Biography

A distant relative and direct heir to the title of influential politician James Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield (1673-1721), Philip Stanhope was raised by a French governor, studied at Trinity College, University of Cambridge (-) and made the obligatory journey for a wealthy gentleman of those years ( grand tour) across the continent. It was interrupted by the death of Queen Anne. James Stanhope summoned Philip to his homeland and arranged him in place lord's bedchamber the Prince of Wales; in Philip became a member of the House of Commons from the Cornish village of Saint Germain (see rotten townships). The very first speech in parliament turned out to be a fine of 500 pounds for him, since Philip was six weeks short of coming of age.

In 1716, during a conflict between King George I and his son, the future George II, Stanhope joined the camp of the Prince of Wales and his mistress Henrietta Howard, which brought him political benefits during the accession of George II to the throne and the hatred of the Princess of Wales. With the death of his father, Philip took the title of Earl of Chesterfield and moved from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. Here his oratory, unnecessary in the lower house, was finally appreciated, and in 1728 Chesterfield accepted the important post of ambassador to The Hague (probably also the fact that he was a kind of honorary exile arranged by Walpole). Chesterfield turned out to be a capable diplomat, signed the Vienna Treaty of 1731 for Great Britain, but due to poor health returned to his homeland in 1732. The diplomatic service brought him the Order of the Garter and the court title of Lord Steward. In the same 1732 in The Hague, his illegitimate son was born by Elizabeth du Boucher, also Philip Stanhope (second, 1732-1768), to whom Chesterfield later dedicated "Letters to his Son".

Returning to the House of Lords, Chesterfield became one of its leaders. Soon, because of the excise law, Chesterfield went into open opposition to Walpole and lost his court titles. The opposition managed to remove Walpole from power only in 1742, but there was no place in the new government for Chesterfield; he spoiled relations with the new temporary workers, and with George II himself. C 1743 Chesterfield wrote anti-Georgian treatises for Old England magazine under the name Jeffrey Broadbottom. Finally, in 1744, a coalition of Chesterfield, Pitt, and Henry Pelham succeeded in overthrowing the Carter government, and Chesterfield returned to the executive branch. At first, he again went as ambassador to The Hague, where he achieved the entry of Holland into the war for the Austrian succession on the side of the British. This was followed by an extremely successful reign as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1744-1746, considered the pinnacle of the Chesterfield Administrator. In 1746 he returned to London as secretary of state, but in 1748 he resigned from all posts due to forever spoiled relations with the king and queen and renounced the "consolation" ducal title.

For some time he continued his parliamentary activities, including opposing the "Stamp Act" and contributed to the transition of Great Britain to the Gregorian calendar, which was called so - chesterfield calendar... However, due to the impending deafness by the end of the 1750s, Chesterfield left politics for good!

"Letters to the Son"

Chesterfield was married by calculation to the illegitimate daughter of George I, Melusine von Schulenburg, but no legitimate children were born in this marriage. Philip Stanhope (second), his beloved illegitimate son, had all the support of his father (including a seat in the House of Commons), but was never accepted into high society. In addition, already in his old age, Chesterfield adopted the third Philip Stanhope (1755-1815), who eventually became the heir to the family wealth.

Philip Stanhope (second), despite the close tutelage of his father, had since 1750 an "inadmissible" relationship with the Irish Eugenia Dornville, from whom two sons were born in 1761 and 1763 - Charles and Philip (fourth); parents married only in 1767, and in 1768 36-year-old Philip Stanhope (second) died in Vaucluse. Chesterfield found out about the existence of grandchildren only after the death of his son. In his will, he left them a small capital, and nothing - to their mother. It was the lack of money that prompted Eugene Stenhop to sell letters to publishers that were never intended for print. The publication caused shock in English society with its familial "frankness"; the collection of letters became popular reading and was reprinted several times, bringing the widow a fortune.

Chesterfield's letters contain an extensive set of instructions and recommendations in the spirit of J. Locke's pedagogical ideas. The narrowly practical focus of the education program (preparation for a high society and state career) shocked many of Chesterfield's contemporaries, but the Letters were highly praised by Voltaire as an example of epistolary prose of the 18th century and a sincere human document. In addition, after the death of the count, "Maxims" (1777) and "Characters" () were published. Chesterfield is also credited with a number of apocryphal writings, including An Apology for Resignation (1748).

Chesterfield in literature

Links

• Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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"LETTERS TO SON"

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield - English statesman, diplomat and writer.

Courtyard, intrigue, politics. There were moments when he decided whether there was a war or not, and who would rule some Belgium. He was a minister, a secretary of state, spoke with pamphlets, delivered speeches in parliament, one more excellent than the other ...

Chesterfield was married to the illegitimate daughter of George I, Melusine von Schulenburg, but no legitimate children were born in this marriage. Philip Stanhope (second), his beloved illegitimate son, had all the support of his father (including a seat in the House of Commons), but was never accepted into high society. In addition, already in his old age, Chesterfield adopted the third Philip Stanhope (1755-1815), who eventually became the heir to the family wealth.

In 1739, Chesterfield sent his son to travel around Europe. There was nothing unusual about this: travel to foreign lands was considered mandatory to complete education.

Gentle parents sent their children abroad money and letters with fatherly instructions. Lord Chesterfield was no exception, but he suspected he was creating a masterpiece of epistolary prose. The gallant century has long passed, a huge number of pedagogical treatises and textbooks have been published according to the rules of good form, but Chesterfield's letters to his son remain classics.

Philip Stanhope (second), in spite of his father's close tutelage, had since 1750 an "impermissible" relationship with the Irish Eugenia Dornville, from whom two sons were born in 1761 and 1763 - Charles and Philip (fourth); parents got married only in 1767, and in 1768 36-year-old Philip Stanhope (the second) died in Vaucluse. Chesterfield found out about the existence of grandchildren only after the death of his son. In his will, he left them a small capital, and nothing - to their mother. It was the lack of money that prompted Eugenia Stanhope to sell letters to publishers that were never intended for print. The publication caused shock in English society with its familial "frankness"; the collection of letters became popular reading and was reprinted several times, bringing the widow a fortune.

Chesterfield's letterscontain an extensive set of instructions and recommendations in the spirit of J. Locke's pedagogical ideas. The narrowly practical focus of the education program (preparation for a high society and state career) shocked many of Chesterfield's contemporaries, but the Letters were highly praised by Voltaire as an example of epistolary prose of the 18th century and a sincere human document. He wrote to the Marquise du Deffant on August 12, 1774: "This book is very instructive, and perhaps the best thing ever written about education."

So, the eighteenth century of Europe is coming, known as the century of the Enlightenment.

“… Knowledge of people is acquired only among people, and not in the quiet of an office… And if you want to act and win, it’s not enough just to get to know people. You need to imprint this knowledge into your nerves, into your muscles, into your voice, you need to turn it into artistry, into perfect self-control, for which you also need to know yourself well.

Use all your efforts on this, my dear boy, it is extremely important; pay attention to the smallest circumstances, to the most inconspicuous features, to what is considered to be trifles, but from which the whole brilliant appearance of a real gentleman, a business man and a lover of life, respected by men, women are looking for and everyone loves ... "

English statesman, diplomat and writer, author of Letters to his Son - Philip Dormer Stanhope Chesterfield was born on September 22, 1694, London. Until his father's death (1726) he was known under the title of Lord Stanhope.

Philip Stanhope was raised by a French governor and studied at Trinity College, Cambridge University (1712-1714). He made the obligatory journey across the continent for a rich gentleman of those years. It was interrupted by the death of Queen Anne. His father summoned Philip to his homeland and arranged him in the place of the lord of the bedchamber of the Prince of Wales.

In 1715 Philip became a member of the House of Commons from the Cornish village of Saint Germain. The very first speech in parliament turned out to be a fine of 500 pounds for him, since Philip was six weeks short of coming of age.

In 1716, there was a conflict between King George I and his son, the future George II, Stanhope joined the camp of the prince and his mistress Henrietta Howard, which brought him political benefits during the accession of George II to the throne and the hatred of the Princess of Wales.

However, Stanhope first had to go to Paris, where he stayed for about two years. There he met Montesquieu, Voltaire and other French writers. In 1722 Stanhope returned to London and there he struck up close ties with English writers, among whom were Addison, Swift, Pop, Gay, Arbuthnot, and others.

With the death of his father in 1726, Philip assumed the title of Earl of Chesterfield and moved from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. Here his oratorical skills, unnecessary in the lower chamber, were finally appreciated, and in 1728 Chesterfield accepted the important post of ambassador to The Hague. Chesterfield turned out to be a capable diplomat, signed the Vienna Treaty for Great Britain in 1731, but due to poor health returned to his homeland in 1732. The diplomatic service brought him the Order of the Garter and the court title of Lord Steward.

In 1732, in The Hague, Philip gave birth to an illegitimate son from Elizabeth du Boucher, he was named Philip Stanhope II (1732-1768), to whom Chesterfield later dedicated "Letters to his Son". The compromised du Boucher lost her place, but Chesterfield settled her in a London suburb.

In 1733, Chesterfield married on account of the illegitimate daughter of George I, Melusine von Schulenburg, but no legitimate children were born in this marriage.

In 1744 he again went as ambassador to The Hague, where he achieved the entry of Holland into the war for the Austrian succession on the side of the British. This was followed by an extremely successful reign as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1744-1746, considered the pinnacle of the Chesterfield Administrator.

In 1746 he returned to London as Secretary of State, but in 1748 he resigned from all posts due to ruined relations with the king and queen and gave up the "consolation" ducal title.

For some time he continued his parliamentary activities, including opposing the "Stamp Act" and facilitating the transition of Great Britain to the Gregorian calendar, which was called the Chesterfield calendar. However, due to impending deafness by the end of 1750, Chesterfield left politics for good!

Philip Stanhope (the second) had since 1750 "impermissible" connection with the Irish Eugenia Dornville, from which in 1761 and 1763. two sons were born - Charles and Philip (fourth). The parents got married only in 1767, and in 1768 36-year-old Philip Stanhope (the second) died. Chesterfield found out about the existence of grandchildren only after the death of his son. In his will, he left them a small capital, and left nothing to their mother. It was the lack of money that prompted Eugenia Stanhope to sell letters to publishers that were never intended for print. The publication caused shock in English society with its family "frankness". The collection of letters became popular reading and was reprinted several times, bringing the widow a fortune.

Philip Stanhope was the eldest son of the third Earl of Chesterfield (also named Philip Stanhope, 1673-1726) and Elizabeth Savile, daughter of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax. He was also a distant relative and heir apparent to the title of influential politician James Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield (1673-1721). Philip Stanhope was raised by a French governor, the Reverend Junot. In 1712, at the age of 16, he settled at Trinity College, Cambridge University (1712-1714) and in 1714 made a grand tour of the continent for a wealthy gentleman of those years, visiting only The Hague (Holland). The journey was interrupted by the death of Queen Anne. James Stanhope summoned Philip to his homeland and put him in the place of the gentleman of Bedchamber, Prince of Wales - the future George II. In 1715, Stanhope became a member of the House of Commons from the Cornish village of Saint Germain (see rotten townships). The very first speech in parliament (Maiden speech) turned out to be a fine of 500 pounds for him, since Stanhope was six weeks short of coming of age.

In 1716, there was a conflict between King George I and his son, the future George II, Stanhope later joined the camp of the Prince of Wales and his mistress Henrietta Howard, which brought him political benefits during the accession of George II to the throne and the hatred of the Princess of Wales. Initially, however, Stanhope had to go to Paris, where he remained for about two years. There he met Montesquieu, Voltaire and other French writers. In 1722, Stanhope returned to London and here he established close ties with English writers, among whom were Addison, Swift, Pop, Gay, Arbuthnot, and others.

With his father's death in 1726, Stanhope assumed the title of Earl of Chesterfield and moved from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. Here his oratory, unnecessary in the lower house, was finally appreciated, and in 1728 Chesterfield accepted the important post of ambassador to The Hague (probably also the fact that he was a kind of honorary exile arranged by Walpole). Chesterfield turned out to be a capable diplomat, signed the Vienna Treaty of 1731 for Great Britain, but due to poor health returned to his homeland in 1732. The Foreign Service earned him the Order of the Garter and the court title of Lord Steward. In the same 1732 in The Hague, his illegitimate son was born by Elizabeth du Boucher, also Philip Stanhope (second, 1732-1768), to whom Chesterfield later dedicated "Letters to his Son". The compromised du Boucher lost her place, but Chesterfield settled her in a London suburb.

Returning to the House of Lords, Chesterfield became one of its leaders. Soon, because of the excise law, Chesterfield went into open opposition to Walpole and lost court titles. The opposition managed to remove Walpole from power only in 1742, but there was no place in the new government for Chesterfield; he spoiled relations with the new temporary workers, and with George II himself. C 1743 Chesterfield wrote anti-Georgian treatises for Old England magazine under the name Jeffrey Broadbottom. Finally, in 1744, a coalition of Chesterfield, Pitt, and Henry Pelham succeeded in overthrowing the Carter government, and Chesterfield returned to the executive branch. At first, he again went as ambassador to The Hague, where he achieved the entry of Holland into the war for the Austrian succession on the side of the British. In September 1733, after returning from his mission in Holland, Chesterfield married Melusine von Schulenburg. This was followed by an extremely successful reign as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1744-1746, considered the pinnacle of the Chesterfield Administrator. In 1746 he returned to London as Secretary of State, but in 1748 he resigned from all posts due to forever spoiled relations with the king and queen and gave up the "consolation" ducal title.

For some time he continued his parliamentary activities, including opposing the "Stamp Act" and facilitating the transition of Great Britain to the Gregorian calendar, which was called the Chesterfield calendar.

However, due to impending deafness, by the end of the 1750s, Chesterfield left politics for good.

"Letters to the Son"

Chesterfield was married by calculation to the illegitimate daughter of George I, Melusine von Schulenburg, but no legitimate children were born in this marriage. Philip Stanhope (second), his beloved illegitimate son, had all the support of his father (including a seat in the House of Commons), but was never accepted into high society. In addition, already in his old age, Chesterfield adopted the third Philip Stanhope (1755-1815), who eventually became the heir to the family wealth.

Philip Stanhope (second), in spite of his father's close tutelage, had since 1750 an "impermissible" relationship with the Irish Eugenia Dornville, from whom two sons were born in 1761 and 1763 - Charles and Philip (fourth); parents got married only in 1767, and in 1768 36-year-old Philip Stanhope (the second) died in Vaucluse. Chesterfield found out about the existence of grandchildren only after the death of his son. In his will, he left them a small capital, and nothing - to their mother. It was the lack of money that prompted Eugenia Stanhope to sell letters to publishers that were never intended for print. The publication caused shock in English society with its familial "frankness"; the collection of letters became popular reading and was reprinted several times, bringing the widow a fortune.

Chesterfield's letters contain an extensive set of instructions and recommendations in the spirit of J. Locke's pedagogical ideas. The narrowly practical focus of the education program (preparation for a high society and state career) shocked many of Chesterfield's contemporaries, but the Letters were highly praised by Voltaire as an example of epistolary prose of the 18th century and a sincere human document. He wrote to the Marquise du Deffant on August 12, 1774: "This book is very instructive, and perhaps the best thing ever written about education."

Chesterfield in literature

In 1841, Charles Dickens portrayed Chesterfield in the novel Barneby Raj under the name of John Chester, an unprincipled high-profile thug. Modern biographers believe that Dickens's character has nothing to do with the prototype.

At the end of the 20th century, the writer, physician and psychologist Vladimir Levy, based on the analysis of Letters to the Son, wrote an artistic and psychological study - the story "The Ambassador of the Fish Power", which was included in the book "Unusual Child". This story reveals both the image of Chesterfield himself and the deep essence of his relationship with the untimely deceased beloved son.

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (born September 22, 1694, London - died March 24, 1773, ibid.) - English statesman, diplomat and writer, author of Letters to his Son. Until his father's death in 1726, he was known under the title of Lord Stanhope.

A distant relative and direct heir to the title of influential politician James Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield (1673-1721), Philip Stanhope was raised by a French governor, studied at Trinity College, University of Cambridge (1712-1714) and performed a must for a wealthy gentleman of those years travel (grand tour) across the continent. It was interrupted by the death of Queen Anne. James Stanhope summoned Philip to his homeland and put him in the place of the lord of the bedchamber of the Prince of Wales; in 1715 Philip became a member of the House of Commons from the Cornish village of Saint Germain (see rotten townships). The very first speech in parliament turned out to be a fine of 500 pounds for him, since Philip was six weeks short of coming of age.

In 1716, during a conflict between King George I and his son, the future George II, Stanhope joined the camp of the Prince of Wales and his mistress Henrietta Howard, which brought him political benefits during the accession of George II to the throne and the hatred of the Princess of Wales. With the death of his father in 1726, Philip took the title of Earl of Chesterfield and moved from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. Here his oratory, unnecessary in the lower house, was finally appreciated, and in 1728 Chesterfield accepted the important post of ambassador to The Hague (probably also the fact that he was a kind of honorary exile arranged by Walpole). Chesterfield turned out to be a capable diplomat, signed the Vienna Treaty of 1731 for Great Britain, but due to poor health returned to his homeland in 1732. The diplomatic service brought him the Order of the Garter and the court title of Lord Steward. In the same 1732 in The Hague, his illegitimate son was born by Elizabeth du Boucher, also Philip Stanhope (second, 1732-1768), to whom Chesterfield later dedicated "Letters to his Son".

Returning to the House of Lords, Chesterfield became one of its leaders.

Soon, because of the excise law, Chesterfield went into open opposition to Walpole and lost his court titles. The opposition managed to remove Walpole from power only in 1742, but there was no place in the new government for Chesterfield; he spoiled relations with the new temporary workers, and with George II himself. C 1743 Chesterfield wrote anti-Georgian treatises for Old England magazine under the name Jeffrey Broadbottom. Finally, in 1744, a coalition of Chesterfield, Pitt, and Henry Pelham succeeded in overthrowing the Carter government, and Chesterfield returned to the executive branch. At first, he again went as ambassador to The Hague, where he achieved the entry of Holland into the war for the Austrian succession on the side of the British. This was followed by an extremely successful reign as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1744-1746, considered the pinnacle of the Chesterfield Administrator. In 1746 he returned to London as secretary of state, but in 1748 he resigned from all posts due to forever spoiled relations with the king and queen and renounced the "consolation" ducal title.

For some time he continued his parliamentary activities, including opposing the "Stamp Act" and facilitating the transition of Great Britain to the Gregorian calendar, which was called the Chesterfield calendar. However, due to the impending deafness by the end of the 1750s, Chesterfield left politics for good!