Suffixes in Russian are part of the word and in verbs. and, and in adjectives, and in each part of speech, the complexity of writing causes a certain set of morphemes.

Suffixes -ek- and -ik- in nouns

The basic rule says that the suffix -ik- in those words in which the letter "i" is preserved during their declension.

The suffix -ek- is written in those words in which the vowel "e", on the contrary, drops out when they are declined.

For example: “lamp-ik - lamp-ik-a”, “brook-yok - stream-k-a”.

Suffixes –chik-, -schik- in nouns

The basic rule says that in such suffixes, after the letters “g”, “z” - “s”, “d” - “t”, the letter “h” is always written, and in the remaining cases, the letter “u”. For example: “driver-z-chik”, “le-t-chik”, “svar-r-schik”.

"O" and "e" in sibilant suffixes in adverbs, adjectives and nouns

The rule is used that in such cases the letter “o” is written under stress, “e” without stress. For example: "beggar", "book". The exception is the word "more".

Suffixes with one (two) letters "n" in adjectives

There is a rule that -nn- is written in those adjectives that were formed from nouns whose stem ends with the letter "n", or formed using the suffixes -onn- or -enn-. For example: “root-n - core-nn-oh”, “lemon-n - lemon-nn-th”.

One –n- is written in the following suffixes: –in-, -an-, -yan- (“windy”, “earthy”), except for the words “”, “tin” and “wooden”.

Short adjectives always use as many letters "n" as there were in, from which the adjective was formed.

Suffixes -k-, -sk- in adjectives

The suffix -k- is written in adjectives that have a short form and (or) were formed from some forms of nouns that have a stem that ends in the letters "k", "ch", "c". In the remaining cases, the suffix -sk- is always written.

Suffixes –yva- (-iva-) and –ova- (-eva-) for verbs

If the verb used in the present and (or) future tenses ends in -yva or -ivay, then the suffix -yva- or -iva- is written in the past tense or indefinite form. And, conversely, if it ends in -th or -yu, then the suffix "-ova-" or "-eva-" is used. For example, “close - close - close”, “k-th - k-ova-t”.

Suffixes with one and (or) two letters "n" in participles and adjectives formed from verbs

Two -nn- are written in verbal adjectives and in full passive participles in those cases if they have a prefix (except for the prefix non-), if they were formed from verbs with suffixes -ova- or -eva-, they also include various dependent words , if at the same time they were formed from perfective verbs.

One -n- is written if the word was formed from a verb that has an imperfect form. Also, one -n- will be written in the suffixes of short passive participles.

Suffixes with vowels and one (two) letters "n" in adjectives and participles

The letter "e" is written in the suffixes of those participles (adjectives) that were formed from verbs in -it, -et. The letters "a", "ya" are written if they were formed from verbs ending in -at, -yat.

Tip 2: Word with the suffix "chick": spelling rules and examples

When it comes to spelling rules for nouns ending in "chik", problems arise with both consonants and vowels. How to write correctly - "chik" or "chik"? Or maybe a check? All options may be correct. It all depends on the word itself - its meaning, the features of the declension and the consonants that precede the suffix.

Suffixes -chik and -schik in nouns

In Russian, the suffix chik / schik has a very definite meaning: with its help, the names of persons are formed according to their occupation. These could be job titles (eg. cutter, storekeeper, lamplighter, cab driver, roadman, loader, developer, translator), and other words indicating people who are characterized by certain actions ( smoker, payer, bather, diver).

The internal form of such nouns is simple and understandable: most often the suffix -schik or -chik, indicating a person, is attached to the verb stem, denoting the very action characteristic of this person:

• dancer - one who dances;
• payer - one who is obliged to pay;
• lubricator - one who lubricates;
• swordsman - one who fences;
• subscriber - a person who has subscribed to a newspaper or magazine;
• binder - binds books.

Sometimes such words can also be formed from nouns, and in rare cases - even from phrases:

• lamplighter - one who watches the lanterns;
• clerk - works in an office;
• interest-bearer - gives out money at interest;
• counterfeiter - makes counterfeit coins.

In some cases, nouns with the suffixes chik / schik can denote not only people, but also mechanisms that perform a particular function. For example, "asphalt paver" can refer to both the person who plies the asphalt and the machine that performs the task. The same is with the word "counter" - in modern speech, this word most often refers to devices or programs that count something automatically, but in some cases it can also be the name of a profession. The exact meaning of the word in this case can only be determined by the context.

Rules for writing -chik and –schik in nouns with examples

According to the rules of the Russian language, the suffix -chik in words denoting people by occupation is written only if the stem ends in a consonant e, t, h, s, g. For example: offender, getter, narrator, peddler, turncoat.

After all other consonants, the suffix - shchik should be written. For example: pawnbroker, drummer, gravedigger, bricklayer, batman. Speaking about the rules for writing words with this suffix, you must definitely pay attention to the following point: the consonant u is soft, and the consonants in front of it are also softened. However, according to the rules of the Russian language, a soft sign before -shchik will be placed only after the consonant l (for example - shareholder, taxpayer, fan). In all other cases, the soft sign will be considered an error.

Rule " after all consonants except for d, t, z, s, zh food suffix -shchik» also applies to words whose stem ends in й (for example, washerman, gluer, grocer). In this case, the final sound is iot, referring to consonants. And you can't forget about it.

However, there are also a few exceptions to this rule. For example, in the words astfaltschik or alimentary correct spelling is schik. This can happen if three conditions are met simultaneously:

• the root of the word is borrowed from another language;
• the suffix is ​​preceded by at least two consecutive consonants;
• the base ends with t.

How to quickly remember the spelling rule -chik -chik

In order not to make a mistake in writing these suffixes, you need to know by heart the list of consonants, after which -chik is written. And the “classic of the genre” in such cases is the use of mnemonic phrases, which are much easier to remember than to memorize a combination of unrelated consonants.

To memorize the combination e, t, h, s, g"You can use the mnemonic" children behind the soot“- it contains all the “necessary” consonants (“only an iot is superfluous”, which is easy to discard), The phrase became widespread thanks to the book by the Soviet children's writer Vsevolod Nestaiko “The Extraordinary Adventures of Robinson Kukuruzo”. According to the plot, this phrase was invented by the main characters of the book - two schoolboy friends who suffered for a long time over the Russian language textbook, trying to memorize the list of consonants. And the “stupid”, meaningless phrase was remembered instantly.

Thus, the rule “folded” into a mnemophrase will sound like this: “ children for soot - chik, the rest - chik».

Example sentences with nouns na–chik and -schik

There are many examples of sentences illustrating the rules for using words with such suffixes.

For example, here are 10 sentence options with -chik words denoting professions or occupations

1. Journalists working in printed periodicals are sometimes called newspapermen.
2. A good woodcarver can create true works of art.
3. The translator of fiction must pay attention to the stylistic features of the original.
4. The customer may refuse to accept the work if it is performed poorly.
5. Software developers are in demand in the labor market.
6. A cab driver in the old days is the same as a taxi driver today.
7. To become a pilot, you need to be in good health.
8. To transport the piano to a new apartment, a team of movers had to be hired.
9. Both the plaintiff and the defendant were present at the hearing.
10. The scout managed to locate the enemy infiltrator.

Example sentences with nouns in –schik:

1. Posting ads often spoil the doors of entrances.
2. The actor played the role of a gravedigger in Shakespeare's famous tragedy Hamlet.
3. Grocers and greengrocers are frequently mentioned in classical literature.
4. The watchmaker promised to repair the alarm clock in two days.
5. A hack is one who never strives to do his job well.
6. Football fans from many countries came to the World Cup.
7. An excellent sense of rhythm is a must for a drummer.
8. A glass cleaner is a dangerous profession when it comes to washing the windows of skyscrapers.
9. Each pioneer squad had its own buglers and drummers.
10. Much has been written about the problems of deceived equity holders in the media.

Spelling of vowels in suffixes: which is correct, -chik or -chek

In nouns denoting persons by occupation in suffixes -chik and –shchik is always written as a vowel and. However, other nouns can also end in -chik (or -chek). For example, boy, bell, cucumber or stalk.

In such cases, we are already talking about suffixes of subjective assessment - most often diminutive, and in some cases giving the word a touch of neglect (for example, “a bad worker from him”). In this case, the morphemic composition of the word will be different - the suffix -ek or -ik is distinguished in the word, and the consonant h preceding it can be part of the root (for example, in the word kalachik) or a separate suffix (bell).

The rule to follow in this case is quite simple.

If the vowel in the suffix is ​​preserved during declension, you should write -ik. For example:

• bell - bell;
• corolla - corolla;
• casket - casket;
• little finger - little finger.

If the vowel is fluent, the suffix must be written through e:

• leaflet - leaflet;
• bell - bell;
• robber - robber

Rules for writing suffixes -chik, -schik, -ek, -ik briefly

In order to quickly deal with the spelling of chik / chik / check, you can use a simple algorithm.

1. Determine the value of the suffix. Does it designate a person, or does it introduce a diminutive or disparaging meaning into the word?
2. If the word denotes a person by occupation, look at the final letter of the base. If it is d, t, s, s, w and the word is not among the exceptions, we write -chik. In all other cases - a box.
3. If we are talking about a suffix of a subjective assessment, we put the word in the genitive case. If the vowel in the suffix is ​​preserved, we write the word through "and". If it turns out to be fluent - through "e".

Section 1. SURNAMES AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF NAME OF A PERSON: Section 2. HISTORY OF SURNAMES OF THE SMOLENSK REGION IN THE ETHNO-SOCIAL ASPECT:

§ 3. Surnames of the Smolensk nobility:

3.3. Smolensk noble families in the historical and cultural area:
Section 3. SURNAMES OF MODERN SMOLENSCHINA:

§ 1. Surnames formed from rare forms of baptismal names:

§ 2. Surnames formed from non-baptismal names:

1. SURNAME ACCENT

2. DECLECTION OF SURNAMES

LITERATURE
LIST OF DICTIONARIES AND ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SOURCES AND ABBREVIATIONS
SURNAME INDEX read

As you know, the bulk of Russian surnames includes the formants OB / EB and IN. The suffix -OB / -EB denotes belonging to one specific (indicated by the stem of the noun) being. The suffix -IN has the meaning of singularity, denotes ethnic names (Rusyn, Kazarin, Tatar, Mordvin, Litvin, etc.), is used in toponymic designations, often as part of complex suffixes (Vologzhan, Tveritin, Ustyuzhanin, etc.). In addition, the suffix -IN has the meaning of belonging, that is, it is synonymous with the suffix -OB / -EB, which is especially important when determining kinship between persons. Its difference from the suffix -OB / -EV is that it joins other stems: the suffix -OB - to the stems of nouns into a hard consonant, -EB - into a soft one, and -IN - into a vowel.

Our card file consists of 19880 surnames, and among them about 45% are decorated with the suffixes -OB / -EB and 18% - with the suffix -IN.

Of course, the number of surnames with "standard" affixes is large, but still less than in other Russian territories. So, according to S.I. Zinin, surnames with suffixes -OV / -EV make up about 58% of all Russian surnames, and surnames with the suffix -IN - about 29%. We note in passing that the percentage of surnames with the named suffixes in the Belarusian and Ukrainian territories is much lower: in Belarus, surnames with the suffixes -OB / -EB make up 19.5%, in Ukraine 2.2%, with the suffixes -IN, respectively, from 6% to 8 .1% and 2.5%. Most of the surnames ending in -OV/-EB are in Bulgarian anthroponymy – 77.1%, with suffixes -IN – 3.33% (research by N.V. Birillo).

The percentage of surnames with the suffix -SK / -CK-, on the contrary, is higher than in Russia as a whole: 9% in the Smolensk Territory - and 5.5% in Russia (studies by S.I. Zinin). Their origin is different. We present comparative data. So, in Belarusian anthroponymy, the percentage of surnames with the suffix -SK / -CK- is 10.5, even more in Ukraine - 13. In Belarus, surnames with the suffix -SK- are more common in the region of Grodno and Minsk, where their percentage is noticeably higher - 19 %. In Ukraine, this type of surname exists everywhere. The percentage of surnames with -SKI (SKI) in Polish anthroponymy is very high - 32%. The suffix -SK is common Slavic in origin; the phonetic variant is the suffix -CK-, which currently forms independent surnames (OZERENSKY - OZERETSKY). In Bulgarian anthroponymy, 17.54% of surnames start with -SKI / -TSKI (according to the works of N.V. Birillo). A high percentage of surnames ending in -SKY in the Smolensk region is the result of the influence of the Polish anthroponymic system. Many surnames received this formant according to the Polish model, which is reflected in the sources.

For individual surnames, the origin of the suffix -SK- is not easy to determine: for example, VIKTOROVSKY can be an ottoponymic surname (Viktorovo village), or it can be a surname with a secondary suffix -SK- (VIKTOROV–VIKTOROVSKY); there are surnames KARPILOV and KARPILOVSKII in the presence and at the present time of the village of Karpilovka, etc. Often such surnames are attested in documents of the 17th-18th centuries. For example, at the end of the XVIII century. the existence of the surname KSTOV is noted: ... Fedor Semenovich KSTOV ... and souls in evo osmnatsat ... (GASO, f. 114/1, 1789). In the same text we also find a mention of the village of KSTA: old Ksty in the Poretsk government ... Later we found two surnames KSTOV and KSTOVSKY. In the manuscripts of the Smolensk Historical Museum B.A. Moiseev, when preparing the 1st edition of the Dictionary of Smolensk Dialects, testified to the mention of the village of Ksty in the Demidov District (Former Porechsky) of the Smolensk Region in the 20–50s. 20th century Currently, the village does not exist (SSG, v. 1). The surnames KSTOV and KSTOVSKII were found by us in the materials of the Velizh registry office, and this indirectly suggests that, perhaps, they were and remain regional, since Velizh and Demidov are neighboring territories, and no names have been found anywhere else.

About 8% of the surveyed surnames are surnames with the suffixes -OVIC / -EVIC / -IC, which are quite widespread in the southwestern region, especially in Belarus, less in Poland, where they are of a secondary nature. Surnames have both baptismal and non-baptismal names in their bases: ADAMOVICH, ALEXE (I) EVICH, ANDRUSEVICH, BOGDANOVICH, VOLKOVICH, ZUBKOVICH, KALINKOVICH, KARPOVICH, MINICH, PANKEVICH, PETROVICH, ROMANOVICH, STANKEVICH, etc. Surnames on OVICH / EVIC / ICH (the last suffix is ​​rare) make up about 11% of all affixal surnames in Belarus. They exist in Minsk, the western part of Vitebsk, the eastern Grodno and Brest regions. In Ukraine, this model is less common - 5.37%. There are few surnames with -OVIC/-EVIC in Bulgarian anthroponymy - 0.52%. In Polish anthroponymy, surnames ending in -OVICH/-EVICH appeared under the influence of Belarusian and Ukrainian structural models and make up about 14% of surnames. Surnames formed from the foundations of Christian (baptismal) names have a wider range: VASILEVICH, IVANTSEVICH, OSIPOVICH, PROKOPOVICH, and others. N.V. Birillo).

About 3% of Smolensk surnames are surnames with the suffixes -ONKO / -ENKO, which are considered by many scientists to be Ukrainian. In the Smolensk region, this structural model is more common in the southwestern regions (Roslavl, Shumyachi): ALEXIENKO, ANANCHENKO, ANDRIENKO, GAYDUCHENKO, ISAENKO, ISACHENKO, ISHCHENKO, KARPENKO, KARTAVENKO, KARTOSHENKO, KISLENKO, KORZHENKO, KONOVALENKO, MITCHENKO, NIKOLAENKO, PETRENKO, RYABCHENKO, SERGIENKO, TYMOSHENKO, TITARENKO, FEDORENKO and others.

In Ukraine, the suffix -ONKO / -ENKO forms from 8 to 12% of all affixal surnames, in Belarus - about 4.5%. In Ukraine, this model is more common in the eastern regions, in Belarus - in the Vitebsk, Gomel and Mogilev regions. S.I. Zinin generally does not consider anthroponyms with the named suffix among Russian surnames. Of course, a fairly high percentage of such surnames in the Smolensk region is associated with extralinguistic factors.

There are also surnames with the suffix -ONOK / -ENOK in the Smolensk Territory, which, according to M.L. Khudash, a legacy of the Old Russian language, which later became more active in Ukraine (since the 16th century). Among the corpus of Smolensk surnames, such names are also common in the southwestern regions of the region: KARTASHONOK, KNYAZHONOK, KUTENOK, LOSENOK, BEAR, MIKHAILENOK, NOVICHENOK, NOVICHONOK, PANENOK, SENCHENOK, TELEZHENOK, etc. They make up about 0.5% of all the surnames considered. The suffix -ONOK/-ENOK denotes the names of cubs or children. In Belarusian anthroponymy, surnames with this suffix are common in Vitebsk, Mogilev and Minsk regions and make up 1.7% of affixed Belarusian surnames. In Russian anthroponymy, they, according to N.V. Birillo, "did not take root." Their existence in the Smolensk region is the result of Belarusian influence. In Ukraine, at present, surnames with this affix are less common (about 2%) than with -ONKO / -ENKO, although in history it was the other way around.

In the Shumyachsky and Ershichsky districts of the Smolensk region, partly in Monastyrshchina and Khislavichi, there are surnames with the suffixes -UK / -YUK / -CHUK: ANDREYUK, BOGDANYUK, VOLOSCHUK, GNATYUK, DONCHUK, DALYUK, ZAYCHUK, IVANCHUK, KOBCHUK, MAXIMCHUK, LEVANYUK, NIKIFORCHUK , OSIPCHUK , PAVLYUK, SENCHUK, etc. In quantitative terms, they make up about 0.4% of all surveyed families of the Smolensk Territory.

A formant of Turkic origin, one of the most active in the system of structural models of Ukrainian surnames, has a diminutive meaning and makes up about 10–12% of all affixal surnames in Ukraine. Among the Belarusian surnames of anthroponyms with suffixes -UK / -YuK / -CHUK, from 3% to 5%: they exist mainly in the West, on the border with Ukraine. For Russian surnames, such a model is completely uncharacteristic; in the Smolensk region, it takes place under the influence of the Ukrainian and Belarusian anthroponymic systems.

The percentage of surnames from the Smolensk region with the suffix -KO (0.3–0.4%) is approximately the same: BYCHKO, GURKO, DRANKO, DYCHKO, ZYUZKO, KLETSKO, KRASKO, KRYSKO, LYASHKO, MELESHKO, OLESHKO, ROZHKO, RUTSKO, RUCKO, SALKO , SANKO, STANKO, USHKO, USCHKO, HAVKO, etc. Surnames with -KO are typical for the Ukrainian and Belarusian anthroponymic systems, as pointed out in the 19th century. also A. Stepovich. In Ukraine, they make up about 4% of all affixal surnames, in Belarus - about 2%.

There is a rather high percentage of surnames that are not decorated with family suffixes, that is, they are old non-baptismal names or nicknames “in their purest form”. Such surnames, as we noted earlier, are characteristic of the southwestern Russian regions, Ukrainian and Belarusian anthroponymic systems: ANOKH, BABA, BABAK, BABAN, BABICH, BIBA, BALAK, BALAN, BALOGA, BASKAK, BARTOSH, BELYAY, BIZA, BIRLO, BEARD , BOBYL, BOGUN, BUKACCH, BURYAK, WOLF, VOIT, VEKSHA, HAYDAMAK, VIPER, DOVE, DOVE, HORBACH, GUB, DERYUGA, DERYAGA, DZYUBA, PRODUCED, DOLBNYA, DOVBNYA, DOVBEN, DROBYSH, CLUBS, BEETLE, ZEZYU LA, ZUI , ZYK, PORRIDGE, KOVGAN, KOCHAN, KUROSH, KUSHNER, KING, MOWER, KRAVETS, KULESHA, SWAN, LINDE, LYSAK, LYAD, METELITSA, MELNIK, NUT, COOK, POZDNYAK, RYMAR, Lard, SVISTUN, BLUE, SOBOL, CO LOVEY , Owl, Ram, Cart, Tizik, Weaver, Turk, Mustache, Khmara, Khomyak, Khripach, Boar, Gypsy, Chaus, Chernyak, Chernysh, etc. Surnames that are not decorated with family suffixes make up about 8% of all surnames that exist on the territory of the Smolensk region at the present time. S.I. Zinin points out the paucity of such a structural model in the corpus of Russian surnames. On the contrary, in the Ukrainian and Belarusian anthroponymic systems, non-suffix surnames are very widespread: they make up about 25% of Belarusian surnames and about 34% of Ukrainian ones. Similar surnames (often with the same bases) are common in Polish anthroponymy (N.V. Birillo and others).

In the border regions of the region with Belarus, there are surnames with the suffix -ENIA: SPRING, DASENYA, KOSENYA, MALENYA. The suffix has a diminutive meaning, the anthroponyms of this model are found in eastern Ukraine, in some places in Belarus (1% of suffixal surnames) (N.V. Birillo).

There are single surnames with the Belarusian-Ukrainian suffix -ETS: BEGUNETS, IVANETS, MARTINETS, SEMENETS, CHUKOVETS. Surnames with this suffix make up 2.1% of affixed Belarusian surnames; often they are formed from geographical names. Surnames with a diminutive suffix -EC are noted among the surnames of eastern Ukraine, their percentage is 2.34% (N.V. Birillo, M.L. Khudash).

Rare (but known throughout the region) surnames in -YH: YOUNG, GRAY, SEVEN, OLD, FAT, BLACK. As S.I. Zinin, surnames with the suffix ЫХ, which in grammatical terms are forms of the genitive plural of substantiated adjectives, are characteristic of the North and Siberia. However, they are found in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, as V.A. wrote about. Nikonov (1993). Perhaps the existence of such surnames in the Smolensk region is due to the fact that in ancient times the Smolensk dialects belonged to the Northern Great Russian, and this is a northern influence.

Surnames with -AGO/-IAGO are also rare: DUBYAGO, MOLODYAGO, SIPYAGO, with the suffix -KHNO: VAKHNO, DAKHNO, SAKHNO, YUKHNO. Surnames ending in -AGO/-IAGO do occur in central and eastern Ukraine and western Belarus, but this pattern is not productive. Surnames ending in -ХНО are of Novgorod origin, as pointed out by A.M. Selishchev (1968). And at the same time, many Ukrainian anthroponyms note their existence in Ukraine since the 16th century. (M.L. Khudash and others).

Among the surnames decorated with the suffixes -OV / -EV / -IN, about 5% are surnames formed from compound non-baptismal names: BEZRUCHENKOV, BELOGRIVIN, BOLOKOPYTIN, BELONOGOV, BELONOKHKIN, VOLOOKOV, KRIVOZUBOV, KRIVOSHEIN, KRIVONOGOV, KOSOGLAZOV, SUKHOZHILIN, SUKHORUKOV , Sukhostoevs, Solid Lobov, Chernobrovkin, Chernozubov, Chernomordin, etc. Less commonly, consisting of two foundations, are not decorated with affixes, which is characteristic of Ukrainian and - to a lesser extent - Belarusian anthroponymic systems: Beloded, Belosvet, Krivozub, Cypinoset, Lidistan, Semi -Chicet , TVERDOZLOB, etc.

Summing up the above, it should be noted that the structural models of Smolensk surnames are in many ways similar to the types of surnames in Belarus, partly Ukraine, although for the most part Smolensk surnames are still decorated with standard Russian family suffixes.

When difficulties arise when writing suffixes -To- And -sk- in adjectives, it is necessary to refer to the rules.

SK suffix in relative adjectives

Suffix -sk- written in, which are formed from nouns with other consonants in stems, for example: Frenchman sk ij (French), fleet sk ij (fleet), Kazakh sk ij (Kazakh), village sk iy (village).

Before suffix -sk- letter b only written after l(general b sky, sat down b sky), as well as adjectives formed from the names of months on -n And -r (june b sky, september b sky etc., except January).

Note

You should remember the spelling den b-den b skoy- "for the whole day."

Adjectives with the suffix CK formed from proper names

Adjectives with suffix -sk- , formed from proper names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Gogol's satire, Turgenev's "Poems in Prose". With a capital letter, such adjectives are written only when they are part of names that have the meaning of “name, memory”, for example: Lomonosov Readings, Lenin Prize.

Suffix K in adjectives

Suffix -To- it is written:

1. in (they have a short form), for example: narrow (narrow), daring (daring), weighty (weighty);
2. in , formed from nouns with stem on -To , -ts , -h ; For example: Cossack To ij (Cossack), German To ij (German), weaver To ii (weaver). At the base of the noun from which the relative adjective is derived, To And h alternate with c .

Note

In single words alternation To And h With c does not occur and adjectives are formed using the suffix -sk- , For example: Uzbek sk iy (uzbek), tajik sk iy (tajik).

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