize the world economy to systematize the state, depending on the development of foreign trade in it (W), from the share that it (W) takes in international trade, on the size of the average per capita foreign trade turnover.

Question 14. What does economic culture of the individual manifest?

Economic culture is a system of values \u200b\u200band motivation of economic activity, respectful attitude to any form of ownership and commercial success as a great social achievement, success, rejection of the "equalized" moods, the creation and development of the social environment for entrepreneurship, etc.

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness, and economic knowledge - an EGO important component. These knowledge is a set of economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, on paths and forms, methods that promote sustainable development of society. Modern production, economic relations require a large and ever-growing increase in the employee. Economic knowledge shall form an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic relations in the environment, the laws of the development of the economic life of society. They are based on economic thinking and practical skills of economically competent, morally reasonable behavior, meaningful economic quality of personality in modern conditions.

Question 15. How are economic freedom and social responsibility of participants in the economy are interconnected?

Economic freedom is the possibility for business entities for the choice of forms of ownership and the scope of application of their abilities, knowledge, opportunities, professions, ways to distribute income, consumption of material goods.

Social responsibility is a conscious attitude of the subject of social activities to the requirements of social necessity, civil debt, social tasks, norms and values, an understanding of the consequences of activities for certain social groups.

Traditionally, the culture was a subject of study of philosophy, sociology, art history, history, literary criticism, etc. Disciplines, and the economic sphere of culture was practically not studied. The allocation of the economy as a special sphere of culture will seem justified if to appeal to the origin of the term "culture" himself. It is directly associated with material production, agricultural labor.

At the initial stages of the development of the human society, the term "culture" was identified with the main type of economic activity of that time - agriculture. However, the public division of labor, which was the result of the process of the development of the productive forces, the dispersion of the spiritual and material and industrial spheres of activity, created the illusion of their complete autonomy. "Culture" gradually began to identify only with the manifestations of the spiritual life of society, with a combination of spiritual values. Such an approach finds its supporters and now, but along with this dominates the point of view, according to which culture is not limited exclusively aspects of a forerunning nature or spiritual life of society.

Despite the differences and the heterogeneity of the components of the culture of components (parts), they are united by the general that they are all associated with any specific way of human activity. Any kind of activity can be represented as a totality of material and spiritual components. From the point of view of the social mechanism of human activity, they have means of activity. This approach allows you to highlight the criteria of phenomena and cultural class processes - to be a socially developed tool of human activity. This may be, for example, tools, skills, clothing, traditions, dwellings and customs, etc.

In the initial stages of the study of economic culture, it can be determined through the most common economic category "Method of production", which is consonant with the definition of culture as a method of human activity. In the usual political economic interpretation, the production method is the interaction of the productive forces at a certain level of development, and the corresponding production relations. However, having in mind the object of the study, it is necessary to allocate the cultural aspect of the analysis of production forces and production relations.

It is appropriate to pay attention to the negative impact of a long time of the dominant technocratic interpretation of the economy on the development of the theory of economic culture. Preferential attention was drawn to technological relations, natural and real indicators and technical characteristics of production. The economy was viewed as a car where people are coins, enterprises - details, industries - nodes *. In fact, the picture looks much more complicated, because the chief agent of the economy is a person, especially since the purpose of socio-economic development is the formation of a person as a free, creative personality. In the process of production, as K. Marx celebrated rightly, the diverse abilities of a person, "the manufacturers themselves change, developing new qualities, developing and transforming themselves due to production, creating new forces and new ideas, new ways to communicate, new needs And the new language. "

Modern society, focusing on the management of the economy as a machine through various types of costs, technical and economic indicators, coefficients, levels, with enviable constancy did not show interest in the knowledge of personal mechanisms of business motivations, was not focused on the study of economic activity and the enterprise, which Itself is a complex system in which all types of relationships intersect: economic, political, ideological, legal and others. Such a simplified approach to understanding the essence and content of the economy is definitely not constructive in terms of research of economic culture.

From the point of view of a cultural approach, historically developed properties and ability of business actors, production skills, knowledge and skills are socially-produced means of activity and, according to the dedicated criterion, refer to the class of economic culture phenomena.

In economic culture, not only production relations should be included, but also the entire combination of social relations that affect the technological method of production, material production, per person as its main agent. Thus, in a broad sense, economic culture is a combination of material and spiritual socially developed means of activity, with the help of which the material and industrial life of people is carried out.

Structure of economic culture

The structural analysis of economic culture is dictated by the structure of economic activity, consistent replacing the phases of public reproduction: proper production, exchange, distribution and consumption. Therefore, it is legitimate to talk about the culture of production, the culture of exchange, culture of the distribution and culture of consumption. In the structure of economic culture, it is necessary to allocate the main structure-forming factor. Such a factor is human labor activity. It is characteristic of the variety of forms, types of material and spiritual production. By virtue of importance, to maintain basic life processes, labor stands out as a basis for the development of other elements and components of economic culture. Each specific level of economic labor culture characterizes the attitude of a person to a person, a person to nature (it is the awareness of this relationship that means the emergence of economic culture), an individual to its own labor skills.

The first level is a productive-reproductive creative ability, when in the process of labor is only repeated, copied and, only as an exception, randomly, a new one is created.

The second level is the generative creative ability, the result of which will be the result of which will be if not a completely new product, then, at least, the original new variation.

The third level is a constructive-innovative activity, the essence of which is in the natural appearance of a new one. This level of abilities in production is manifested in the work of inventors and rationalizers.

Thus, any labor activity is associated with the disclosure of the manufacturer's creative abilities, but the degree of development of creative moments in the process of labor is different. The more creative work is, the rustic human cultural activity, the higher the level of labor culture. The last, ultimately, is the basis of achieving a higher level of economic culture as a whole. It should be noted that labor activity in any society - primitive or modern - collective, embodied in joint production. And this, in turn, finds the expression in the fact that, along with the culture of labor, it is necessary to consider the culture of production as a holistic system.

The culture of labor includes the skills of ownership of labor instruments, conscious management of the process of creating material and spiritual benefits, the free use of their abilities, the use of the achievements of science and technology in the work activity. The production culture consists of the following basic elements. First, this is a culture of working conditions that has a complex of components of an economic, scientific, technical, organizational, social and legal nature. Secondly, the culture of the employment process, which finds the expression rather in the activities of a separate worker. Third, the culture of production, which is determined by the socio-psychological climate in the production team. Fourth, a special importance in modern production is occupied by the management culture, organically combining science and the art of management, detecting creative potential and the initiative and the enterprise the production process.

Trends in the development of economic culture

economic culture

There is a general tendency to increase the economic cultural level. This is an expression on the use of the latest techniques and technological processes, advanced techniques and forms of labor organization, the introduction of progressive forms of management and planning, development, science, knowledge in improving the formation of workers.

However, a natural question arises: is it legitimate to consider economic culture as a phenomenon extremely positive, is it possible to submit the path of its development as direct on the progress axis, directed up, without deviations and zigzags?

In the ordinary understanding of "culture" associated with us with a certain stereotype: cultural means progressive, positive, benefit carrier. From the position of the scientific level, such estimates are insufficient and not always true. If we recognize the culture with a holistic system, then it is necessary to consider it as a dialectically controversial education, which is characterized by positive and negative, humane and inhuman properties and forms of manifestation.

For example, it is impossible to evaluate the laws of the functioning of the capitalist management system as bad or as good. Meanwhile, this system has crisis and lifts, confrontation and struggle of classes, there are such phenomena as unemployment and high standard of living. Among these trends there are positive and negative; Their natural existence, the intensity of manifestation reflect the level of economic culture on the achieved phase of the development of social production. However, for other levels of development of production, these trends are not typical.

The objective nature of the progressive development of culture does not mean that it occurs automatically. The focus of development is due to, on the one hand, the capabilities contained in the aggregate of the conditions defining the boundaries of economic culture, on the other hand, the degree and methods of implementing these opportunities by representatives of various social groups. Changes in sociocultural life are performed by people, and therefore depend on their knowledge, will, objectively established interests.

Depending on these factors, decays are possible in the local historical framework, the wets of both in individual areas and economic culture as a whole. To characterize the negative elements of economic culture, the use of the term "low culture" is legitimate, while "high economic culture" implies positive, progressive phenomena.

The progressive process of the development of economic culture is due primarily to the dialectical continuity of methods and forms of activity of generations. In general, continuity is one of the most important principles of development, because the entire history of human thought and activities is a mastering, processing of valuable and the destruction of who who has learned in motion from the past into the future. K. Marx noted that "no public formation will die earlier than all the productive forces develop ... and new, higher production relations never appear earlier than the material conditions of their existence in the depths of the old society."

On the other hand, the progressive development of economic culture is associated with the introduction of people in innovation that meet the requirements of the stage of maturity of the socio-economic system of society. In fact, the formation of a new quality of economic culture is the formation of new productive forces and new production relations.

As already noted, progressive trends in the development of economic culture are provided, on the one hand, the continuity of the entire potential of achievements accumulated by the previous generations, on the other, is the search for new democratic mechanisms and their economic foundations. Ultimately, during the development of culture, such conditions are created that encourage people to active creative activities in all spheres of public life and contribute to becoming it as an active subject of social, economic, legal, political and other processes.

For a long time in the theory and practice of the economic development of our country, a specific approach, ignoring a person, his individuality dominated. Fighting progress in the idea, we received opposite results in reality *. This problem stands in front of our society is very acute and discussed by scientists and practices in connection with the need to develop market relations, the Institute of Entrepreneurship, democratization of economic life as a whole.

Human civilization does not yet know a more democratic and effective quality regulator and the amount of products, an stimulator of economic and scientific and technological progress than the market mechanism. Inspection relationships - a step back in public development. This is the basis for non-equivalent exchange and prosperity of unprecedented forms of operation.

Democracy grows not on the soil of slogans, but on the real soil of economic laws. Only through the freedom of the manufacturer in the market is carried out democracy in the economic sphere. The continuity in the development of democratic mechanisms is a normal and positive thing. There is nothing crazy and in the use of elements of bourgeois-democratic experience. Interestingly, the motto of the Great French Revolution is 1789-1794. "Freedom, equality, fraternity" was as follows interpreted market relations: Freedom There is freedom of private individuals, freedom of competition of separate owners, equality is the equivalence of exchange, the value basis of the sale and sale, and the Brotherhood is the Union of Vessels, competing capitalists.

World experience shows that the successful functioning of the market and the economic mechanism requires a thoughtful intercourse of legal norms, competent and effective state regulation, a certain state of public consciousness, culture and ideology. The country is now experiencing a stage of violent lawmaking. This is natural, for no democratic system can exist without a legal basis, without strengthening the legality and law enforcement. Otherwise, it will have a flawed view and a low degree of resistance to antidemocratic forces. However, it is necessary to be aware of the limits of the effectiveness of legislative activities. On the one hand, the decisions taken in the legislative bodies are not always operational and does not always correspond to a cost-effective approach. On the other hand, we can talk about strengthening legal nihilism. Many of the problems facing us are not solved completely in the process of lawmaking. Serious transformations of industrial and organizational and management relations and structures are needed.

For a long time, the state of economic culture "was described" in the rigorous framework for the praise of socialism. However, as the main trend of all economic indicators to decrease (the growth rates of production and investment, labor productivity, the budget deficit, etc.), the inoperability of the economic system of socialism became apparent. This forced to rethink our reality in a new way and start searching for answers to many questions. Practical steps are made in the direction of the market, democratization of property relations, the development of entrepreneurship, which is undoubtedly evidence of the origin of the qualitatively new features of the economic culture of modern society.

Economic culture of personality

Note 2.

Functions of economic culture

Economic culture performs several important functions.

An adaptation feature that is the original. It is it that allows a person to adapt to the socio-economic conditions of society, the types and forms of economic behavior, to adapt the socio-economic environment to their needs, for example, to produce the necessary economic benefits, to distribute them by selling, renting, exchange, and the like .
Cognitive function that is coordinated with an adaptive function. Knowledge contained in economic culture, acquaintance with its ideals, forbids, legal norms makes it possible to have a reliable reference point for choosing the content and forms of its economic behavior.
Regulatory function. Economic culture dictates individuals and social groups that developed by it certain standards and rules affecting the lifestyle of people, their installation and value orientation.
A broadcast function that creates an opportunity for the generation dialog and epoch, transmitting an economic activity from generation to generation.

Social Score Lesson on "Economic Culture"

Purpose: consider the features of economic culture.

Subject: social science.

Date: "____" ____. 20___

Teacher: Hamatgaleev E. R.

Message themes and objectives of the lesson.

Activation of educational activities.

Does a person need an economic culture? Economic Freedom: Anarchy or Responsibility? Where are the borders of economic freedom? Is it profitable to be honest? Is the Don Quixote?

Summary of software material.

Story with interview elements

Economic Culture: Essence and Structure

Culture is a person's attribute, it reflects its development in society. This process of creation by a person himself occurs during the direct activity, through the growth of its material and spiritual armed. The impact on a person of this activity is different. So, for example, labor can not only elevate a person; Under conditions, when work is routine, it sucks all the forces - such work leads to human degradation. Culture acts as a result of the confrontation of various, including anticultural, trends in society.

Cultural development implies the allocation of a cultural stall (sample) and is the maximum following him.

These standards are in the field of politics, economics, public relations, etc. It is from a person who depends on whether he will choose the path of development in accordance with the cultural benchmark of its era or simply adapt to life circumstances. But he does not dare to choose from the selection. Make a choice more conscious in this area of \u200b\u200bactivity, as an economy, will help you with an economy culture.

Economic culture of society is a system of values \u200b\u200band motives of economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and actions of a person, as well as the content of traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior. Economic culture of personality It is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity. It defines the creative orientation of human economic activity in the process of production, distribution and consumption. Economic culture of the individual can correspond to the economic culture of society, to be ahead of it, but maybe and fall behind it, to interfere with its development.

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness, and economic knowledge - Its important component. These knowledge is total economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, on paths and forms, methods that promote sustainable development of society. Modern production, economic relations require a great and ever-increasing volume of knowledge from a worker. Economic knowledge shall form an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic relations in the environment, the laws of the development of the economic life of society. They are based on economic thinking and practical skills of economically competent, morally reasonable behavior, meaningful economic quality of personality in modern conditions.

The accumulated knowledge of the personality actively uses in everyday activity, so an important component of its economic culture is economic thinking.It allows you to learn the essence of economic phenomena and processes, to operate with educated economic concepts, analyze specific economic situations. Cognition of modern economic reality is an analysis of economic laws (for example, the laws of demand and supply laws), the essence of various economic phenomena (for example, causes and consequences of inflation, unemployment, etc.), economic relations (for example, employer and employee, creditor and a borrower), economic lifelong relations with other areas of society.

The choice of standards of behavior in the economy, the effectiveness of the solution of economic problems in many ways depend on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. Among them, it is necessary to allocate such an important element of economic culture as economic orientation Personality whose components are needs, interests and motives Human activity in the economic sphere. Personality orientation includes social installation and socially significant values. Thus, in the reformable Russian society, social facilities for the study of modern economic theory are formed (this requires the transition to new, market conditions), to actively participate in the management of production cases (this is facilitated by the provision of economic freedom to business entities and the emergence of enterprises based on private ownership ), to participate in solving various economic tasks. Got their own development and system value orientations Personality, including economic freedom, competition, respectful attitude towards any form of ownership, commercial success as a great social achievement.

Social settings play an important role in the development of economic culture. A person who has formed, for example, an installation on creative work, participates in activities with b about interest, supports innovative projects, introduces technical advances, etc. Such results will not give an formed installation on a formal relationship to work. (Promotional examples of the manifestation of various installations for work, compare the results of their actions.) If a person has a social setup to consume more than producing, then he and its activities subordinate to only the accumulation, acquisition, etc.

The economic culture of a person can be traced through the combination of its personal properties and qualities that are a certain result of its participation in activities. These qualities include hard work, responsibility, calculation, the ability to rationally organize your work, enterprise, innovation, etc. Economic qualities of personality and behavior standards can be both positive (thrift, discipline) and negative (wastefulness, mismanagement, roving, fraud ). A combination of economic qualities can be assessed by the level of economic culture of the individual.

Economic relations and interests

An important manifestation of economic culture is economic relations. On the nature of economic relations between people (property relations, exchange and distribution of goods and services) depends not only by the development of production, but also social equilibrium in society, its stability. With their content, it is directly related to the solution of the problem of social justice, when each person and social group get the opportunity to use social benefits depending on the public utility of their activities, its necessity for other people, society.

The economic interests of people act as reflection their economic relations. Thus, the economic interests of the entrepreneur (obtaining maximum profits) and the worker (more expensive to sell their labor services and get a big salary) are determined by them in the system of economic relations. (Think of how the economic interests of the doctor, scientist, the farmer are determined by the content and place in existing economic relations.) Economic interest - This is the desire of a person to get the benefits necessary for him to ensure his life and family. In the interests of the ways and ways to meet the needs of people are expressed. For example, making profit (in which the economic interest of the entrepreneur) is a way to meet the personal needs of a person and the needs of production. Interest is the immediate cause of human actions.

The need to resolve the contradiction between the natural desire of a person to save their own strength and satisfying growing needs forced people to organize the economy so that it encourages them to work intensively and through labor to achieve the growth of their welfare. History shows us two levers of impact on people in order to achieve greater labor productivity (and, accordingly, more satisfying their needs) is violence and economic interest. Century practice convinced humanity in that violence is not the best way to economic cooperation and increase productivity. At the same time, such ways are needed to organize living together, which would guarantee the right of everyone to act according to their own benefits, implementing their own interests, but at the same time their actions would contribute to the growth of the welfare of all and did not suffer from the rights of other people.

One of the ways of economic cooperation of people, the main means of the struggle against human egoism was the mechanism of a market economy. This mechanism has given the opportunity to introduce his own desire to benefit from the framework, allowing people to constantly cooperate with each other on mutually beneficial conditions. (Remember how the "invisible hand" of the market operates.)

In search of ways to harmonize the economic interests of the individual and society, various forms of impact on the consciousness of people were involved: philosophical teachings, morality standards, art, religion. They played a big role in the formation of a special element of the economy - business ethics revealing norms and rules of behavior in economic activity. These norms are an important element of economic culture, their observance makes it easy to keep affairs, cooperation of people, reducing distrust and hostility.

If we appeal to history, we will see that, for example, for the Russian school of economic thought, it was characterized by the recognition of the priority of a common good over individual interest, the role of spiritual and moral began development of the initiative and entrepreneurial ethics. Thus, the Russian scientist-economist, Professor D. I. Pihto, one of the factors of production affecting economic development, called the cultural and historical forces of the people. He considered the most important of these forces, the morals and customs, morality, education, the spirit of enterprise, legislation, the state and social system of life. Academician I. I. Janjul, who released a book in 1912 "Economic importance of honesty (forgotten production factor)", wrote in it that "none of the virtues who create the greatest wealth in the country does not have such a major value as honesty ... Therefore, all civilized states consider their duty to ensure the existence of this virtue the most stringent laws and require their execution. Here, of course,: 1) honesty as fulfilling promises; 2) honesty as respect for someone else's property; 3) honesty as respect for existing laws and moral rules. "

Today in countries with a developed market economy, serious attention is paid to the moral aspects of economic activity. Ethics is taught in most school schools, many corporations take ethical codes. Interest in ethics is due to the understanding of that harm that unethical, dishonest business behavior is delivering to society. A civilized understanding of entrepreneurial success today also binds, first of all, with moral and ethnic, and then with financial points. But what makes the entrepreneur, it would seem interested only in making a profit, think about morality and about the good of the whole society? A partial answer can be found from the American automotiveman, the owner of the city of Ford, who set the idea of \u200b\u200bserving the idea of \u200b\u200bserving: "Doing the case on the basis of pure profit - the enterprise is highly risky ... The task of the enterprise is to produce for consumption, and not for profit and Speculations ... It is worth to figure out the people that the manufacturer does not serve him, and the end of his nearby. " Favorable prospects for each entrepreneur will open when the basis of its activities is not just the desire to "earn big money", but to earn them, focusing on the needs of people, and the more specifically there will be such an orientation, the greater success will bring this activity.

The entrepreneur must remember that the unfinished business will receive the relevant reaction of society. His personal prestige, the authority of the company will fall, which, in turn, will question the quality of goods and services offered by him. Under threat, ultimately, will be its profits. For these reasons in a market economy, the slogan "honest to be beneficial" is becoming increasingly popular. The practice of economic education brings up a person, orienting to choosing a benchmark. In business, such economically and moral and most valuable qualities of individuals are formed, as responsible, independence, calculation (the ability to navigate in the situation, relate their desires with the desires of other people, goals - with the means of their achievement), high performance, creative approach to business, etc.

However, the public conditions established in Russia in the 1990s., - Economic, political, social instability, the lack of most of the population of economic amateur experience - made it difficult to develop a civilized type of economic activity. Real moral and psychological relations in entrepreneurship, other forms of economic activity and today are still far from ideal. The desire for a light profit, indifference to public interest, dishonesty, insecurity in the means are often associated with the consciousness of Russians with the moral appearance of modern business people. There is reason to hope that the new generation that has grown in the conditions of economic freedom will form new values \u200b\u200bassociated not only with material well-being, but also with the ethical principles of activity.

Economic Freedom and Social Responsibility

Already familiar to you the word "freedom" can be considered from different positions: human security from unwanted impact, violence; the ability to act in their will and in accordance with the conscious need; Availability of alternatives, the possibility of choice, pluralism. What is economic freedom?

Economic freedom Includes freedom to make economic decisions, freedom of economic actions. Individual (and only he) has the right to decide what type of activity is preferable for him (employment, entrepreneurship, etc.), which form of proprietary participation is more appropriate, in which area and in which region of the country it will show its activity. The basis of the market, as is well known, the principle of economic freedom is. The consumer is free in the choice of goods, the manufacturer, the forms of consumption. The manufacturer is free in choosing a type of activity, its volume and forms.

Market economy is often called economics free entrepreneurship. What does the word "free" mean? Economic freedom of the entrepreneur, as scientists consider, suggests that he has a definite the totality of rights Guaranteeing autonomy, independent decision-making on the search and selection of the form, form and sphere of economic activity, methods of its implementation, the use of the product produced and the profit received.

The economic freedom of a person passed the evolutionary path. Throughout history, it took place and sides, various sides of the person's subseeration were found in production: personal dependence, awareness (including the debtor from the lender), the pressure of external circumstances (cropping, an unfavorable economic situation in the market, etc.). Public development as italy is balanced between, on the one hand, greater personal freedom, but with a high degree of economic risk, on the other - greater economic security, but with vassal addiction.

Experience shows that the principle of "Any Measure" is applied to the ratio of different aspects of economic freedom. Otherwise, not the freedom of creativity is not achieved, nor guaranteed well-being. Economic freedom without regulation of property rights by law or tradition goes to chaos, in which the right of force triumphs. At the same time, for example, a command and administrative economy that restricts the economic initiative, which claims to be liberated from the power of the case, is doomed to stagnation in development.

The boundaries in which economic freedom serves the effectiveness of production is due to specific historical circumstances. So, the modern market economy, as a rule, does not need a systematic, rude violence, which is its dignity. However, the restriction of market freedom for the sake of about economic situation is practiced in our time. For example, state regulation of the market economy often acts as a tool for accelerating its development. (Remember what regulatory methods use the state.) The production growth is capable of becoming the basis for strengthening the sovereignty of the individual. After all, freedom needs a material basis: for a hungry person, self-expression means, first of all, the thickening of hunger, and only then the other opportunities.

Economic freedom of personality is inseparable from her social responsibility. Theoretics and practices of the economy initially paid attention to the contradiction in the nature of economic activity. On the one hand, the desire for maximum profits and the egoistic protection of private society interests, and on the other hand, it is necessary to reckon with the interests and values \u200b\u200bof society, that is, to exercise social responsibility.

A responsibility - The special social and moral and legal attitude of the person to society as a whole and to other people, which is characterized by the fulfillment of their moral debt and legal norms. The idea of \u200b\u200bsocial responsibility of the business, for example, was widespread in the 1970-1980s. In the US, and then in other countries. It suggests that the entrepreneur must be guided not only by personal economic interests, but also the interests of society as a whole. Initially, social responsibility binds to, first of all, in compliance with laws. Then its necessary sign was the anticipation of the future. Specifically, it could be expressed in the formation of the consumer (US manufacturers are aimed at creating a "tomorrow's consumer"), ensuring environmental safety, social, political stability of society, raising the level of education and culture.

The ability of economic activities to consciously fulfill the moral and legal requirements of the Company and be responsible for their activities today immeasurably increases in connection with the breakthrough of science and technology into the deep levels of the universe (the use of intra-industrial and other energies, the opening of molecular biology, genetic engineering). Here every careless step can become dangerous for humanity. Remember how the catastrophic consequences led a person's invasion with science into a natural environment.

For many years, industrial activities in most countries have been characterized mainly by the irrational use of raw materials and a high degree of environmental pollution. The world has existed a very common view that entrepreneurial activities and environmental protection are incompatible. Obtaining a profit was linked to merciless exploitation and destruction of natural resources, and improving the environmental situation led to a decrease in the income of entrepreneurs and increase prices for consumer goods. Therefore, it is not surprising that the reaction of the business for the requirements to comply with environmental norms was often negative, and the fulfillment of these requirements was not voluntary (with the help of laws, administrative control). However, the strengthening of the global environmental movement, the development of the concept and principles of sustainable development contributed to the change in the relationship of entrepreneurs to the environment. Sustainable development - This is such a development of society that allows you to satisfy the needs of the current generation, while damage to future generations to meet their needs. An important step in this direction was the creation of the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development of the Council of Entrepreneurs for Sustainable Development, which included representatives of many largest transnational companies in the world. These companies and individual entrepreneurs who have appreciated the principles of sustainable development effectively use more advanced production processes, strive to implement environmental requirements (pollution prevention, decrease in production waste, etc.) and best use market opportunities. Such companies and businessmen receive advantages over competitors who do not use new approaches to business activities. As global experience, the combination of business activities, economic growth and environmental safety is possible.

In modern Russia, the level of environmental consciousness in the entrepreneurial environment is still quite low. So, by mid-1995, according to the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, only about 18 thousand of 800 thousand registered small and medium-sized enterprises provided environmental activities in their charters. And only 20% of them operate in this direction. Improving the quality of life of Russians largely depends on how economics and ecology will complement each other. To do this, it is necessary to combine legal and controlling methods with economic mechanisms and self-control of entrepreneurs, an increase in their social responsibility. Using world experience, Russian entrepreneurs need to develop norms of conduct for national firms in the field of environmental protection and transition to a sustainable development model.

Communication of economic culture and activity

Practice proves the close relationship and interdependence of economic culture and economic activity. Ways to organize activities, the personality of such major social roles, as a manufacturer, the consumer, the owner, affect the formation and development of all elements of economic culture. In turn, the level of economic culture of the individual undoubtedly affects the effectiveness of economic activity, the success of social roles.

One of the most important social roles of the personality is the role of the manufacturer. In the context of the transition to a new, information and computer, technological method of production from a worker, not only a high level of educational and training, but also high morality, a high level of common culture. Modern work is increasingly filled with creative content, which requires not so much discipline supported by the outside (head, master, product controller), how many self-discipline and self-control. The main controller is conscience, personal responsibility and other moral qualities.

The nature of the main elements of economic culture, in turn, depends on the nature and effectiveness of economic activity. An example of this can be a Japanese market economy. There is a systematic progress from egoistic behavior in the direction of behavior based on rules and such concepts as "duty", "loyalty" and "good will" turned out to be extremely important for the achievement of individual and group efficiency and played a significant role in industrial progress.

In the Russian society in the 1990s. Changes taking place led to the abandonment of the social and aesthetic values \u200b\u200bin the conditions of a command-administrative system, the destruction of past experience. Constructive work often began to change consumer aspirations and the struggle for survival. The understanding of the experience of the transition period shows that the dominant in economic policy liberal thinking contributed to the development of a market economy, but at the same time caused an unjustified social bundle, the growth of poverty, a decrease in the quality of life. Many experts believe that this process of liberalization was accompanied by the formation of a new system of values, where "only money is solved."

This vague displacement confirms the fact that when moving to the market in our country, a large scale has accepted fraud. This is a multi-hair phenomenon, but at the heart of any variety (theft, waste, forgery, fake documents, deception, etc.) lies a malicious assignment of someone else's property, regardless of whether it appears: money (for example, the activities of financial pyramids ), other material values, intellectual developments, etc. Only in 1998, about 150 thousand economic crimes were revealed in Russia. The state is forced to take action to ensure that business favorable changes in law enforcement conditions are favorable, to establish public control over the activities of economic entities within the limits of the "Legal Field", to look for ways to protect the population from financial fraudsters, protection of savings, and the Institute of Private Property.

The process of forming the values \u200b\u200bof the new economy in Russia continues, which illustrate two polar judgments given below for a market economy. The first of them reads: "The principle of benefit is the conscience, hesites the moral senses of man. Private property binds a man so that he disconnects him with other people. The market with its deification of economic freedom is incompatible with genuine equality, and therefore all the market society is essentially its antidemocratic, and anti-people. " The second approves: "With civilized market relations, the apparent incompatibility of" interest "and" ideal ", material abundance and spirituality overcomes. It is privatized property that makes a person independent, serves as a reliable guarantor of his freedom. Market requirements approve immutable norms of honesty, decency and trust as mandatory conditions for the effectiveness of business relations. Competition is a harsh thing, but this is the struggle according to the rules, the observance of which is vigilantly controlled by public opinion. The hostility of democracy is primarily in freedom - economic, political and intellectual. And equality in poverty inevitably leads to the crisis of public morality. " Which of the judgments more reasonably - to solve you.

Changes occurring in the country have set a person and society before choosing possible development options. This choice has a place not only in politics and economics, but also in the sociocultural sphere, which largely depends on the focus of life, its value guidelines, the stability of any human community.

Practical conclusions.

In fact, in order or other practical economic activity, use economic knowledge and regulations of economic culture for the right choice and decision-making, optimal for the success of your business.

Expand your economic outlook, follow the socio-economic changes occurring in society, which will help you realize your duties and as a citizen. As a voter, you can influence the economic policies of the state.

Determine its position in relation to such negative phenomena, like the cult of profit, money, deception and assigning someone else's property, dishonest competition.

Try to refuse unquilized forms of participation in economic life, from the "Games not according to the rules." By making a decision, not only weigh it on the scales of mind, but also listen to the natural judge - conscience.

Educate economically significant qualities that will help you find b about weight resistance and competitiveness: business attitude and enterprise, initiative and independence, the need to achieve success and social responsibility, creative activity.

Document.

From the work of the Russian State Worker, Doctors of EconomicsE. S. Stroyev "The state, society and reforms in Russia."

In turning points like this, it is extremely dangerous to stop, restricted ... a landfill filled with various fragments of political and economic and former socio-cultural savings.

For this phenomenon, Pitirim Sorokin drew attention to this phenomena: "... any people, a society or a nation, which cannot create a new socio-cultural order, instead of being broken, ceases to be a leading" historical "people or nation and simply turns into" economic human material ", which will be absorbed and used by other, more creative societies and nations. "

This provision is a warning for Russia and other countries that are in the area of \u200b\u200bits interests, since now science, culture, education, morality, ideology is increasingly reminded by a "historical landfill" of heterogeneous, incompatible sociocultural types, and the energy of creative transformations to some extent remains in .

Questions and tasks for the document

Does Russia need a new socio-cultural order?

What are the former cultural accumulations associated with the command economy, could be sent to the "historical landfill"?

Relying on the text of the paragraph, offer the values \u200b\u200bof the "new economy", which would be significant elements of the economic culture of the XXI century.

Questions for self-test.

What are the main elements of economic culture?

What is the value of the economic orientation and social attitudes of the person?

Is your own integrity of the only basis for economic choice?

What does the choice of the standard of economic behavior depend on the choice?

Do I need to limit economic freedom?

Is it possible to "voluntary marriage" of the economy and ecology?

What is the essence and significance of the economically competent and morally valuable human behavior in the economy?

What difficulties is experiencing a new economy of Russia?

Tasks.

With what words do you associate market relations in the Russian economy: anarchy, economic efficiency, barbarism, honesty, social partnership, deception, stability, justice, legality, native, rationality? Illustrate examples and justify your choice.

These lines from the letter of your peer in the editorial board of the newspaper: "Only the mind, only a sober calculation - that's what you need in life. We hope only for yourself, then you will achieve everything. And less faith in the so-called feelings that are not too. Rationalism, dynamism - here are the ideals of our era. " What can you agree or argue with the author of the letter?

"You can save freedom only where it is conscious and where he is responsible for her," says the German philosopher XX century. K. Yaspers. Is it possible to agree with scientists? Give examples confirming his thought. Name the three main, in your opinion, the values \u200b\u200bof a free person.

International experts put Russia on the 149th place in the world in the degree of reliability of investments. So, according to domestic specialists, more than 80% of Russian businessmen believe that the law is better not to violate. But in practice, faced with the optional partners more than 90%. At the same time, only 60% of them feel the blame.

How do you feel about the existence of two morals from participants in economic relations - for yourself and for a partner? Is it possible to create a system for the protection and support of economic behavior characterized as reliable, predictable and confidence? What would you suggest to do for this?

Thoughts wise.

"The system of private property is the most important guarantee of freedom not only for ownership owners, but also for those who have it."

F. A. Hayek (1899-1992), Austrian political scientist, economist

Final part.

Evaluation of students' responses.

Page 1.

Economic culture is developing from the culture of entrepreneurship, business, economic partnership, financial analysis.

The peculiarities of economic culture as a process regulating economic behavior are as follows.

The transmission function of economic culture is the transfer from the past to the present, of the present in the future of values, norms, behavior motives.

The selection function of economic culture is the selection from the inherited values \u200b\u200band the norms of those necessary to address the tasks of the development of society.

The optimal role of economic culture in regulating the economic behavior of the subject is regulatory in most civilized industrialized countries.

Economic culture of society - This is a system of institutions and motives of economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and actions of a person, as well as the content of traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior.

Economic culture of personality is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity. It defines the creative orientation of human economic activity in the process of production, distribution and consumption. Economic culture of the individual can correspond to the economic culture of society, to be ahead of it, but can and lag behind it, to interfere with its development.

In the structure of economic culture, you can designate the most important elements:knowledge and practical skills, economic orientation, ways to organize activities, norms regulating and human behavior in it.

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness, and economic knowledge - an EGO important component. These knowledge is a set of economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, on paths and forms, methods that promote sustainable development of society. Modern production, economic reasons require a large and ever-growing increase in the employee. Economic knowledge shall form an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic relations in the operation of the world, the laws of the development of the economic life of society. On their basis, economic thinking and practical skills are developing economically, morally reasonable behavior, the economic quality of personality, meaningful conditions.

The accumulated knowledge of the personality actively uses in daily activities, so an important component of its economic culture is economic thinking. It allows you to learn the essence of economic phenomena and processes, to operate with the learned economic concepts, analyze specific economic situations. . Cognition of modern economic reality is an analysis of economic laws (for example, the action of the laws of supply and demand), essence of various economic phenomena (for example, causes and consequences of inflation, unemployment, etc. .), Economic relations (for example, the employee, lender and the borrower), economic life relations with other spheres of society.

The choice of standards of behavior in the economy, the effectiveness of solving economic problems in many ways depends on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. Among them it is necessary to allocate in which an important element of economic culture, as the economic orientation of the individualThe components of the cooler are the needs, interests and motives of human activity in the economic sphere. The direction of the individual includes social installation and socially significant values.

Social settings play an important role in the development of economic culture. A person who has formed, for example, an installation on creative work, participates in activities with great interest, supports innovative projects, introduces technical achievements, etc.

The human economic culture can be traced through the combination of EGO personal properties and qualities, which are a certain result of participation in the weird. Such qualities include hard work, responsibility, calculation, the ability to rationally overse your work, enterprise, innovation, etc. Economic qualities Personality and norms of behavior can be like positive (thrift, discipline), so and negative (waste, mismanagement, rummy, fraud). A combination of economic qualities can be assessed by the level of economic culture of the individual.

Communication of economic culture and activity
Practice proves the close relationship and interdependence of economic culture and economic activity. Ways to organize activities, the personality of such major social roles, as a manufacturer, the consumer, the owner, affect the formation and development of all elements of economic culture. In turn, the level of economic culture of the individual undoubtedly affects the effectiveness of economic activity, the success of social roles.

Economic content of property

Own It is a complex public phenomenon, which from different sides is being studied by several social sciences (philosophy, economy, jurisprudence, etc.), each of these sciences gives its definition of the concept of "property".
In economics science under property understand Real relationships between people who develop in the process of assigning and economic use of property . The system of economic property relations includes the following elements:
a) the attitude of the assignment of factors and production results;
b) relations of economic use of property

c) the relationship of economic realization of property.
Assignmentit is called an economic relationship between people, which establishes their attitude towards things as its own. In the assignment relationships, four elements distinguish: The assignment object, the assignment entity, the assignment relationship itself and the form of assignment.
Object assignment - This is what is subject to assignment. The object of assignment may be the results of labor, i.e., material benefits and services, real estate, labor, money, securities, etc. Special importance, economic science gives the assignment of material factors of production, since it is one who owns them owns and Production results.
Subject assignment - This is the one who assigns property. Subjects of assignment can be individual citizens, families, groups, teams, organizations and the state.
The actual assignment relationship is the possibility of complete alienation of the property by one subject from other subjects (alienation methods may be different).

However, the assignment may be incomplete (partial).
Incomplete assignment is implemented through relationships, possessions and orders.
Forms of assignment of property may be different.

What are the main elements of economic culture?

so eliminate?
The main elements of economic culture: the knowledge and practical skills, the economic orientation of the personality, the ways of organizing activities, the norms regulating the relationship and human behavior in activities.

Help answer questions:
1. Name the main components of the social structure of society. Give them a characteristic. Specify examples.
2. Why is the middle class is a guarantor of economic, political and social stability in society?
3. Analyze the social structure of the modern Belarusian society from the point of view of class and stratification approaches.
4. What is the nation? Specify the process of formation of nations on the example of the Belarusian nation.
5. Prove or refute the thesis: "The modern family is experiencing a crisis."
6. Give examples (from history or modern times) cooperation of social groups in various types of social relations.
7. Give examples showing the conflicts of social groups in various types of social relations. What interests of social groups faced in these conflicts?
8. Each person from birth occupies any cell in the society of society. Could he change it in a feudal society? In classic capitalism? In modern society? What does that require?
9. Prepare the message "Ways to solve demographic problems of modern society."
10. There are more than two thousand different ones in the modern world, most of them live in multinational states. The national question for the whole story is one of the most acute.
Analyze the examples of national movements known for you from the course of history. What trends are traced in the National Movement? Describe interethnic conflicts according to plan: causes, essence, consequences, solutions.
11. What are the main socio-psychological features of young people as a social group?
12. What includes the concept of "youth subculture"? What is the features of the subculture of Belarusian youth?

1. The main elements of the social structure of society are individuals who occupy certain positions (statuses) and perform certain social functions (roles), the association of these individuals based on their status signs in groups, socio-territorial, ethnic and other communities. Social structure expresses an objective division of society on common, classes, layers, groups, etc., indicating the different position of people in relation to each other on numerous criteria. Depending on which element is highlighted as the main, the structure of society can be represented as group, class, crucial, etc. System. Thus, the social structure is the structure of society as a whole, the system of connections between its main elements.

What are the main elements of the educational system of the Russian Federation?

The education system in the Russian Federation is a combination of interacting:
1. Premise educational programs of various levels and focus, federal state educational standards and federal state requirements;
2. Networks implementing their educational institutions and scientific organizations;

3. Authorities engaged in education in the field of education and subordinate to them institutions and organizations;
4.
associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations operating in the field of education.

What are the main elements of the educational system of the Russian Federation

1) pre-school education

2) secondary education:

Initial

Main average

Full average

3) vocational education

Specialized secondary

4) Higher Education
1. General Education - Physical Education. 2 Main general (secondary general general education) 3. Professional education - Primary (School, Prof. Lyceum) - Effective Profileonal (College, Technical School) - Higher Profileonal (Istanit, University, Academy, After university courses)

1) What are the main values \u200b\u200bof the concept of "society"? How is society determined in the widest value of this word? 2) What is the difference between the concepts of "society" and "society"? 3) What are the main levels of consideration of society? 4) How have the ideas of people about the relationship between society and nature changed? What caused these changes? 5) Show the multivalousness of the concept of "culture". 6) What is the role of culture in society? 7) Illustrate examples of the thesis on the conventionality of dividing culture on the material and spiritual. 8) What kind of philosophers consider public relations? 9) what the patterns of social development differ from the laws of nature

1) Society is a system that has been addressed from nature, but closely associated with it.
2) all mankind and relationship between them.
3) In a narrow plan, a group of books of books Chekhov or an anonymous alcoholics club.
4) At different periods of time, a person tried to conquer the nature, take the power over it without fearing the consequences that occurred in attempts to conquer her. Another point, this is when humanity realized that it would not be able to conquer it, which should be treated carefully and tremble.
5) Culture - everything that man created.
6) for example: transmission of rites or traditions from generation to generation.
7) The book is the fruit of culture, both material and spiritual.
9) humanity is dynamically and constantly developing, development has no clear laws, it is unique.

1. What is the globalization process
2. What are the manifestations of globalization in the economic sphere? What contributes to her?
3. What is the contradiction of the globalization process?
4. What are the main global problems of modernity? What caused their appearance?
5. What causes the economic crisis?
6. What are the basic principles of the world order that can prevent the threat of a new world war?
7. What is the problem of "north-south"?
8. How does the relationship of global problems manifest?

Globalization is the process of the most expressive impact of various factors of international importance (economy, political., Cult., Relig. Relations) on social. reality
2. Cooperation between national economies of different countries, rapprochement of markets of each of the individual countries to form a single market, the liquidation of the barrier in the movement of goods, services, capital, labor between countries
3. The impossibility of the state to regulate the economy at the national level in the separation of world economic processes
4. Raw (cutting down forests, lack of water) That is, all resources on Earth exhausted
Environmental (water pollution, air, ozone holes)
War and the world (some countries have atomic weapons)
North-South (North Development Country (Europe, America), South (Africa) - Hunger, Poverty, No Education)
Diseases (AIDS, HIV, Cancer, Dependence, Influenza)
Terrorism
Population (in China and India a lot of people, in Europe and Russia, on the contrary lacking)
5. Mortgage Crisis in the USA
6. Recognition of priorities of universal values
Refusal of war as conflict solutions
Recognition of the right of peoples and independently choose its fate
Understanding the interaction of the modern world
7. Gap in the level of social. Economically developed countries and developing (Africa)
8. Increased demography-\u003e Lack of resources-\u003e Environmental crisis-\u003e Diseases-\u003e Interstate conflicts

1) Describe the social, national and confessional composition of the population in our country (Belarus).
2) Call the main features of the Belarusian socio-economic development model. What are the priorities of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus early 21 c. ? Name the main factors for the sustainable development of our country.
3) What are the main directions of innovative development of the Republic of Belarus at the present stage? What factors ensure the successful innovative development of our country? Describe the contribution of science and education into the innovative development of the country.

1. About 9, 6 million people live in our country. In the population of Belarus, the Republic of Belarus ranks fifth among the CIS countries. The average population density is 48 people per quarter. km. - Approximately the same as in many other European countries.
Approximately 74% of the population of our country lives in cities, respectively 26% is a rural population. The urban population is concentrated in 112 cities and 96 urban-type settlements. 13 cities have a population of more than 100 thousand people; In the capital of our country, Minsk lives about 1 million 800 thousand citizens. On 1000 men account for about 1145 women; In groups older than 50 years, this difference increases.
Our country is ethnically inhomogeneous. According to the 1999 census, representatives of more than 130 nationalities live in the country. 81% of citizens of the Republic of Belarus recognized themselves by Belarusians, 11% - Russians, almost 4% - Poles, 2% Ukrainians, 0, 3% - Jews

The frequency of divorces is growing in the developed and in the underdeveloped world, as well as the number of households headed by women.
Family values \u200b\u200bthreaten not government programs that prevent
families (although there are such programs), and not transferring funds
The mass media, detaining the family (although there are such programs); them
The economic system is threatened. This system simply does not allow
families exist on old way, with a father delivering most
Earnings, and with a mother performing most of the work on education
Children. Middle class families with one feed no more.
Social relations are not defined by the economy - at the same time
maybe there are many opportunities - but they would have these relationships, they
Must be compatible with economic reality. Traditional
Family relations are not like that. As a result of this family as an institution
It is in the process of change and exposed to pressure. The point is not in
"Formation of character", and in the stubborn economic egoism or, more precisely,
In reluctance to subordinate their own interest in the interest of the family. Economical
reality forced to revise the main issues of the organization
families.
L. Turoule
1. What, according to the author, the crisis of family relations is expressed in modern society, specify the two of its manifestations.

2.
The interaction of what areas of society reveals the author on the example
Family What is the author, the nature of this interaction?

3.
Why traditional patriarchal family goes back resting on
source text and attracting social science knowledge, specify three
the reasons.

4. What type of family more corresponds to realities
post-industrial society attracting knowledge from social scientific
Course, specify two of its sign. The main is the limited economic resources, an existing contraction with the infinite needs of a person ... There is another standard - the problem of preparing the implementation of the results. Practically, in any professional economic theory, you can find characteristics and description of topical problems. Here the format does not allow. ..

20. Economic culture. BBAZ10, §14.

20.1. Economic Culture: Essence and Structure.

20.2. Economic relations and interests.

20.3. Economic freedom and responsibility.

20.4. Concept of sustainable development.

20.5. Economic culture and activities.

20.1 . Economic Culture: Essence and Structure.

- This is a system of values \u200b\u200band motives of economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and human actions, as well as the content of traditions and norms regulating economic relations and behavior.

Economic culture of personality There is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity.

Economic culture of the individual can correspond to the economic culture of society, to be ahead of it, but maybe and fall behind it, to interfere with its development.

1) knowledge (a set of economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods) and practical skills;

2) economic thinking (it allows to know the essence of economic phenomena and processes, operate with educated economic concepts, analyze specific economic situations);

3) economic orientation (needs, interests, motives of human activity in the economic sphere);

4) ways to organize activities;

5) the norms regulating the relationships and human behavior in it (thrift, discipline, waste, mismanagement, rummy, fraud).

20.2 . Economic relations and interests.

Economic interest - This is the desire of a person to get the benefits necessary for him to ensure his life and family.

20.3 . Economic Freedom and Responsibility.

20.4 . .

Sustainable Development Concept - Such a development of society that allows you to satisfy the needs of the current generation, while damage to future generations to meet their needs.

20.5 . Economic Culture and Economic Activities.

In sociology - science on human society and systems that make up, the laws of the development of society - the concept of culture is a central forming element. Culture from the point of view of sociology is nothing but a special way of society, under which all the achievements of humanity in spiritual, industrial or public relations are understood.

Study of the concept of "culture" students of universities

Sociology and cultural studies are studied by students of many specialties as common disciplines. Special attention is paid to these sciences in humanitarian directions:

future psychologists are studying sociology as a teaching about the "Multiple" society, and not a single person;
teachers of literature are more busy with the cultural component, history of language and ethnography;
historians consider material components of culture, that is, the objects of life of ancestors, the architecture characteristic of various epochs, the people of the people in the process of historical development and so on;
even students of the specialty "jurisprudence" are studying sociology and intangible elements of culture, namely institutions, norms, values \u200b\u200band beliefs.

Thus, with the task "characterize the main elements of culture", almost all students are faced not only by humanitarian, but also technical faculties in cultural studies, business ethics, official activity or sociology psychology.

Introduction: What is culture and how it relates to other sciences

Culture - this concept is very multivalued, still not having a single clear definition. The main elements and cultural functions are so interrelated that they create a single integer. The term denotes a set of overall development of human society in the process of evolution and formation, from ancient times to the present, the concept of excellent and attitude to art. In a simplified understanding of the culture, you can call common habits and customs, traditions, language and presentation of people living in one area and in one historical interval.

The concept includes a combination of material and spiritual values, which characterize the level of development of both society as a whole and a separate person. In a narrower sense, culture is only spiritual values. It is one of the main properties that are inherent in any sustainable association of people, a permanent group, be it a family, a tribal community, a genus, urban and rural settlement, the state, the Union.

Culture is the subject of study not only by cultural studies. The main elements of culture, values \u200b\u200band norms, the achievements of humanity in spiritual, industrial and moral relations are also studied:

literature;
sociology;
geography;
art cultivation;
philosophy;
ethnography;
psychology.

Tasks of Culture: Vector Development, Socialization, Formation of the Sociocultural Environment

In order to realize the true role of culture in the vital activity of a separate person and society as a whole, it is necessary to analyze its specific functions. In the generalized sense, its task is to associate individual people into one humanity, to provide communication and each function is intended to solve a certain task, but all of their sets can be reduced to three cultural superlatives:

Vector development of mankind. Culture determines the values, directions and goals of the further development of human society in order to improve the created material and spiritual world.
Socialization of a separate individual in society, a particular social group. Culture provides a social organization, as has already been said, connects people into one humanity or another small social group (family, labor collective, nation).
The formation of a socio-cultural environment and the creation of funds for the best implementation and reflection of the occurrence of the cultural process. This refers to the creation of material and spiritual means, values \u200b\u200band concepts, conditions that are then included in the cultural process.

Culture functions that ensure the implementation of tasks

Thus, it is the culture that acts as a means of accumulation, storage and transfer of human experience from generation to generation. These tasks are implemented through a number of functions:

Educational and educational function. Culture makes a person personality, because precisely as the individualization is becoming a full member of society. Socialization also includes the process of mastering the norms of behavior, language, symbols and values, their people. The culture of the development of a separate person is associated with erudition, the level of admission to the cultural heritage, an understanding of works of art, creative abilities, accuracy, politeness, free possession of native and foreign languages, composure, high morality.
Integrative and disintegrative functions. They defines that culture creates in people who make up one or another group, a sense of community, belonging to one nation, religion, people, and so on. Culture provides integrity, but also, uniting members of one group, separates them from another community. As a result, cultural conflicts may arise - so the culture also performs a disintegrative function.
Adjusting function. Values, norms and ideals form a person's behavior in society. Culture determines the framework in which a person can act, regulates the behavior in the family, at work, in the school team and so on.
The function of broadcasting social experience. Information, or the function of historical continuity, allows you to transfer a certain social experience from generation to generation. Human society, except for culture, does not have other mechanisms for concentration and transfer of accumulated experience. That is why it is called humanity.
Cognitive, or culture concentrates the best social experience in many generations and accumulates the richest knowledge, which creates unique opportunities for knowledge and development.
Regulatory, or regulatory, function. In all spheres of public life, culture in one way or another affects interpersonal relationships, the interaction of people. This feature is supported by regulatory systems, such as soft and morality.
Signal culture function. Culture is a certain system of signs, without the study of which to master cultural values \u200b\u200bis not possible. Language (also a means of interaction between people among themselves, acts as the most important means of mastering the national culture. To know the world of painting, music and the theater allow specific iconic systems.
Holly, or culture forms value needs, acts as a factor that allows to determine the culture of a person or another.
Social Functions: Integration, Organization and Regulation of Joint Activity People, Ensuring Vital Research (knowledge, accumulation of experience, and so on), regulation of individuals of life.
Adaptive function. Culture provides adaptation of people to the habitat and is a prerequisite for the evolution, the development of human society.

Thus, the culture system is not only diverse, but also extremely mobile.

Types and types of culture: brief overview and listing

Culture has a pretty complex structure. The section of the science of cultural studies, which studies culture as a system, its structural elements, structure and special features, is called morphology of culture. The latter is divided into economic, technological, artistic, legal, professional, domestic, communicative, behavioral, religious, and so on.

Artistic solves the problem of sensual reflection of being in images. The central place in this form of culture is actually an actual art, that is, literature, painting, architecture, music, dance, cinema, circus.

Household defines traditional production and home life, crafts, folk crafts, national costume, rites, traditions and beliefs, applied art and so on. This type of culture is very close to ethnic.

Economic culture and its elements

The economic culture is a respectful attitude towards private property and commercial success, the creation and development of a suitable social environment for entrepreneurship, the system of values \u200b\u200bin economic (entrepreneurial, working) activities. What are the main elements of economic culture? All that in one way or another is associated with the economic activity of man and relates to culture. Thus, the main elements of economic culture are certain knowledge and practical skills, ways to organize economic activities and norms that regulate relations, the economic orientation of the individual.

Political culture, its characteristics and elements

Under political culture, they understand the qualitative characteristics of the political life of society in a broad sense or a set of presentations of a particular policy group. Political culture determines the "rules of the game" in the political sphere, establishes a certain framework, contributes to the formation of basic types of behavior. The main elements of political culture are political values, generally accepted assessments of the state and prospects for the political system, accumulated experience in this area, the conviction of the truth of their knowledge, certain legal norms, the means of political communication and the practice of functioning political institutions.

Organizational (professional, business, corporate) culture

Organizational culture is essentially close to professional, it is often called business, corporate or socioculture of the organization. This term denote norms, values \u200b\u200band rules adopted by a majority of the members of any organization or enterprise. External manifestation is called organizational behavior. The main elements of the organizational culture are the rules that employees of the organization, corporate values, symbolism adhere to. Also elements are a dress code established by the standard service or product quality, moral norms.

Moral and spiritual culture

Signs and symbols, rules of behavior in society, values, habits and customs are all elements of culture. Also elements are spiritual and social values, works of art. You can classify all these individual components in different ways.

In the most general sense, the main elements of culture are the material and spiritual components. Material identifies the real (material) side of any cultural activity or process. The elements of the material component are buildings and structures (architecture), tools of production and labor, vehicles, various communications and roads, agricultural land, household items, all that is customary to call an artificial habitat of a person.

The main elements of the spiritual culture include a combination of certain ideas and ideas that reflect the existing validity, ideals and values \u200b\u200bof humanity, creative, intellectual, aesthetic and emotional activities of people, its results (spiritual values). Components of spiritual culture are values, rules, habits, manners, customs and traditions.

The indicator of spiritual culture is public consciousness, and the core is spiritual values. Spiritual values, that is, the worldview, aesthetic and scientific performances, moral norms, works of art, cultural traditions, are expressed in subject, behavioral and verbal form.

Brief characteristic of the main elements of culture

The concept of culture, the main elements of culture, its types and types are generality, the integrity of this concept itself. Its morphology, that is, structural elements as a system, is even separate, quite a vast section of cultureologists. The study of the whole manifold is carried out on the basis of the study of the main elements of culture. All that was created by a person in the process of spiritual, historical development is subject to consideration. So, the main elements of culture are:

Signs and symbols, that is, subjects that serve to designate other items.
Language as a class of iconic systems and as a separate sign system used by a specific group of people.
Social values, that is, the preferences that various social groups give priority.
Rules that determine the behavior of the group members set the framework in accordance with values.
Habits as permanent behavior schemes.
Habits based manners.
Etiquette as a company adopted by the Society System of Conduct Rules, which is inherent in individual individuals.
Customs, that is, the traditional procedure for behavior inherent in wide masses.
Traditions transmitted from generation to generation.
Rituals or rites as a totality of collective actions that embody certain ideas, norms and values, submission.
Religion as a way of understanding and knowledge of the world and so on.

The main elements of culture are discussed in the aspect, which is associated with the functioning of society as a whole, as well as in conjunction with the regulation of the behavior of a particular person and certain social groups. The listed elements are necessarily present both in small and large, both in modern and in traditional societies, in every social culture.

What are the main elements of culture are the most stable? The constancy is distinguished by language, traditions and rites, social values, as well as certain norms. These basic elements of culture distinguish one social group from another, unite members of one family, a collective, a generic, urban or rural community, states, the Union of states and so on.

Structure of economic culture

The first level is a productive-reproductive creative ability, when in the process of labor is only repeated, copied and, only as an exception, randomly, a new one is created.

The second level is the generative creative ability, the result of which will be the result of which will be if not a completely new product, then, at least, the original new variation.

Trends in the development of economic culture

economic culture

Children and Study - Information Portal