When and where were the road signs. The history of the appearance of road signs entertaining facts (senior group) on the topic The history of the appearance of road signs
Where and when did the first road signs appear?
The very first road signs appeared on Roman roads. Stone pillars with distances marked on them were first installed on Roman roads at the direction of Gaius Gracchus (12 BC). According to Plutarch, he measured all the roads of Rome and set up stone pillars to show distances. Later it was accepted that signs were installed on the roads every 10 stages (1800 m), which indicated the distance to Rome and the nearest settlement, the name of the ruler and the year that built the road, special signs were installed indicating settlements, distances to the object, turns. Distance markers were stone pillars with a diameter of 0.4-1.0 m and a height of 1.25-3 m. Under the French minister Zully (1559-1641) and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which the intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to make it easier for travelers to navigate.
In Russia, the decree of 1817 of Alexander I stated: "At the entrance to each village, have (following the example of those established in Little Russia) a pillar with a board showing the name of the village and what number of souls it has."
For the first time, a road sign with the image of the symbol - "Ahead of a steep descent" began to be used in the middle of the 19th century on mountain roads in Switzerland and Austria. The sign was painted on rocks and depicted a wheel or a brake shoe used on carriages. Later they decided that it would be more convenient to draw a sign warning of a dangerous descent on a billboard with the inscription "Braking place". At the congress of the league of tourism unions, held at the end of the 19th century in London, the first general requirements for signs were developed. At the next congress, held in 1900 in Paris, it was decided that only symbols would be depicted on the signs. The very first sign was not forgotten. A tilted red arrow on a gray background of plywood meant - carefully, there is a steep descent ahead. If the red arrow was directed vertically downward, then this corresponded to the fact that there was a dangerous area ahead, which must be passed carefully. The need for signs arose following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the whole variety of traffic situations. The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris in 1903: on a black or blue background of square signboards, symbols were drawn with white paint - "Steep descent", "Dangerous turn", "Rough road". The rapid development of road transport posed the same tasks for each country: how to improve the organization of traffic and travel safety. To address these issues in 1909, representatives of a number of European countries gathered in Paris and adopted the first convention on international road transport. She introduced four road signs: "Rough road", "Winding road", "Intersection with the railway", "Crossroads" and which were usually installed 250 m before the dangerous section at right angles to the direction of traffic.
The first road signs in Russia began to appear in 1911. Avtomobilist magazine No. 1, 1911 reported: The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from the autumn of this year begins to place warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. Initially, the signs will be placed along the Petersburg Highway to the village of Bezborodkovo. Drawings of warning signs are international, accepted throughout Western Europe.
In the adopted conventions on road signs, the number of road signs constantly increased: in 1926 - up to 6, in 1931 - up to 26, in 1949 up to 58, in 1964 - up to 78.
We are so used to the road signs that are located around us that sometimes we don’t even think about how important they are in our lives. The problem of the proper organization of traffic on the roads existed long before the advent of cars. And the first road signs appeared simultaneously with the advent of such a thing as a road.
At first, these were rather primitive signs: for example, a broken branch, a mark on the bark of a tree, stones of a certain shape. Such signs helped primitive people not to get lost on the road or, if necessary, repeat the path they had traveled again after a certain time.
Later, special structures appeared along the routes of movement, which were supposed to stand out against the background of natural landscapes and could attract the attention of travelers, showing them the right direction to the final goal of movement or to the nearest settlements. Such structures were pillars and sculptures of a certain shape. With the development of writing, inscriptions were placed on such structures: for example, the name of a settlement or a warning of danger ahead.
Remember folk tales. They also had traffic signs - huge stones standing at the fork in the road. The inscription on them read: “If you go to the right, you will lose your horse, if you go to the left, you will lose your honor, if you go straight, you will not return.” Oh, the fairy-tale heroes had a difficult choice!
Gradually, road signs acquired a certain systematization, that is, they began to be divided into certain groups: signs directing, warning, prohibiting, informational. It is easy to guess why this or that sign was installed. Signs showing the direction of movement were called guides, warning of danger ahead of movement - warning, and information indicated the distance to a certain place in distance units.
It is believed that the world's first system of road signs was compiled by the ancient Roman statesman and politician, commander and writer Gaius Julius Caesar.
Along the main roads, the Romans put the so-called "mile" pillars. They had a cylindrical shape and were carved with the distance to the capital. In Rome itself, near the temple of Saturn, there was a Golden milestone, which indicated the distance to other cities of the Roman Empire. It was this system of using road signs that was later used in many other countries.
Later, the so-called milestones appeared. They were painted with paint and installed along the entire road and at the forks in the road. Arrows-“hands” were attached to them, on which the distance to a nearby settlement, the distance between settlements, and also the direction of movement at the forks in the road were indicated.
Road signs of the modern type were installed for the first time in France in 1903. In 1906, a single standard was adopted at the meeting of European countries.
With the advent of cars, special people appeared on the roads - traffic controllers. They stood on the roads of cities and showed with their hands the permitted and prohibited direction of movement, thus regulating traffic at intersections and helping drivers avoid collisions, and also used a whistle to attract the attention of drivers. Later, traffic lights appeared, which were constantly improved with the development of science and technology.
Topic: The history of road signs.The purpose of the lesson : to acquaint with the history of road signs, the reasons for their complication, with the international sign language; learn to read road signs.
Equipment : traffic rules brochures, posters with road signs.
During the classes:
Org. moment.
Checking students' knowledge.
What are road signs for?
Where and how are road signs installed?
When do you think the first road signs appeared?
History of road signs.
Our ancestors, the Slavs, also took care of travelers, tried to help them choose the right direction of travel. In wooded places along the roads, poles were installed from the branches of trees, battens were made on the trunks, and in the steppe, stones were laid along the roads or poles were placed. Stone or wooden crosses were erected at the crossroads, and chapels were built.
More than 300 years ago, during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, milestones were first installed. He ordered between Moscow and his suburban residence - the village of Kolomenskoye - through every mile to put high pillars, which the people called "Kolomensky versts". At the same time, there was a saying about tall people: "High, like the Kolomna verst." Under Peter I, the construction of roads in Russia increased dramatically. On the big roads (bolshaks) they began to install milestones and paint them with stripes in the colors of the Russian national flag. "Striped miles" were clearly visible.
Later, they began to install poles at intersections, make inscriptions on them explaining which road leads where. Poles were erected on the borders of the counties, inscriptions with the names of the counties were made on them. Between the villages, small poles were also installed with signs indicating which village should be responsible for the condition of a particular section of the road. On dangerous sections of the road, gouges were installed. The roads on which the poles were placed were called pole roads, there were no poles on secondary roads.
But when instead of sledges, carriages and carts pulled by horses, a continuous stream of cars stretched along the roads, it turned out that distance indicators alone were not enough. It became clear that you can drive fast and without accidents only if other road signs help the driver.
At first, each country had its own signs, their road organs were made, each in its own way. When international road connections were poorly developed and the drivers of one country rarely traveled to another, this situation could still be tolerated. But when road communications between countries became more developed, it became necessary to introduce international road signs.
An attempt to introduce common international signs was made as early as 1909. To this end, the International Conference on Road Signs met in Paris, where four international signs were adopted.
These round signs had symbols almost identical to those used on modern signs to indicate the same types of danger.
In 1968, at the next conference, 126 signs were already introduced. In 1978, a new GOST was adopted, which established 7 groups of road signs
Road signs are assigned numbers consisting of numbers. The first number is the number of the group to which the sign belongs; the second is the serial number of the character in the group. For signs that have the same semantic meaning, a common serial number is preserved, and varieties of these signs are indicated by numbers separated by dots.
Warning signs.
What is the shape of the signs, their color, general meaning? What signs inform about the intersection of roads (with a tram line, with an equivalent road, with a roundabout)?
What signs warn of a change in the direction of the road? ("Dangerous Turn", "Dangerous Turns").
What signs warn about road conditions? ("Slippery Road", "Rough Road", "Gravel Ejection").
What signs warn of people and other obstacles on the road? (Repair of the road, exit to the embankment, approaching the drawbridge, 1.20 "Pedestrian crossing", "Children").
Priority signs.
How are roads classified according to their significance? (major and minor). What is the general meaning of the priority signs? Establish the order of passage of intersections where someone must give way.
The signs of this group establish the order of passage only at intersections? Also the order of passage of narrow sections of roads.
This group has a single octagonal sign; which one and what is its meaning? Prohibition signs.
What is the shape of the signs, their color, general meaning? Give examples of prohibition signs.
Are all signs of this group prohibiting movement? There are signs prohibiting overtaking, parking, stopping, limiting the maximum speed, as well as signs. informing about the end of any restrictions).
Prescriptive signs.
What is the shape of the signs, their color, general meaning? Which signs allow movement only in certain directions? What signs allow movement only at a certain speed? Which signs allow movement only for certain road users?
Information and indication signs.
What is their shape, color, general meaning? Give examples of signs and tell what they "speak" about. What signs of this group are signs for pedestrians?
Service signs.
What are these signs and why are they needed? Give examples. Additional information signs. What is another name for these signs? (Plates). What is their meaning? Can these signs be used on their own? Only together with other signs. What signs of this group can be combined by types of vehicles? What signs of this group can be combined according to the time of action?
Consolidation. Testing "How do I know road signs"
Road signs in Russia.
In the III century BC. in ancient Rome, back in the time of Emperor Augustus, the world's first system of road signs appeared. These signs were either signs with the inscriptions "Give way", "Dangerous place". In addition, stone pillars were placed along the main roads, on which the distance from the pillar from the main square in Rome was carved.
This system of message poles was later adopted in other countries, including Russia.
In the 16th century, the first milestones were erected on the road from Moscow to Kolomenskoye. But the mass installation of these road signs in our country began from the time of Peter I. Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved.
Already in the XVIII century. on the pillars began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted in black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day. And more than a hundred years ago, at the congress of the International Tourist Union, it was decided that road signs should be the same throughout the world in purpose and appearance.
And in 1900, they agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols - understandable to both foreign tourists and illiterate people. In 1903, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And 6 years later, at the International Conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. At the same time, the first four road signs were installed. They have survived to this day, although their appearance has changed. These signs have the following names: "Rough road", "Dangerous turn", "Intersection of equivalent roads" and "Railway crossing with a barrier". In 1909, the first road signs officially appeared in Russia. Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.
In Russia, modern road signs began to appear in 1911. Magazine Avtomobilist No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: "The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from the autumn of this year begins to place warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. ... Drawings of warning signs are international, accepted throughout Western Europe."
The Soviet Union joined the International Convention on Roads and Motor Transport in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, uniform Rules of the road for streets of cities, settlements and roads of the USSR began to operate.
Together with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, forbidding - up to 22, indicative - up to 10. The signs indicating the permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows Much in these signs is unusual for a modern driver. The sign “Traveling without stopping is prohibited” had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the top down, on which “Stop” was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it obliged to give way to oncoming traffic.
Operating since 1973 signs familiar to modern motorists. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indication signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs in their composition.
The next stage in the development of road signs was 1987, 1994 and 2001. It was then that the most significant changes were made to the rules, which were dictated by the need to bring domestic traffic standards to international ones. Some of the service signs began to accompany road barriers. The movement of trucks and dangerous goods was regulated along highways passing through densely populated areas such as, for example, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. The result of this work was the adoption of new Rules in 2006. All groups of road signs have been supplemented and changed.
So, for example, there was a sign warning about the presence of an artificial bump on the road, better known as a "speed bump", forcing the driver to slow down. These rules and signs, with minor changes, are still valid today. Road signs and indicators belong to the most dynamic group of means of organizing traffic on the roads.
Suffice it to say that in 100 years the number has increased almost a hundred times. And the rapid development of transport suggests that the history of the road sign does not end there.
The first road signs appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads.
The next step was to give the roadside structures specific shapes to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. To this end, sculptures began to be erected along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.
After the appearance of writing, inscriptions began to be made on the stones, usually they wrote the name of the settlement to which the road leads.
The world's first system of road signs originated in ancient Rome in the 3rd century BC. BC. Along the most important roads, the Romans placed cylindrical milestones with a distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a golden milestone, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.
This system later became widespread in many countries. Russia was no exception - in the XVI century. at the direction of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, on the road leading from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye, milestones about 4 m high were installed with eagles at the top.
However, their widespread distribution began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree "to put milestones painted and signed with numbers, to put hands at crossroads at milestones with an inscription where it lies." Quite quickly, milestones appeared on all the main roads of the state.
Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the XVIII century. on the pillars began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted in black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.
The appearance on the roads of the first self-propelled carriages required fundamental changes in the organization of traffic. No matter how imperfect the first cars were, they moved much faster than horse-drawn carriages. The driver of the car had to react faster to the emerging danger than the driver.
It should also be taken into account that the horse, although dumb, is an animal, because of this it reacts to an obstacle at least by slowing down, which cannot be said about the horsepower under the hood of a horseless carriage.
Accidents that happened to cars were not so frequent, but they had a great resonance in public opinion due to their uniqueness. And public opinion must be responded to.
The combination of the above conditions led to the fact that in 1903 the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were drawn with white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”.
The rapid development of road transport posed the same tasks for each country: how to improve the organization of traffic and travel safety. To address these issues, representatives of European countries gathered in 1909 in Paris for a conference on automobile traffic, at which the “International Convention on the Movement of Automobiles” was developed and adopted, which regulates the basic principles of road traffic and requirements for a car. This convention introduced four road signs: "Rough road", "Winding road", "Crossroads" and "Intersection with the railway". It was recommended to install signs 250 m before the dangerous area at right angles to the direction of travel.
After the ratification of the Convention, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Russian cities. However, motorists did not pay attention to them.
In 1921, under the League of Nations, a special Commission on Automobile Traffic was created, on the initiative of which, in 1926, a new International Conference was convened in Paris with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the system of road signs was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railway crossing” and “Stop is required”, a triangular shape was introduced for warning signs. Four years later, a new “Convention for the introduction of uniformity in road signaling” was adopted at the Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva. The number of road signs increased to 26, and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative.
In 1927, six road signs were standardized and put into effect in the Soviet Union. In 1933, 16 more were added to them, and the total number was 22. It is curious that the road signs of that time were divided into suburban and urban. The urban group was the most numerous - it included 12 characters. Among them was a sign warning of approaching a danger not covered by the warning signs. It was a triangle with a red border and an empty white field. The void symbolized other dangers. The driver's fantasy could draw anything on a white field.
In addition to the warning sign "Railway crossing" with the image of the rails, the sign "Unguarded railway crossing" is introduced with the image of a steam locomotive with a large chimney from which smoke comes out. The steam locomotive symbol is depicted with support buffers front and rear, on four wheels and without a tender.
The signs of that time differed from modern ones: for example, the sign “Movement is prohibited” familiar to us limited only freight traffic; the no-stop sign was similar to the modern "No Parking" and had a horizontal stripe, and the "Permitted direction of movement" sign had an unusual diamond shape. It should be added that even then the sign “Departure from the side road to the main one” appeared in the form of an inverted triangle.
In the pre-war years, two main systems of road signs operated in different countries of the world: the European one, based on the international Convention of 1931, based on the use of symbols, and the Anglo-American, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols. American badges were rectangular with black or red lettering on a white background. Prohibiting inscriptions were made in red. The warning signs were diamond-shaped with black characters on a yellow background.
In 1940, the first standard Rules and a list of standard signs were approved in the Soviet Union. The list of signs included 5 warning signs, 8 prohibition signs and 4 information signs. Warning signs were in the form of an equilateral yellow triangle with a black, later red, border and blue symbols. Prohibition signs were in the form of a yellow circle with a red border and black symbols. Indicative signs were in the form of a yellow circle with a black border and black symbols.
An exclamation point "!" appears in the empty field of the "Other hazards" sign. The sign is called "Danger". The triangle is installed in places of roadwork, steep ascents, descents and other hazards where special care is required when driving. In settlements, the sign is placed directly at the place of danger, on country roads - at a distance of 150 - 250 meters.
Five signs in the Rules had the name "Special traffic conditions at regulated intersections of streets or roads." Two signs out of five regulated the direction of movement left-right only at a red traffic light. Three more - with green. They had the shape of a yellow circle, with a black arrow and a red or green circle. These signs were used until the advent of traffic lights with additional sections in 1961.
It is impossible not to dwell on a curious detail: the “Rough Road” sign has disappeared from the list of warning signs. It seems difficult to explain the withdrawal of this sign from circulation: either all the roads became smooth and there was no need for such a sign, or all the roads were so bumpy that the installation of the sign was simply meaningless. The "Rough Road" sign reappears in the list of signs only in 1961.
After the end of the Second World War, attempts were made to create a single road signaling system for all countries of the world. In 1949, another conference on road traffic was held in Geneva, at which a new “Protocol on Road Signs and Signals” was adopted, based on the European system of road signs. For this reason, it was not signed by the countries of the American continent.
The Protocol gave recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. For warning and prohibition signs, a white or yellow background was provided, for prescriptive signs - blue. The protocol provided for 22 warning, 18 prohibitory, 2 prescriptive and 9 index signs.
To the International Convention on Roads and Motor Vehicles 1949. The Soviet Union joined in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, the unified Rules of the Road on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to operate. Together with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, forbidding - up to 22, indicative - up to 10. A sign indicating the intersection of the main road with a secondary one was added to the warning group.
The signs indicating the permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows.
The signs indicating the direction of avoiding obstacles received rectangular arrows.
The new "Roundabout" sign requires traffic through an intersection or square in the direction indicated by the arrows before exiting onto one of the adjacent streets or roads.
The "Return Turning Point" sign becomes blue and square and moves into the index group.
Much in these signs is unusual for a modern driver. The sign “Traveling without stopping is prohibited” had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the top down, on which “Stop” was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it obliged to give way to oncoming traffic.
Prohibition signs installed in front of the intersection extended their effect only to the crossed road. The "No Parking" sign had a yellow background with a red border and a black "P" crossed out with a red stripe, while the familiar "No Parking" sign was used to prohibit vehicles from stopping.
In addition, there were unusual to us prescriptive signs “Truck traffic” and “Motorcycle traffic”.
In addition to road signs, during the period under review, road signs were widely used, which are yellow plates with black inscriptions. They designated pedestrian crossings, the number of lanes, regulated the location of vehicles on the roadway. Outside settlements, indicators of directions of movement and distances to settlements and other objects were used. These signs had a blue background and white inscriptions.
In 1965, the sign "Regulated intersection (section of the road)" appears for the first time. Three traffic lights: red, yellow and green, depicted on the sign field, indicated traffic regulation not only by a traffic light, but also by a traffic controller.
In 1968, at the UN Conference in Vienna, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Convention on Road Signs and Signals were adopted. Appropriate changes have also been made to the Rules in force on the territory of the USSR. In 1973, new Rules of the Road and the new standard "Road Signs" come into force throughout the Soviet Union.
Operating since 1973 signs are familiar to modern motorists. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indication signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs in their composition. The Winding Road warning sign has received two versions - with the first turn to the right and with the first turn to the left.
In addition to the existing "Steep Descent" sign, a "Steep Climb" sign appears. The percentage of the slope is indicated on the signs.
The sign "Road crossing" began to be installed only before the intersection of roads of equal value. When it was installed, both roads were equivalent, even if one had a surface and the other was unpaved.
In addition to the "Intersection with a secondary road" sign, its varieties appeared "Adjacent to the main secondary road." The adjunction of the road could be shown at an angle of 45, 90 and 135 degrees, depending on the characteristics of the intersection.
The sign "Narrowing of the road" received three varieties, indicating a narrowing on both sides, on the right or on the left.
The group of warning signs was added to warn of crossing the tram line, driving to the embankment, driving along a section of the road where gravel can be thrown out from under the wheels, falling stones on mountain roads, and areas with crosswinds.
Significant changes have also been made to the group of prohibition signs. A new “No Stopping” sign was introduced, which is still used today, the old “No Stopping” sign began to prohibit parking.
The "No Stopping" sign received the shape of a regular red octagon with a white "STOP" inscription in English. This sign was introduced into the 1968 Convention and the Rules of the Road from American practice.
The sign "End of the zone of all restrictions" received a white background with a gray border and several oblique gray stripes. In the new rules, its varieties appeared, canceling the ban on overtaking and limiting the maximum speed.
The passage of narrow sections of roads began to be determined by the signs “Advantage in the movement of oncoming vehicles” and “Advantage in movement over oncoming vehicles”.
The first sign was included in the prohibition group, the second - indicative.
A sign indicating a path for pedestrians, as well as signs limiting the minimum speed, was added to the prescriptive group.
The group of index signs has undergone the greatest changes. First of all, there were signs indicating a high-speed road and a one-way road. The most important innovation was the appearance of the signs "Beginning of the settlement" and "End of the settlement".
The signs, made on a white or yellow background, informed about the movement through the settlement, in which the requirements of the rules establishing the order of movement in settlements apply. Signs with a blue background informed that on this road there are no rules establishing the order of movement in the settlement. Such signs were installed on the road passing through small rural-type settlements, the development of which was located far from the road, and pedestrian traffic was episodic.
Signs of additional information received a white background with black images. The plate indicating the direction of the turn received a red background.
In 1980, a new standard "Road Signs" was introduced. With some changes, it was valid until January 1, 2006.
The signs “Approaching a railway crossing”, “Single-track railway”, “Multi-track railway” and “Direction of a turn” were transferred to the group of warning signs from the group of supplementary information. The latter received a third variety, installed at T-junctions or fork roads, if there is a danger of their passage in the forward direction.
Two varieties of the sign "Animals on the road" became independent signs "Cattle Drive" and "Wild Animals".
New warning signs have appeared: "Circular Intersection", "Low-Flying Aircraft", "Tunnel", "Intersection with Bicycle Path".
A new group of road signs has appeared - priority signs that establish the order of passage of intersections and narrowed sections of roads. The signs of this section used to be in other groups.
Big changes have taken place in the group of prohibition signs. The “Motor Vehicles Prohibited” sign became known as “Motor Vehicles Prohibited”, signs appeared that limited the length of vehicles and the distance between them.
The most significant innovation was the appearance of the "Customs" sign, which prohibits travel without stopping at the customs (checkpoint). The word "customs" on the sign is written in the languages of the border countries.
The “Parking” sign has received two varieties, prohibiting parking on odd and even numbers. Their appearance made it possible to facilitate the task of organizing snow removal in the winter.
The most numerous group of signs was informational and indicative. Signs informing about the location of various service objects were separated into an independent group - service signs.
A lot of new signs appeared in the information-indicative group. The former "Express Road" sign began to designate a road intended exclusively for the movement of cars, buses and motorcycles. A new sign "Motorway" was introduced to designate express roads.
Signs appeared indicating the direction of movement along the lanes, the beginning and end of additional lanes on the rise.
The new road sign "Recommended speed" began to indicate the recommended speed on city streets equipped with automated traffic control systems and on dangerous sections of roads marked with warning signs.
A new group of signs was used on roads with lanes allocated for oncoming traffic of route vehicles, denoted:
The new traffic pattern sign began to be used to indicate the route of movement when certain maneuvers are prohibited at the intersection or to indicate the permitted directions of movement at complex intersections.
The sign "Stop line" has been transferred to the group of information and guidance signs.
The next changes took place in 1987. The group of prohibition signs was supplemented by the “Danger” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception in connection with a traffic accident, accident and other danger.
The sign "The passage is closed" became known as "Pedestrian traffic is prohibited."
In the group of information and guidance signs, signs appeared, as well as signs informing about the organization of traffic during the repair of a road with a dividing strip, as well as signs indicating a road with reverse traffic.
In the group of additional information signs (tablets), a “Wet surface” sign appeared, indicating that the sign is valid only during the period of time when the road surface is wet, as well as signs extending or canceling the validity of signs for cars with disabilities.
The next update of road signs took place in 1994. It is associated with the introduction of a new section in the rules of the road that regulates traffic in residential areas and yard areas, as well as signs regulating the movement of vehicles carrying dangerous goods.
In 2001, the group of service signs was supplemented with two new signs: "Road Patrol Post" and "International Road Transportation Control Post".
In the late 90s. the development of a new standard "Road Signs" began, which contains significant changes in the current system of signs. It entered into force on January 1, 2006.
The main purpose of these changes is to bring the domestic standard, which defines the nomenclature of road signs, more closely into line with the International Convention of 1968.
The group of warning signs has been supplemented with three new signs: the “Artificial bump” sign, which indicates an artificial bump for forced speed reduction, better known as “speed bumps”, the “Dangerous Roadside” sign, warning that the exit to the side of the road is dangerous, and the “Congestion” sign, warning drivers of traffic jams. 
The last sign should be used, in particular, during roadworks and installed before an intersection where it is possible to bypass the road section where the traffic jam has formed.
The group of priority signs was supplemented with varieties of the sign "Intersection with a secondary road", showing the intersection at an acute or right angle. It should be noted that these types of sign existed in the Rules of the Road until 1980.
The group of prohibition signs was supplemented with the “Control” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception without stopping in front of a control post - a police post, a border crossing, entering a closed territory, a toll booth on toll highways.
The image on the sign 3.7 "Moving with a trailer is prohibited" has changed, but the meaning of the sign remains the same.
The signs "Overtaking prohibited" and "Overtaking trucks prohibited" began to prohibit overtaking all vehicles, including single ones, moving at a speed of less than 30 km/h.
The group of prescriptive signs was released from the sign "Movement of passenger cars". In its meaning, it was similar to the sign "Traffic traffic is prohibited", but, unlike the latter, it prohibited the movement of non-mechanical vehicles (bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles).
The configuration of the arrows on the signs "Move to the right" and "Move to the left" has changed.
According to the new standard, the group of information and indication signs is divided into two independent groups: signs of special requirements and information.
The group of signs of special regulations includes, in particular, the former information and indication signs that establish or cancel a special traffic regime: “Motorway”, “Road for cars”, “One-way road”, “Reverse traffic” and others.
Versions of the signs “Beginning of a settlement” and “End of a settlement” with a white background appeared, on which a symbolic image of the silhouette of a medieval city was added to the name of the settlement. Such a sign should be installed in front of a built-up area that is not part of a settlement, for example, in front of holiday villages.
Several new signs appeared in the same group. In particular, a sign has appeared denoting an artificial unevenness,
Setting the speed limit on separate lanes of a multi-lane roadway.
In the group of signs of special requirements, zonal signs have appeared, indicating a pedestrian zone, a zone for permitting or prohibiting parking and limiting the maximum speed. The zone of action was limited to "break-off" signs limiting the end of the specified zone.
The group of information signs includes the former information and index signs indicating the place and area for a U-turn, a parking place, pedestrian crossings, preliminary direction indicators, detour signs of a section of the road closed to traffic.
New signs have also appeared in this group: a sign indicating an emergency stop lane, for example, on mountain roads, as well as a sign informing drivers entering Russian territory about general speed limits.
The group of service marks now has 18 characters instead of 12. New signs: “Police”, “Reception area of a radio station transmitting traffic information” and “Radio contact area with emergency services”, “Pool or beach” and “Toilet”.
In the group of signs "Additional information" signs appeared, which, in combination with the sign "Parking place", designate intercepting parking lots, combined with metro stations or stops of ground public transport
as well as the plate "Type of vehicle bogie", used with a sign limiting the axle load, to indicate the number of closely spaced vehicle axles, for each of which the value given on the sign is the most permissible.
Road signs belong to one of the most dynamic groups of technical means of traffic management. The development of transport, the specifics of road traffic put forward new requirements, for the successful satisfaction of which new road signs are introduced.
If in 1903 only 4 road signs were used on the roads of our Motherland, warning drivers of self-propelled vehicles about a possible danger, at present, more than two and a half hundred road signs of eight groups are used on the streets and roads of Russia, regulating in detail almost all sides of the road. movement.