Discipline: "Life Safety"

Topic number 8: Protecting the population and territories

With earthquakes and floods

Kemerovo

Questions considered at lectures:

1. Characteristics of earthquakes.

2. Flood types.

3. Protection against earthquakes and floods.

Characteristics of earthquakes

Earthquake - These are underground shocks, blows and oscillations of the surface of the Earth caused by natural processes occurring in the earth's crust.

On the globe, more than 100 earthquakes occur annually leading to various kinds of destruction. In terms of their destructive consequences, earthquakes are not equal among natural disasters. Earthquakes occupy 1st place in the number of dead and economic damage.

In terms of earthquake light in 1980-1985 Distributed as follows: Asia - 31, America - 14, Europe - 7, Australia and Oceania - 2. Scientists around the world work to reduce the consequences of this terrible disaster, primarily due to early prevention of the population (especially large yarrodov) earthquake. However, this does not save from numerous sacrifices.

Causes of earthquakes

The surface of the earth's crust is divided into several huge parts, which are called tectonic plates. There are several of them: North American, Eurasian, African, Pacific, Atlantic, South American. Tectonic plates are in continuous motion, the speed of which is no more than a few centimeters per year. According to the theory of tectonic plates, the earthquakes are the result of the collision of these plates and are accompanied by changes in the surface of the Earth in the form of folds, cracks, etc., which can be very long (up to several thousand kilometers).

Areas located near the borders of tectonic plates are most susceptible to earthquakes. This is primarily California, Japan, Greece, Turkey. Fortunately for humanity, the bulk of the split lines of the earth's crust passes through the seas and oceans. Giant plates, you can say, rub Friend about. Friend at the bottom of the ocean, and therefore the lion's share of earthquakes on Earth (90%), even strong, passes unnoticed for humans.

Characteristics of earthquakes

The focus of the lesion during the earthquake is called the territory, within which mass destruction and damage to buildings, accompanied by the lesions and the death of people, animals, plants, occurred.

All earthquakes are made to characterize three parameters:

Focal depth;

Magnitude (characterizes the overall energy of the earthquake);

Energy intensity on the surface of the Earth. Consider in more detail the parameters of the earthquake.

Depth of the focus.Depending on the depth of the earthquake, they are divided into normal(The depth of the focus is 0-70 km), intermediate (70-300 km) and deep-focus (300-700 km). Earthquakes are dangerous to be an earthquake of a depth of 5-300 km, and the most dangerous - with a depth of 1-100 km.

Magnid.One of the main characteristics of the earthquake is its energy. The energy of seismic waves (or magnitude) can be from several megawatts per hour to hundreds of thousands of millions of kilowatt per hour (or 10 20 kW / h). For convenience, the earthquake energy designation use logarithm, for example: LG 10 \u003d 1; LG 10 2 \u003d 2; LG 10 3 \u003d 3; LG 10 4 \u003d 4, etc.

The American scientist Ch. Richter in 1935 proposed to characterize the earthquake energy as a reference to take such energy at which 100 km from the epicenter of the seismograph arrow deflects on 1 μm. Thus, the earthquake energy is defined as a decimal logarithm of the amplitude of the amplitude of seismic will, measured at any distance from the epicenter, to the standard.

The change in this ratio by 10 units corresponds to the change in the value of the scale on 1 point (an increase in it to 1 means a tenfold increase in the amplitude of oscillations in the soil and an increase in the earthquake energy 30 times). For example, an earthquake amplitude is 300,000, the standard is 10. Energy But the Richter scale (Richter scale from 0 to 9) will be (300,000/10) \u003d lg 30 000 \u003d 4.48. Observations conducted in the period from 1900 to 1950 showed that the highest score on this scale was registered in Colombia in 1906 - 8.6 points.

Energy intensity on the surface.In a number of European states, along with a Richter scale, a twelve-ball MSC scale is used (named after the first letters of the names of its authors: Medvedev, Sponewher, Carnik), which characterizes the force of earthquakes in accordance with its consequences. This scale is used since 1964.

In the US, a modified Merkali scale is used, which is generally similar to the MSC scale.

A twelve-ball scale has a number of advantages over the Richter scale, which characterizes only the energy of the earthquake, but does not take into account its features. For example, if the epicenter of the earthquake is located deep underground, then with its high destruction energy, even near the epicenter can be insignificant, and vice versa, if the epicenter is located close to the surface, then with an average energy, the earthquake can be destructive.

Types of flooding

Flood- This flooding of a significant part of the sushi as a result of water lifting is higher than the usual level.

Focus of lesion when flooding The territory is called within which the flooding of the terrain, damage and destruction of the building and other objects, accompanied by the defeat and the death of people, occurred.

Secondary consequences of floods - It is the loss of the strength of structures, the transfer of the outstanding harmful substances and pollution of them areas, complication of the sanitation-epidemic environment, the rooting of the terrain, landslides, collaps, etc.

Low (small) Floods occur on plain rivers every 5-10 years. In their occurrence, agricultural landfills are flooded, located in the floodplains.

High Floods are accompanied by a significant flooding of territories and cover large areas of river valleys. Cause the need to partial evacuation. Repeated once every 20-25 years.

Outstanding Floods cover whole river basins, paralyzes economic activities in large areas. Require mass evacuation. Repeated once every 50-100 years.

Catastrophicfloods flood significant territories within one or more river systems. Completely paralyzing the economic activities of people, cause huge material losses. Repeated once every 100-200 years.

Types of flooding

Flood - periodically repeated rather long lifting water level in rivers, usually caused by the spring melting on the plains or rain rain. Sets low areas of terrain.

The flood can take a catastrophic character if the infiltration properties of the soil decreased significantly due to the suspension of its moisture in the fall and deep freezing in the harsh winter. Spring rains can also lead to an increase in the flood, when his peak coincide the peak of the tip. It was this that led to an unprecedented flood in the upper Volga basin in 1908 due to an extremely friendly spring snow, water reserves in which exceeded the norm by 170-220%, descended in a very short time. The situation was aggravated by the fact that in the late April was pouring rains. As a result, tens of thousands of hectares of crops were flooded, 50 thousand people were left without bed.

In 1997, extremely high was spring flood on the Rivers of the Arkhangelsk Region (Onega, Value). A particularly strong flood, which has not been observed here for 70 years, happened in the Ovega River basin. In four districts of the region in the zone of flooding with an area of \u200b\u200b1220 km 2, 53 settlements with a population of 17186 people were. 1973 inhabitants were eclipped, bridges, roads, lines and power lines were damaged, 259 thousand hectares of agricultural land were flooded.

Flood - Intensive relatively short-term rise of the water level in the river caused by abundant rains, shoes, sometimes rapid snow with thaws. Unlike seating, floods can be repeated several times a year. A special threat is the so-called sudden floods associated with short-term, but very intense rains, which happen in winter due to thaws.

Congestion - Loilding of iceline during the spring ice drum in the narrowings and on the ray of the river bed, shyling the course and causing the rise of the water level at the place of cluster of ice and above it.

The plot arises due to the unlimited opening of the large rivers flowing from the south to the north. The southern sections of the river in their flow are led by a cluster of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in water level.

Burden - The accumulation of loose ice during the ice station (at the beginning of winter) in the narrowings and on the rauches of the river bed, causing water lifting in some areas above it.

Wind turbine - This is the rise of the water level caused by the impact of wind on a water surface, which is happening in the sea merchants of large rivers, as well as on the covered coast of large lakes, reservoirs and seas.

Floods are characterized by the main parameters of the water regime of the river - level and flow water as well volume Flooding.

Water level counts from zero post or from Ordinar. Naul post - This is the height of the plane of water in the river above the conventional horizontal comparison surface. When organizing a post, this plane is chosen in such a way that it is 0.3-0.5 m below the lowest possible level.

Ordinar - It is the average for many years of observations of the water level in rivers. Water level fluctuations are counted above and below zero in meters and centimeters using the installation of footlots.

Football - This is a rake with divisions, installed on the water supplies of rivers to observe water level. Exceeding the surface of the water in the river over the surface of the sea is determined by the addition of the water level in the post with the mark "0" post according to the ordinar and gives the value of the absolute level mark in meters. In Russia, the calculation of the absolute heights of sushi is conducted from the average level of the Finnish bay of the Baltic Sea in Kronstadt (EU - the Baltic System Heights).

Water consumption It is called the amount of water (water flow) flowing through the closing target of the river in a second. It is expressed in cubic meters per second [m 3 / s].

Flood volume It is measured in millions of cubic meters and is determined by multiplying the amount of the average daily consumption of water for the flood (flood) to the coefficient of 0.0864 (one millionth of the number of seconds in days).

Protection against earthquakes and floods

Protection against earthquakes

Earthquake protective measures include constantly conducted activities based on seismic zoning: land use restriction (especially when placing new buildings); Strengthening structures and seismic construction; dismantling not enough seismic structures, the strengthening of which is economically inexpedient; restrictions on the placement within the buildings of hazardous or lung objects; preparation of activities based on the forecast of the earthquake moment; Determination of possible damage to specific objects, development of scenarios of necessary actions, preparation of their financing, creating material reserves, training of the population and rescue service personnel, conducting training training, etc.

Numerous human sacrifices in the earthquake arise in the destruction of buildings when the walls are crumbling, overlap, the bricks are falling, chimneys, stucco decorations, balconies, lighting plants. Dangerous glasses flying from the upper floors, torn electrical pipes on the carriage of the streets and just heavy items in the premises. As a rule, earthquakes are accompanied by fires caused by a gas leakage from damaged pipes, a circuit of electrolytes. All this is aggravated by the lack of water, as water lines are broken. The uncontrolled actions of people covered by panic are also dangerous. Reduce the amount of injuries and the number of dead can be if you think about the rules of behavior in extreme situations in advance. For example, it is necessary to accurately determine the sequence of actions during the earthquake in the most common conditions - at home, at work, in public places, on the street. This will help you continue to act calmly and rationally in extreme conditions. In order to reduce the risk during an earthquake, you need to comply with certain rules of behavior.

Home should:

Do not panic and keep calm, encourage those present;

Hiding under strong tables, near the main walls or columns, because the main danger can come from the fall of the inner walls, the ceilings, chandeliers;

Immediately zagas off any source of fire;

Wake up and put on children, help to take into a safe place of their and the elderly:

Use the phone only in exceptional cases to call for help, transfer the message to the law enforcement, fire, civil defense,

Constantly listen to information on the radio;

Open the doors in order to provide yourself with an output if necessary;

Do not go to the balconies;

Do not use the elevator;

Do not use matches because can There is a danger of gas leakage;

The first series of impetus will hardly end, leave the house before leaving it (if it is still 2), close the water taps, turn off gas and electricity;

Make items of essentials and values;

Get out of the dwelling, clinging to the back to the wall, especially if you have to go down the stairs;

Close the door of the house;

Avoid narrow and cluttered unconscious streets.

On the street follows:

Go to free spaces removed from buildings, power grids and other objects;

Closely monitor the eaves or walls that Mo1T fall, stay away from towers, reservoirs;

Remove from the disaster zone, if it is impossible - to hide under the portico in the entrance;

Monitor hazardous objects that may be on Earth (wires under voltage, glass, broken boards, etc.);

Do not fit close to the place of fire;

Do not hide near dams, river valleys, on sea beaches and shores of the lakes can be covered with a wave from underwater jokes;

Provide yourself with drinking water;

Follow the instructions of only local authorities;

Participate in immediate assistance to others.

Being in the car, follows:

Do not allow passengers to give in panic;

Do not stop under the bridges, overpass, power lines;

When parking the car does not block the road to other vehicles;

If possible, it is better not to use the car, but to move on foot;

The best solution if you take it on time, leave the city.

In a public placethe main danger represents the crowd, which, yielding to a panic, runs, without disassembling roads. Once in the crowd, follows:

Try to choose a safe output, not yet seen by the crowd;

Try not to fall, otherwise there is a risk of being extruded, without having no opportunity to rise;

Cross hands on the stomach so as not to break the chest;

Try not to be between the crowd and the obstacle.

At school and other educational institutions:

Need to follow the plan developed by civil defense authorities;

It should be kept the situation under control to be able to help others and secure children. Adult confidence and possession of the situation helps children to follow his instructions, not a panic;

Training conducted with children in advance allow them to act more correctly and calmly;

Children should know in advance where to find shelter: if the teacher hides under the work desk, small should use their parties for these purposes; Each step of adult must repeat all the children;

Each student needs to be learn to be responsible for their belongings: Thus, his attention is distracted from the main problem, and this makes it easier to suppress fear during evacuation;

The teacher should have a complete list of students present, and when it should check the presence of children;

It is necessary to take care to convey children to parents or in specially intended for their collection of centers.

In the train or in the subway:

Be prepared for the fact that, as soon as the push occurs, electricity will be turned off; The car will plunge into the darkness, but despite this, you should not give in to a panic;

Underground stations in the event of an earthquake are a safe place: metal structures allow them to confront the shocks well.

Upon returning home you need:

See if the building did not receive serious damage;

Do not use nor matches nor the electric switch, since there is a risk of gas leakage;

Do not use the phone not to overload the line.

If you are buried under the debris, you need:

Breathe deeply, do not allow fear to defeat yourself and do not fall in spirit, try to survive at any price;

Evaluate the situation and determine what is positive in it;

Remember that a person is able to withstand thirst and especially hunger for quite a long time, if it is not useless to spend energy;

Believe that help will come necessarily;

Search in pockets or nearby objects that could help feed light or sound signals (any item that can be knocked on PL pipes to attract attention);

Adapt to the setting, look around and look out the output;

If there is not enough air, do not light the candles that consume oxygen;

Throw sad thoughts by focusing on the most important;

If the only way is the narrow LAZ, try to squeeze through it. To do this, it is necessary, relaxing the muscles, gradually squeeze, pressing the elbows to the sides and moving the legs forward like a turtle.

What is the conclusion from all that is said? It is necessary to prepare for earthquakes, know their actions and deteriorate their implementation in training.

Protection against floods

The prerequisite for the organization of protection against affecting factors and the consequences of floods is their forecasting. For forecasting, a hydrological forecast is used - a scientifically based prediction of the development, nature and waters. The forecast specifies approximately the time of the occurrence of any element of the expected mode, such as the opening or freezing of the river, the expected maximum of flooding, the possible duration of the standing of high water levels, the probability of ice plug and others. Forecasts are divided into short-term - up to 10-12 days and long-term - up to 2-3 months and more. They can be LAN (for individual sections of rivers and reservoirs) or territorial Considering the information on the expected size and periods of the phenomenon are containing generic territory. Years of experience has shown that the material damage from flooding is significantly reduced in the presence of a forecast, a well-established service of information and alerts, high organized and trained in the population.

Flood material damage It is estimated by the number of units of destroyed, damaged and failed objects and objects, as well as in monetary terms.

Important flood protection measures are:

The construction of special flooding regulatory reservoirs, which are used to redistribute the maximum flow of their useful volumes;

The construction of fencing dams (shafts);

RUS's conducting;

Land dispaccable across the slopes and landing of forest-protection strips in river basins;

Terration of slopes, preservation of wood and shrub vegetation.

The operational warning measures include:

Alert of the population about the threat of flooding;

Advance evacuation of the population, farm animals, material and cultural values \u200b\u200bfrom potentially sleeved zones;

Partial restriction or termination of the functioning of enterprises, organizations, institutions located in the areas of possible sleeve, protecting material values.

LITERATURE

1. Life safety: textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Goats and others; Under total. ed. S.V. Belova. - M.: Higher. Shk., 2015. - 616 p.

2. Safety of vital activity: Textbook / V. Yu. Mikryukov. - M.: Forum, 2016. - 464 p.

Lesson 5.

Protection of the population from the effects of earthquakes

Subject: Obzh.

Date: "____" _____________ 20___

Compiler: teacher Obzh Hamatgaleev E. R.

Purpose: Consider the main measures to protect the population from the effects of earthquakes.

Stroke lesson

Class organization.

Greeting. Checking the list of class.

Message themes and objectives of the lesson.

Actualization of knowledge.

What is earthquake and what are the causes of its occurrence?

How is the earthquake intensity measured?

What is an earthquake magnitude and what does it characterize?

Check your homework.

Having heard the answers of several students on homework (by choosing a teacher).

Work on new material.

Protection of the population against the effects of earthquakes is one of the tasks of a unified state system of prevention and emergency response system (RSCS). RSCP includes a set of activities conducted by state authorities and local self-government bodies of all levels.

Depending on the situation, the following measures can be taken: an earthquake forecast; determination of the most seismic districts; development of methods for increasing the stability of buildings and structures from the effects of seismic waves; alert; Training of the population by the rules of safe behavior in seismic areas; Organization of rescue work.

There is a certain system of monitoring the condition and development of various natural, technogenic processes and phenomena. Such a system is the general concept of "monitoring and forecasting emergencies". Undermonitoring It is understood as the system of continuous monitoring of phenomena, processes occurring in nature and the technosphere, to predict the growing threats to humans and their habitat.Forecasting emergency situations are a leading reflection of the likelihood and development of an emergency based on the analysis of the causes of its occurrence, its source in the past and present.

Earthquake forecast

To predict an earthquake - it means to determine with great accuracy its place (focus), the time of occurrence and magnitude (energy allocated as a result of the gap).

However, to predict the place and time of the earthquake with absolute accuracy is very difficult. Determine where in the earth's crust will occur and how energy will be separated, - the task with many unknowns. Changes in the earth's crust and the accumulation of stresses associated with its deformation occur slowly for hundreds of years. For predicting strong earthquakes, knowledge of certain patterns occurring in the earth's crust use. It has been established that the strength of the rocks, the strokes of the earth's bark, is not the same. Therefore, a large rupture of the earth's crust, and, consequently, a series of small gaps and small earthquakes is always preceded by a large earthquake.

By conducting continuous observations of the place and the time of the occurrence of small earthquakes, a large earthquake can be predicted with a certain accuracy. For this purpose, a network of seismic stations is deployed in Russia. The largest number of these stations is valid in the districts of the North Caucasus, in Kurilo-Kamchatka, Altai-Sayan and Baikal zones.

According to the results of the analysis of the frequency and force of the manifestation of earthquakes, they make special maps of seismically dangerous areas - seismic zoning maps,on which they allocate the areas of maximum intensity of earthquakes and record the main zones of the possible occurrence of earthquakes.

Special attention is paid to the forecasting of earthquakes in the intensity of 7 points and more in order to take measures to reduce their consequences in advance.

The forecast for the occurrence of a strong earthquake may be long-term, medium and short-term.

When compiling long-term forecast Consider the cyclicity of seismic phenomena. It has been established that strong earthquakes are repeated in the same area with some regularity. For example, on Kamchatka, the 9-point earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.5-8 units occur on average every 150-200 years. Knowing this periodicity, one can expect here at a certain period of time of the occurrence of a strong earthquake.

For more accurate prediction of the time and location of the earthquake is carried out medium-term forecast.The medium-term forecast is based on the identification of changes in the properties of rocks in the field of possible earthquake. The analysis of statistics shows that when there is a situation close to the formation of a large gap in the earth's crust, deviations appear in the magnetic and gravitational fields of the Earth, the composition of groundwater changes. Usually such precursors appear in several years or months to a dangerous seismic push.

However, the medium-term forecast does not make it possible to accurately determine the time of earthquake for the adoption of operational measures to protect the population. There is exist for this short-term forecast. To obtain a reliable short-term forecast of the three parameters of the earthquake (place, time and magnitude), it is necessary to take into account the results of long-term and medium-term forecasts.

Scientists of Russia have developed a number of methods that ensure the identification of precursors of the earthquake and draw up with a certain accuracy of the forecast of earthquakes, their consequences and the procedure for responding to this natural disaster.

It should also be noted that the behavior of pets can serve as a fairly accurate means of short-term forecasting of the earthquake when the earthquake approaches. In the book of Yateck Palkevich "survive in the city" are examples of animal behavior in front of the earthquake. Dogs begin to show concern from 2 h to 2 days before the start of the earthquake; Chickens - from 1 to 3 days; Pigs, horses, bulls, sheep - from several hours to 1 day.

Therefore, with a well-known medium-term forecast about the possibility of an earthquake in a certain area, observation of animal behavior will allow you to learn about its approach in time.

Taking into account forecasts of possible areas of earthquakes, they define the requirements for the construction of buildings and structures and the rational placement of facilities in seismically dangerous areas, excluding the location of particularly dangerous industries, industrial and civil construction in them.

In some cases, the RSFs organize special work to increase the seismic resistance of buildings. For this, overlapping houses of houses with wooden or steel beams, strengthen the walls in the corners, check the water supply, electricity, heating and gas supply systems.

Alert population

The most important condition for timely adoption of measures to protect the population in the threat of an earthquake occurrence is its alert. This task is solved by the RSCS alert system, which ensures timely bringing to the management bodies, the forces of the RSCP and the population of signals and information about the danger of the emergence of the earthquake and conducting protective measures. To do this, the "Attention!" (Syrene sound) and speech information transmitted by radio and television.

Training of the population

Special attention in the organization of protection of the population on the effects of earthquakes is paid to the population training by the rules of conduct in the threat of an earthquake, during an earthquake and after it. All these questions are studied in the school year of the Obzh.

Emergency Rescue Organization

To assist people who have fallen into trouble, localization and liquidation of various emergencies of a natural and man-made nature arose to create special rescue services and formations.

The foundations of the creation and activities of such services and formations in Russia were determined Federal law "On emergency rescue services and rescue status" (1995). The law it was determined that emergency Rescue Works - These are actions to save people, material and cultural values, protecting the natural environment in the emergency area, localization of emergency situations and suppressing or bringing to the lowest level of impact of hazardous factors characteristic.

Rescue services perform work related to the direct rescue of people or eliminate a possible threat to their lives. The most common types of such works are: extracting victims from the collapsed buildings, underground structures; Fire extinguishing and evacuation of victims from foci of defeat.

The organization of emergency rescue work after the earthquake can be considered on the example of their holding in Neftegorsk on Sakhalin Island in May-June 1995, the work was conditionally carried out in three stages. The first stage - when rescuers from local residents took for salvation, who were faster in the place of emergency. The second stage - when the emergence of Emergencies and other ministries and departments joined the rescue of people. The third stage is the transfer of emergency operations from the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the local administration.

As a result of emergency rescue work in Neftegorsk, 2247 people were removed from the Zavalov, from them alive 406.

An analysis of the experience of organizing and conducting emergency-rescue work in Neftegorsk made it possible to conclude that the first and second stages of work are of particular importance in the conditions of the destructive earthquake, since at this time it is possible to save people survivors. The third stage, longer and planned, as well as the second, was characterized by complex organizational work. But its directions were other: prevention and life support of the affected population.

Work on the studied material.

Questions and tasks:

What activities includes the organization of the protection of the population from the effects of earthquakes?

What are the features of natural phenomena occurring in the earth's crust, are taken into account in the development of forecasts of earthquakes?

What are the forecasts for determining the time of a possible earthquake?

How do pets react to earthquake approaching?

The outcome of the lesson.

Teacher. Take output by lesson.

Students. Protection of the population against the effects of earthquakes includes an earthquake forecast, alerting of the population, public training, the organization of emergency and rescue work.

End of lesson.

Homework.In the security diary, write down the main activities carried out on the protection of the population from the effects of earthquakes. Make a plan for safe behavior before the earthquake and during it.

Estimating and commenting estimates.

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Introduction

Earthquake - underground shocks and oscillations of the Earth's surface caused by natural reasons (mainly by tectonic processes), or (sometimes) with artificial processes (explosions, filling the reservoirs, the collapse of the underground cavities of mining workings). Small shocks can also be called lava climbing during volcanic eruptions.

Every year about a million earthquakes occurs on the whole land, but most of them are so insignificant that they remain unnoticed. Really strong earthquakes that can cause extensive destruction, happen on the planet for about once every two weeks. Most of them falls on the bottom of the oceans, and therefore is not accompanied by catastrophic consequences (if the earthquake under the ocean costs without tsunami).

Earthquakes are most famous for those devastations that they are capable of producing. The destruction of buildings and structures is caused by soil fluctuations or gigantic tidal waves (tsunami) arising from seismic offsets at the seabed.

An international network of observations of earthquakes registers even the most remote and minor of them

1. Protection of the population during earthquakes

Earthquakes are specific phenomena occurring in certain areas of the earth's crust. They can occur both on land and under water. Earthquakes have always hit people and their destructive power, and the consequences expressing in lowering the earth's crust, intensifying volcanic activities, the formation of the tsunami, etc. For a person, it is very important to know where and when there is an earthquake. Modern science has information about where there may be such a natural disaster of one or another strength, but it can not be predicted and the hour can not yet. Works on forecasting earthquakes are carried out dozens of years, in recent years there have been certain successes in this direction. Scattered light skins, sparks closely located, but not touching each other electrical wires, a bluish glow of the inner surface of the walls of houses, spontaneous lighting of fluorescent lamps shortly before underground jokes. All these signs may be the basis for the alert of the population about a possible earthquake.

Earthquakes have always caused people of various degrees of psyche disorder manifested in incorrect behavior. Following the acute motor reaction, a depressive state with a total motor inhability occurs. As a result, as statistics shows, most of the injuries obtained among the population are explained by the unconscious actions of the affected, due to the panic state and fear. The psychotrarmating effect of an earthquake on a person can be reduced primarily by the education of each sense of high citizenship, courage, composure, disciplined, responsibility for behavior not only of their loved ones, but also around people at the place of residence, work or study. A well-established system of training in civil defense population, explanatory work among the population, comprehensive campaigning, is largely promoted to the upbringing of these qualities. In case of alerting about the threat of an earthquake or the appearance of signs, it needs to act quickly, but calmly, confidently without panic.

With advance alerts about the threat of an earthquake, before leaving the apartment (house), it is necessary to turn off the heating appliances and the gas, if the furnace was treated - to lay it out; Then you need to wear children, old people and dress themselves, take the necessary things, a small supply of food, medicines, documents and go out. On the street it follows as soon as possible to move away from buildings and structures in the direction of squares, squares, wide streets, sports grounds, unresolved areas, strictly observing the established public order. If the earthquake began unexpectedly when to collect and exit the apartment (at home) is not possible, it is necessary to take place (stand) in the door or window opening; As soon as the first shoes of the earthquake be squeezed, you should quickly go out into the street.

In enterprises and in institutions during an earthquake, all works are terminated, the production and technological equipment stops, measures are taken to turn off the current, a decrease in air pressure, oxygen, steam, water, gas, etc.; Workers and employees consisting of civil defense formations are immediately sent to the areas of their collection, the remaining workers and employees occupy safe places. If, under the production conditions, stop the unit, oven, technological line, turbine, etc. In a short time, it is impossible or impossible, then they are transferred to the gentle mode of operation. When you stay during an earthquake outside the apartment (at home) or place of work, for example, in the store, theater or simply on the street, you should not hurry home, it is necessary to calmly listen to the instructions of the relevant officials in the actions in the situation and act in accordance with such an indication. If you find in public transport, it is impossible to leave him on the go, you need to wait for a complete stop of transport and get out of it calmly, passing the children, disabled, the elderly. Students of high school schools should help the Directorate and teachers in maintaining order among young schoolchildren. The earthquake can last from a few moments to several days (periodically repeated underground shocks).

The approximate frequency of the impetus and the time of their occurrence may be communicated by radio and other available methods. It should be remedies with these messages. After an earthquake or even in the process, it will be carried out to assist victims to eliminate the effects of the earthquake. First of all, such work will be carried out by persons consisting of civil defense formations. But the rest of the population on the appeal of local authorities and government bodies should take part in the priority rescue and emergency restoration work in the areas of destruction. Great assistance from the population can be provided to medical institutions and medical service of civil defense in maintaining normal sanitary and living conditions in the places of temporary settlement (in tent cursories, anti-seismic buildings) of the victim as a result of the earthquake of the population. It is necessary to contribute to the prevention of outbreaks in such places of infectious diseases, as a rule, satellites of natural disasters. In order to prevent the emergence and dissemination of epidemics, all anti-epidemic measures should be strictly carried out, not shy away from vaccinations and making medicines warning diseases.

2. Protection of territories from earthquakes

earthquake Seismic Engineering Protection

In the Russian Federation, the total area of \u200b\u200bseismic districts is about 18.6% of the territory. Areas of possible 9-ball earthquakes are located in Baikalia, in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, 8-Balls - in Southern Siberia and in the North Caucasus. The consequences of earthquakes can be extremely serious, and sometimes even catastrophic, so engineering protection of territories, especially in seismic areas, is paid to much attention.

Events on engineering protection of territories from seismic activity imply: * Development of fundamentally new and effective ways to increase the seismic resistance of buildings and structures; * Improving the quality of designing objects for various seismological zones; * Maintaining in seismic zones of seismic resistant construction, improving the quality of construction, the exclusion of marriage; * In seismic zones of certification (inventory) of civil, industrial, transport and municipal facilities in order to identify their seismic resistance; * Conducting special work on improving seismic resistance (strengthening) of buildings and structures, disassembly (dismantling) not enough persistent buildings and structures; * Conducting anti-lap activities .

Measures to prepare and eliminate the consequences of earthquakes are carried out in advance and are aimed at ensuring the readiness of forces and means to effectively carry out after earthquakes of rescue, other urgent works and subsequent recovery, as well as for the survival of the population.

Conclusion

In the old days of the earthquake, they considered the punishment that the angry gods sent to people. Now we know how and where the earthquakes occur, we know all the parameters of this natural disaster, we can protect against it and reduce the catastrophic consequences, at least partially. On the globe, areas and zones are outlined in which an earthquake of one way or another can happen. Thousands of seismographs, straof meters, accelerographers are listened around the clock in the pulse of the Earth. But just like thousands of years ago, we are not able to foresee where, what strength and, most importantly, when the next blow to the underground element will occur. Currently, the degree of predictability of a long- and medium-term forecast has a probability of 0.7-0.8. The situation is worse with short-term forecasts, for which significant connections are established with forerunners. Any forecast of earthquakes is probable, and the main goal of seismology has not yet been achieved.

List of used literature

1. Jung S.L. Methods and results of the study of seismotectonic deformations. M.: Science, 1990. 191 p.

2. Meolkin V.I. Earthquake preparation processes. M.: Science, 1978. 232 p.

3. Bolt B.A. Earthquake. M.: Mir, 1981. 256 p.

4. Earthquakes in the USSR. M.: Science, 1990. 323 p.

5. Sobolev G.A. Basics of forecasting earthquakes. M.: Science, 1993. 312 p.

6. MOGY K. Prediction of earthquakes. M.: Mir, 1988. 382 p.

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Mountain columns

Selene streams

Landslides

Protection of the population during earthquakes

The main causes of the death of people are becoming:

· The destruction of buildings and structures and the falling of people under the falling designs and dawns;

· Drop in flue pipes, eaves, balconies, individual parts of buildings and other;

· Falling battered

· Freezing and falling of torn electrical conductors;

· A drop in heavy items in apartments;

· Fires are caused by a leakage of gas and circuit with electrical wiring;

· Uncontrollable actions of people in the case of panic;

In order to develop efficient and competent actions, residents of seismic areas should do the following:

· In advance to schedule an action plan in an emergency atmosphere and agree on the place of collecting a family after an earthquake;

· Make a list of phones in which you can call the civil defense service or other necessary;

· To regularly check the condition of the electrical wiring, water supply and gas pipes;

· Prepare and store in place, known to all family members: Radio at batteries, stock of canned and dry foods per 3-5 days, first aid kit with double reserve of dressings and drugs, portable electric lamp, sand bucket, automotive fire extinguisher;

· Documents stored not far from the entrance to the apartment;

· It is advisable where the documents, to store a backpack, in which there should be: lantern, candles, solid, food;

· Cabinets, foxes, racks - firmly fasten to the floor and walls;

· Do not arrange the shelves over the bedrooms, entrance doors, toilets, sinks;

· Do not clutch things in the apartment;

· Flammable containers tightly clog;

· Conduct evacuation training;

· In advance to determine the safest places in the apartment, at work, etc., where you can wait for the shocks;

1911 - Pamir. Caused by an earthquake. Area: 2.5 billion km 2. Kiska Kiska was littered, the river was pounded, a mortgage was 300 meters and a lake arose 53 km. With a depth of 6284 meters.

Types of landslides:

· Grand (400 hectares and higher);

· Large (100 - 400 hectares);

· Medium (50 - 100 hectares);

· Small (5 - 50 hectares);

· Very small (up to 5 hectares).

1922 - Alma-Ata. The speed of movement took from 2 to 10 m / s. The width of the village is determined by the long channel (3 - 100). Depth of 1.5 to 15 meters. Duration 1 - 3 hours, less often up to 8 hours.

80% are associated with an anthropological factor. Characterized by power:

· Large (up to 100 million m 3);

· Medium (up to 10 million m 3);

· Small (less than 10 m 3);

Software:

· Huge (100 hectares or more);

· Large (50 - 100 hectares);

· Medium (5 - 50 hectares);

· Small (up to 5 hectares);

Characterized by the number of dead, wounded, remaining without beds, the number of settlements, the number of destroyed and damaged objects of the national economy, the area of \u200b\u200bflooding of agricultural elements.

1963 ITALY. Landslide 240 million m 2. Covered 5 cities. 3000 people.

1989 Chechen-Ingushetia. 82 settlements.

Causes of accidents and disasters:

· Violation of labor and technological discipline;

· Design errors;

· Errors in construction;

· Wear of equipment, buildings, structures;

· Natural disasters;

· Disorders of another nature;

Technogenic emergency - The state in which the normal living and activity of people is violated as a result of an accident or disaster, the threat of their lives and health arises. The property is harm to the population, national economy and the environment.

All necessary events are carried out in the following modes:

1. Everyday activity;

2. increased readiness;

3. Emergency.

I. Events conducted in daily activities.

They include the following activities:

1. Legal events;

2. Organizational;

3. Engineering and technical.

1. Legal events Provided in the Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 63 - FZ "On the protection of the population and territories from a Natural and Technogenic Character".

The law gives the definition of a number of basic concepts. It defines such important concepts as the prevention of emergencies and the elimination of their consequences.

2. Organizational eventson the protection of the population and territories from earthquakes. Among them, the most important planning to protect and eliminate the possible consequences of emergencies. The basis is seismic zoning conducted to allocate areas and areas where earthquakes may occur. Zoning is carried out on the basis of the analysis of seismic, geological and geographical data and perennial seismic observations.

Later on the maps there are areas that threaten the earthquake in the intensity of VII and more points. In such areas, specially dangerous facilities provide for special engineering and technical events. The organization of continuous control over the seismic situation is the behavior of seismic monitoring and forecasting possible earthquakes. Forecasting earthquakes is the most important event in the seismic environment control system, which allows timely to take measures to protect the population and territories, dramatically reduce the costs of eliminating the effects of earthquakes.

3. Engineering and technical events

These include: the construction of seismic-resistant buildings and structures and restricting the construction of potentially hazardous objects, where the earthquakes of the intensity of VII - IX points are possible (carrying out control over construction).

Rational placement and distribution of objects in the construction of cities and settlements.

Development of a special infrastructure of a seismic area. Construction of firefighters in settlements; laying wide motorways; Construction of high strength bridges.

Engineering certification of individual potentially dangerous objects, settlements and cities.

II. Events that are checked in the mode of increased readiness for the earthquake.

The mode is entered in the territory immediately after receiving the immediate forecast of the earthquake:

The population is noticed through the media;

If necessary, evacuation is carried out or how to behave with the jokes;

Rescue formations are presented;

Hazardous production is transferred to emergency modes or stop.

III. Events conducted in extreme mode.

With the beginning of the earthquake, the Commission on emergency entries an emergency.

After the cessation of strong jolts, data on the situation in the area of \u200b\u200bthe defeat is collected, reported by the Chairman of the CD. Which makes a decision, and management bodies immediately bring it to the attracted strength.

In order to organize and conduct rescue work, the destruction zone is divided into areas, and areas for the plots of work. Appointed executives of work.

It is necessarily and immediately transmitted information to the superior organization with the earthquake data. If necessary, it is limited to the access of people in the emergency area, reserves of material resources, abnormal and public emergency rescue formations and volunteers from the population are involved. Rescue work begin immediately, by all preserved forces.

How to survive with an earthquake in the city:

1. Do not panic, act calmly and caution.

2. When receiving an earthquake signal or at the first pushes to quickly remove from buildings.

3. On the street to move away from the walls, pillars, power lines.

4. In the building in the doorways of the doors and the angles of capital walls.

5. Welcome glasses.

6. Safe place on the floor of the bathroom.

7. Do not use the elevator, go down the fire staircase or drainage pipe.

8. After stopping the shocks, leave the building, turn off the light, gas and water. Do not enter the building, repeated jackets (Aftershoki) are possible.