text Petr Kharatyan
illustrations Elena Byalaya

President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law "On Amending the Federal Law "On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation" and the Federal Law "On Science and State Science and Technology Policy." On April 10, the law was adopted by the State Duma, and on April 15, it was approved by the Federation Council.

In the predecessor law, a science city, in fact, is a territory on which a large number of scientific and educational institutions are located. The new bill reinforces a different approach - science should become the basis for the socio-economic development of the territory in a modern science city, ensure the development of innovative business, and attract additional investment for the development of high-tech industries. In fact, this makes it possible to get rid of the one-sided development of science cities like single-industry towns, where all life is concentrated around one or several enterprises. To solve a complex problem, the bill expands the rights of local governments, primarily for the use of federal support funds - the formation of a socio-economic development program allows you to receive additional subsidies on a competitive basis for almost any event aimed at developing the research and production complex of the science city.

It should be noted that the creation of special territories with special powers of local self-government bodies will also be reflected in the new law on science. Therefore, the adoption of the bill on science cities is a preparatory stage for the development of a large bill.

Population:

The city of Biysk was founded in 1709. The formation of Biysk as a city of science began during the Great Patriotic War. Science city since 2005.

Zhukovsky

Population:

In 1933, on the site of the future city of Zhukovsky, the construction of new buildings of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) began, in 1940, the construction of the Flight Research Institute, the project of which was proposed by pilot M.M. Gromov. Science city since 2007. Site for the future National Aircraft Building Center.

Population:

In the postwar years, the Institute for Nuclear Problems and the Electrophysical Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences were built here, later the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was founded on their basis. In 2001, Dubna was given the status of a science city.

Koltsovo

Population:

The scientific development of Koltsov began in the 1970s. At that time it was a settlement of employees of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Molecular Biology (now the State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector"). In 2003, the city was given the status of a science city.

Population:

The city was formed in 1938 from the village of Kalininsky, on the territory of which there was an artillery factory evacuated from Petrograd in 1918. Science city since 2001.

Michurinsk

Population:

Science city since 2003. The first and only science city specializing in agriculture.

Population:

Since 1946, there was a secret nuclear facility Laboratory "B" (future Institute of Physics and Power Engineering) here. In 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk. In 1999, the city received the status of a science city, becoming the first in Russia.

Peterhof

Population:

Peterhof was awarded the status of a science city in 2005. Research Institute of Physics and many laboratories and institutes related to it, as well as the Naval Institute of Radio Electronics. A.S. Popov became the main city-forming factor.

Population:

In 1952, the Institute of Biological Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences was opened here. Since 1962 it has the status of "Scientific Center for Biological Research". Science city since 2005.

The science city of the Russian Federation is a municipal formation with the status of an urban district, which has a high scientific and technical potential, with a city-forming scientific and industrial complex. Assigning the status of a science city to a municipal entity is the basis for the provision of interbudgetary transfers from the federal budget to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the provision of interbudgetary transfers to the budgets of science cities in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

A science city is a natural formation, a full cycle from a scientific idea to a product, it is a center of education, training, a place of residence, and not just a place for applying knowledge. There are several models for the construction of science cities.

• 1. Science cities should be self-defined as functional territorial-sectoral research and production sites, permeated with a network of modern information, transport, and energy communications.
• 2. The model of a modern science city is a full cycle of science-intensive production, the path from a scientific idea to a competitive product. This is a platform that organizationally unites scientific, design and production activities.
• 3. Science city is a center of generation, accumulation and transfer of knowledge.

Federal Law No. 70-FZ of April 7, 1999 “On the status of a science city in the Russian Federation” was amended in 2004 to establish criteria for awarding science city status to a municipal formation. In particular, the number of employees in organizations of the research and production complex should be at least 15% of the number of employees in the territory of the municipality. The city of Obninsk became the first Russian science city in 2000, where developments in the field of peaceful atom were and are being carried out.

At present, there are seven main areas of specialization of science cities in Russia: aviation, rocket science and space research; electronics and radio engineering; automation, machine and instrument making; chemistry, chemical physics and creation of new materials; nuclear complex; energy; biology and biotechnology.

The idea of ​​creating cities of science appeared before World War II in Germany. The city of Peenemünde became the first science city, where the "weapon of retaliation" was created - V rockets. This direction began to develop especially rapidly after the war, when it was necessary to create nuclear weapons, rocketry as a means of delivery, aviation, and electronics at an extremely high pace.

The Soviet Union set an example here for everyone. Installations, qualified people appeared, everything that is called high-quality infrastructure began to grow around them. Settlements appeared with a rare for world experience indicator of the concentration of the most talented people, which gave a phenomenal result.

Obninsk is the first science city in Russia, a city of regional subordination in the north of the Kaluga region. It is located on the Central Russian Upland, on the Protv River (a tributary of the Oka), 38 km south-west of the Moscow border along the Kyiv (M3) silt, 25 km along the Warsaw (A130) highway, 80 km from the Moscow Ring Road, 68 km to the north east of Kaluga. The population in 2015 was 109,273 people. Science City is the center of the Obninsk agglomeration with a population of over 200 thousand people.

Technopolises are an analogue of science cities abroad, the development of which on a large scale unfolded in leading countries in the second half of the 20th century. in particular the famous Silicon Valley. Among the Russian projects claiming the title of technopolis, Technopolis SB can be mentioned.

Science cities in Russia include urban and rural settlements located mainly in the main population zone of the country. Consider the location of science cities on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Science cities of the Center of Russia. Outside the capital region in Central Russia there are 10 similar territorial entities - Vladimir Region: pos. Melenki, Rainbow; Kaluga region: Obninsk; Nizhny Novgorod Region: Dzerzhinsk, Pravdinsk, Sarov (Kremlev, Arzamas-16); Tver region: Ostashkov-3, Red-kino; Yaroslavl region: pos. Borok, Pereslavl-Zalessky.

Science cities of the Urals. The second region of the country in terms of the concentration of science cities is the Urals. There are nine science cities here. Their main part is concentrated in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions - the Sverdlovsk region: the city of Zarechny, the city of Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45), the city of Nizhnyaya Salda, the city of Novouralsk (Sverdlovsk-44); Chelyabinsk Region: Miass, Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-40, Chelyabinsk-65), Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70), Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-36), Ust-Katav.

Science cities of Western Siberia. In third place in terms of concentration of science cities is Western Siberia, in the southern part of which there are eight science cities - Altai Territory: Biysk; Novosibirsk region: In the village. Koltsovo, pos. Krasnoobsk (RAAS), Novosibirsk-49, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk); Omsk region: Omsk-5; Tomsk region: Severs (Tomsk-7), Akademgorodok (Tomsk).

Science cities of the Volga region. In fourth place in terms of concentration of science cities is the Volga region. Six more similar territorial formations are located here - the Astrakhan region: the city of Znamensk (Kapustin Yar);

Tatarstan: Innopolis (Kazan); Krasnodar Territory: Krasnodar-59; Penza region: Zarechny (Penza-19); Perm region: Perm-6; Ulyanovsk region: Dmitrovgrad.

Science cities of the European North. In fifth place in terms of the concentration of science cities is the European north, where five science cities are located, in the Arkhangelsk region: the city of Mirny (Plesetsk); Leningrad region: In Gatchina, Primorsk, Sosnovy Bor; St. Petersburg: Peterhof.

Science cities of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In sixth place in terms of concentration of science cities - Eastern Siberia and the Far East, where four science cities are located - Irkutsk region: Akademgorodo (Irkutsk); Krasnoyarsk Territory: Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45), Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk).

Tasks of science cities from the point of view of the state:

• creation of "final" subdivisions of the scientific and production cycle at the city-forming objects of science cities, ensuring the release of finished science-intensive products and its promotion to the market;
• development of technologies aimed at meeting the regional and local needs of the economy, including small and medium-sized innovative businesses. Creation of all necessary conditions for the commercialization of scientific and engineering reserves;
• development of the educational sphere. The personnel problem of the science city can be solved only if systems are created that integrate the learning process and scientific activity.

Classification of science cities. According to the nature and profile of scientific complexes, science cities are divided into single-profile, mono-oriented and complex.

Example monoprofile science city- Obolensk, socially and infrastructurally providing one state scientific center - the Research Institute of Applied Microbiology. The National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation - Institute of High Energy Physics" can be attributed to the same type, located in the city of Protvino. However, in recent years, enterprises of various profiles have appeared here.

Monooriented science cities have several city-forming enterprises of the same sphere of scientific and technical activity. For example, Zhukovsky, where the largest aviation research and testing complexes are located; Chernogolovka is a scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences with research institutes and laboratories in the field of chemical physics.

The most typical example complex science city is Dubna, where, in addition to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, there are scientific, design and research and production centers of the aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding profile, an international university.

Development of science cities in Russia. The State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the Federal Law of September 28, 2010 No. 244-FZ “On the Skolkovo Innovation Center”. Skolkovo- In the first post-Soviet period in Russia, a scientific and technological innovation center built from scratch for the development and commercialization of new technologies. The project is conceived as one of the key elements of Russian modernization, designed to end the raw material orientation of the economy and transfer it to an innovative development path, and provides for the creation of a favorable environment for the concentration of Russian and international intellectual capital capable of generating innovations. Five areas of Skolkovo's work, called clusters, have been developed: a cluster of biomedical technologies, information and computer, space technologies and telecommunications, energy efficient, nuclear technologies.

A technopark will also operate within Skolkovo. Its strategic goal is to provide innovative companies participating in the project with the necessary support for the successful development of their technological assets and corporate structures. The Technopark plans to implement this task by attracting the infrastructure and resources that the Skolkovo project and its partners have at their disposal. Skolkovo is actively involved in international activities to attract companies and partner countries. Already today, cooperation has been established with many foreign research institutes and universities.

In Tatarstan, on the right bank of the Volga River opposite Kazan, on the territory of its agglomeration and the Verkhneuslonsky district of the republic for the development of IT and other technologies, since 2012, the second innovative science city Innopolis, implemented from scratch in Russia, is being built, an analogue partner of Skolkovo near Moscow and a satellite city of Kazan .

Science City Innopolis will bring together young highly qualified specialists from all over the country, thereby strengthening the innovative potential of the Russian Federation. The prospective population of Innopolis is 155,000 people, 60,000 of which are highly qualified specialists. 1 lay co city Innopolis is a smart city with an extensive business infrastructure (technoparks, development centers, etc.), the first IT university in Russia (in partnership with Carnegie at Mellon University, USA), a full range of social and commercial infrastructures (schools, kindergartens, hospitals, shopping centers, restaurants, etc.) and housing of various classes.

• Federal Law of April 7, 1999 No. 70-FZ "On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation". Art. eighteen.
• Development of Russia today. Science cities of Russia. 1SH: http://www.rosforce.ru/razvitie-gobbi
• Science cities - locomotives of Russia's innovative development: speaker, participant of the regional conference. // Scientific-Electronic Library, Shi.
• 10 years of science city movement // Daily News. Moscow region. 2001. No. 180 December 11. C. 3.

Obninsk near Moscow is the first science city in Russia, which received its status as a technological and scientific center of the country. It is distinguished by such characteristic features that are not inherent in other science cities, such as versatility: scientific institutes of chemical, physical, meteorological, medical, seismological and even agricultural profiles coexist here. But the main thing is that this science city of Russia still proudly bears the title of "City of the Peaceful Atom", and sees the main prospects for its development in connection with nuclear technologies and nuclear energy.

How did science survive?

The idea to make a technopolis out of Obninsk, as such a city plan was originally designated, or a science city of Russia, was born in 1991, when the former state system finally collapsed. An international conference was held on the problems of the perestroika period of science and technology and the conditions for its transition to a market economy. There were many reports that outlined promising ways of developing the latest technologies, engineering and regional science in general. The problem of the existence of such cities as Obninsk, the first science city in Russia, was discussed at the highest level for the first time in market conditions. It turned out that it is not so easy to use this scientific potential effectively if the city does not have an appropriate special status, fixed at the federal level, at least. After this conference, specific conceptual ideas for building the strategic development of the city began to arrive. So for the first time there was a science city of Russia - Obninsk.

In 1992, the Obninsk-Technopolis Association was established, which formed the science city movement. A concept was developed, under which all technical and economic justifications were summed up, an analysis of the potential was made. The research and production complex of the city turned out to be quite wealthy to bear this status - the science city of Russia. In 1993, the board of directors of Obninsk was held, where this fateful decision was made. From now on, all enterprises and institutions enter into a united front in the struggle for a special status. Since 1994, a new mayor has been working in Obninsk, and the systematic development of the city for the future begins. The mayor gathers an expert council that is directly involved in the development and implementation of a long-term program. In March 1995, for the first time, parliamentary hearings were held on the problems of science cities, where the first edition of the law "On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation" was discussed. Subsequently, according to this law, many technopolises were formed, and the science cities of Central Russia turned out to be especially numerous.

Law

The opportunities of the city were destined to come true only in November 1997, after the release of the relevant Presidential Decree, which specifically indicated measures for the development of cities of high technology and science. However, not a single city could receive this status for another two years, since the law was adopted only in 1999, in which all the definitions were given that all science cities in Russia should fall under. The list of them is quite long, the most remarkable ones will be discussed below, but for now the situation will be considered on the example of Obninsk. Almost everywhere there were the same problems, the same obstacles were overcome, the difficulties experienced by the whole country were overcome. The science cities of Central Russia were somewhat better off than, say, those in the Urals or Siberia. Transport accessibility alone is worth a lot. However, this problem was not at the forefront at that moment.

So, municipalities where the city-forming is the scientific and production complex, that is, the totality of organizations that carry out innovative, scientific, scientific and technical activities, as well as experimental testing and development, training of personnel in accordance with state priorities for the development of science and technology, are just such cities can claim the status of a technopolis. Many cities aspired to science cities in Russia, the list of them today is quite long, but Obninsk became the first science city in 2000. Together with the status law, the entire regulatory framework was created, through which support for cities was planned at the federal level.

Living conditions in the science city

Distinctive features of Obninsk are, first of all, proximity to the capital and comfort of living. The latter includes a developed infrastructure, and favorable environmental conditions, and well-being in social and domestic terms. The fact that Moscow, the largest industrial and technological metropolis, is nearby, is especially valuable. But the main distinguishing feature of Obninsk, as the Union of Science Cities of Russia noted, is the educational system, which can really be envied. There are a lot of educational institutions and research institutes, from which a constant influx and reproduction of engineering personnel, technical and scientific, is ensured. That is, there are the widest opportunities for the development of high-tech industries, which is of fundamental importance. In addition, other science cities in Russia and their specialization are fundamentally different from Obninsk. There is more than one specialization here.

The nuclear industry, of course, dominates in this science city, although Obninsk cannot be called a purely "atomic city". It began with this, but over time, the range of scientific activities of the townspeople has expanded significantly. No wonder Obninsk is the first science city in Russia. So far, the socio-economic development program developed here has no equal among other science cities. All the results testify to this: the rating of the best cities in Russia put small Obninsk in ninth place, the rest of the science cities are not included in the top hundred. The ranking considered the following indicators: average wages, the queue of those in need of housing, places in kindergartens, the number of educational institutions, sports infrastructure, the percentage of medium and small private businesses. Health care, by the way, was not at the proper level anywhere, in any city.

How to get a science city

First of all, state-important research institutes and industries are needed, which are most often city-forming, which for Obninsk was the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE). This is the founder of the city, without him nothing would have happened. Why is that? Yes, because such institutions radically affect the budget, and hence the entire standard of living in a given area (they also have an exceptionally strong influence on the general cultural level of the population). The entire social sector - schools, kindergartens, theaters, museums, cinemas, stadiums, and so on - appeared from within IPPE, since there was no city budget as such. But considerable sums have always been allocated for the institute, and this helped to build houses and roads, cultural centers and shopping centers. Many cities-science cities of Russia developed according to the same principle.

Now the alignment is a little different, but already for the fact that it exists at all, we must thank the appearance of scientific institutes and enterprises in the city. Now not one hundred percent of the tax is collected by the city from scientific institutions, as before. Only thirty two. Where does the rest come from for the surprising prosperity of the city against the general background? As much as forty percent of the city's income comes from small businesses, and the new economy, which is not yet well on its feet, provides about fifteen percent. Why does a small town have so many small businesses? The development of science cities in Russia shows that this figure is simply fantastic. For every ten thousand people in the city, there are about eight hundred enterprises, with a minuscule amount of services and trade, mostly small high-tech enterprises. In Kaluga, which in comparison with other cities of the country occupies one of the first places in prosperity, there are only four hundred enterprises for every ten thousand people. This means that Obninsk developed more powerfully than many megacities. Not all science cities of the Central region of Russia were able to reach such a level. In fact, none of them could.

Science in the country today

No matter how many science cities appear in Russia, they still have one problem. After all, their successful functioning and maintaining their status depends not only on the quantity and quality of city-forming enterprises. Everything, literally everything depends on the state of science in the country. Not only Obninsk science has suffered in the last quarter of a century. The amount of funds that should have been received, but did not, for scientific developments was constantly decreasing, the number of employees of leading institutes was constantly decreasing. People - world-class professionals - were constantly leaving, these were huge waves of migration, and it's good if they go to Moscow or St. Petersburg. Most of them were received with great joy abroad.

And now there is still no due attention to our dying science, the state is not up to it. There is still underfunding and lack of support for young professionals. Even in Obninsk. It cannot be said that the science cities and academic towns of the regions of Russia are dying. No, they don't die, smart people live and work there. However, there is no that beneficial return in which the country flourishes (here we recall our space epic). It is unpleasant to realize that even Obninsk children do not connect their future with their native city, as the surveys showed. All one hundred (!) percent of high school students are going to leave - some to the capital, some abroad. Here is the indicator. This means that the idea of ​​a science city does not work to the end, it either lost its power or ceased to be self-sufficient - after all, Obninsk is multieconomic compared to how, for example, the science cities of the European north of Russia live. I would like to hope that the idea has not yet completely discredited itself. The potential of science cities is huge, but in the absence of state attention, it simply sleeps.

How not to lose positions

There must be confidence in the future. This is where all the problems stem from, because it is not enough to finance science, inspiration must be constantly warmed up. By the way, the state is starting to finance science better and better, hope for a better future should remain. However, during these dark years of post-perestroika, scientific personnel have lost some of the most important qualities, such as resilience. The activity of the life position has almost disappeared, since there was no positive for a long time, the ability to adapt to new circumstances has appeared, but is it really so good? After all, the main thing for a scientist is to always see the goal. Only then will he do everything according to his mind and to the very end, without being distracted by anything.

Technological platforms are now the key direction in the global scientific sphere. The Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia is working to ensure that both Obninsk and other technopolises in the center of the country create such platforms or at least be present on others. Unfortunately, only Siberia remained active. Novosibirsk Academgorodok, as well as Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk have become centers of technology platforms. And the science cities that were born under the wing of the capitals are still waiting for favors from the governments. And if they didn't give money! Because they give. It's just that people have become different, lost their faith and lost their desire for science. We must work primarily in this direction. Breaking up a country is always fast, but collecting and restoring it is a huge job, and most of all, a spiritual one.

Money

In Obninsk, by the way, in the years of crisis, absolutely all city research institutes managed to survive. Of course, everywhere there were reductions in employees, they fired, if not the best, but very worthy, capable of bringing considerable benefits. There were no mass non-payments of wages anywhere in Obninsk. Now the institutes are increasing the turnover of their work. At the level of schoolchildren, progress is not yet so visible, but specialists are beginning to gradually return to their native teams. Maybe things will get better in a few years.

But at a time when Leiptunsky and Kurchatov created their scientific authority, the state subsidized almost unlimited. However, anyone would be shot if the funds were spent in the wrong direction. There was responsibility. Now such big names do not sound, they do not exist. Perhaps just for the reason that fear is lost. Not even the fear of being shot, but the fear of not doing the job. And the money allocated for the development of the city, district, region is spent without a twinge of conscience on some toilet brushes for twenty-three thousand rubles each, as it thundered throughout the country from the Vladimir region.

Classical Science and Commerce

Again, using the example of Obninsk (although Novosibirsk will also fit in perfectly here), we can consider the shares of traditional classical science and small innovative business, into which it is steadily transforming. Is it good that this process is so great or bad (remember thirty-two percent of the income from the Obninsk Research Institute and more than forty percent from small business)? Previously, science was a donor - one hundred percent. In Obninsk the situation has changed. In many other science cities, no. There is neither transformation nor budget growth, the scientific potential is not washed away by momentary needs, but innovations based on scientific research appear there too. They simply give them away, or rather, give way to other hands, while they themselves continue to develop pure science. Who is the winner?

Two methods work with business - PUSH and PULL. The first is the most important task, the money for it, the trunk to the temple. And here it is - impossible, ready. Previously, all Obninsk institutions were guided precisely by the most important task. But the second method, which is currently being worked with business, is pulling. There is no super task. There is an order from the market. If a request for development has been received, they will be. He did not, and no one in science will just dig like that. For example, the market needs pharmaceutical developments. If now Obninsk does not grab this luck by the tail - and he will not have money. Science is converted into currency. And that's exactly how you can forever lose the scientific potential. It remains to be hoped that the state will soon need Obninsk to solve some super-task. But will he be ready?

Innovation resource

By 2004, there were already seven science cities in Russia: Obninsk, Dubna, Korolev, Michurinsk, Koltsovo, Fryazino, Reutov. In addition, six more cities received the go-ahead, having passed approvals and examinations at the federal level. These are Biysk, Peterhof, Zhukovsky, Seversk, Pushchino, Troitsk. By January 2015, there were thirteen of them. Added Koltsovo from the Novosibirsk region, Michurinsk from the Tambov region, Protvino and Chernogolovka from the Moscow region. There are seven main specializations of science cities: space research, aircraft and rocket science; radio engineering and electronics; mechanical engineering and instrument making, automation; chemical physics, chemistry and creation of materials; nuclear complex; biology biotechnology; energy.

In addition to official science cities, there are also unofficial ones in Russia. There are 65 of them. Half of these rural and urban settlements are located in the Moscow region (29, including Zelenograd, which is the metropolitan area). There are also many unofficial science cities in the center of Russia - eight more. They are guarded by the Yaroslavl, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Vladimir regions. The second most dense science city is the Urals, most of them in the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. There are six science cities in Western Siberia - in Altai, in the Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions. With them, Russia will have to conquer the global economic space through innovative development, and not by exploiting the country's fuel and raw material reserves. The intellectual, scientific and creative potential, which has always been high in our country, is high time to use it for its intended purpose.

"Closed" cities

The distribution of scientific and technical potential in the country has always been uneven: approximately 70 percent of scientific research was carried out at scientific centers, universities, laboratories located in Moscow and the region, in Leningrad, Novosibirsk and the Urals. Most of the science cities were created in the thirties of the last century. Then, in the fifties and seventies, the authorities again issued special decrees on the creation of new strategic facilities, the tasks of which were to develop the military-industrial complex and support it with scientific and technical forces. The largest projects concerned aviation, then atomic, rocket, space, a little later - biological complexes, as well as the corresponding settlements for them. Many of these cities were not even on the maps, they were never mentioned in any reference book. Some did not even have names, being designated by special code license plates. For example, Snezhinsk, Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Seversk, Ozersk and many others. And today they are only relatively open, although they are written about in the press and on television (but not shown!). These are the so-called Closed Administrative-Territorial Entities (ZATO) with a special status and many restrictions.

The closeness of other science cities was relative: foreign guests were forbidden, the city-forming enterprises and organizations were not mentioned in the press. These are just Obninsk, Protvino, Troitsk, Zhukovsky, Korolev, Khimki, Sosnovy Bor, Dzerzhinsky and many, many others. Now it is much easier to determine the nature of the science city. They are monoprofile, complex and monooriented. Monoprofile: Obninsk, Krasnoznamensk, Beloozersky, Koltsovo, Mendeleevo, Snezhinsk, Protvino and others. Mono-oriented technopolises may have several city-forming enterprises, but they are all of the same field of activity. For example, Zhukovsky - aviation profile complexes where aircraft are developed, tested and produced. Chernogolovka has seven research institutes and two research and production enterprises, all of them are engaged in chemical physics. Also, mono-oriented science cities are Yubileiny, Tryokhgorny, Pushchino, Krasnoobsk, Zelenograd. The complex ones include Dubna, where, in addition to nuclear research, aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding research is carried out and an international university operates, as well as Kovrov, Klimovsk, Korolev, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Reutov, and again Obninsk. Academgorodoks belong to the Russian Academy of Sciences, where scientific teams of various profiles also cooperate.

Science cities of Russia are an urban district or a district of a large city with a significant potential for scientific and technical development. The main city-forming factor of which is the research and production complex.

Targets and goals

The main goal of creating science cities is to obtain a reference point for the development of areas of science that are priority. From the side of the state, this territory is under special protection. These cities receive stable financial support. The creation of new products of scientific activity is interesting not only for them, but also for the country as a whole.

There are two areas of activity in the specialty:

• Solving problems in the field of science at the state level.
• Creation of new firms of scientific orientation.

For the most part, the development of the scientific complex remains in the hands of the state. The government designates the areas of work of science cities, which become a priority in a specific period of time, with the aim of economic and political development of the country.

Story

The first similarities of science cities in Russia can be called the cities of science created in the middle of the last century. A distinctive feature of these settlements was the access system. They were almost completely closed off from the rest of the world. The term "science city" came into use only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, despite the fact that some of them have existed for several decades.

The declassification of closed settlements actively took place in the 90s. Of course, among them were not only cities that had the goal of developing a scientific field, but also belonged to the Ministry of Defense, performing defense functions.

The definition of cities for obtaining in the future the official status of "Science City" began in 1991. In the same period, the state review of directions in scientific activity for these subjects was carried out. The Union for the Development of Science City was created.

In 1999, B. Yeltsin signs the 70th federal law, which allows the official appropriation of Russia. It allowed not only to consolidate the name, but also contained provisions for preserving the form of ownership of the complexes of science cities.

NPK - research and production complex - has become one of the city-forming factors. After that, the issue of dividing such settlements into areas of focus began to be actively considered. The distribution into groups was made according to the leading areas of scientific research.

The city of Obninsk was the first to be awarded the official title of Science City of Russia in 2000 on May 6th.

Russian Science City Development Union

It was a new movement, the Union for the Development of Science City was launched in 1991.

1996 year. The Union has been reformed. It has been reformed into a non-profit partnership. The name has undergone a change, now it has come into use as the "Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia".

The purpose of creating the organization is to help bring together the efforts of management organizations of cities with high scientific potential (ie Russian science cities), enterprises and specialists in creating a platform for sustainable development. Formation of their role. Assistance to the growth of the Russian economy. In this case, the scientific and technical complex is considered as the base.

Science cities of the Russian Federation

Let's consider what science cities of Russia exist today and their main specializations.

• Space research, aircraft building, rocket science.
• Radio engineering, electronics.
• Mechanical engineering, instrument making, automation.
• Creation of new types of materials.
• Development of the nuclear complex.
• Biotechnology, biology.
• Development of the energy sector.

The honorary list of Russian science cities includes 73 settlements. They are located in various territorial zones.

• It is noteworthy that 31 such settlements are located in the Moscow region. One of the accommodation points was the city of Zelenograd (Moscow administrative complex).
• 8 science cities are located in the central part of Russia, in the following regions: Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod,
  Tambov, Tver, Vladimir, Yaroslavl.
• 9 are in the Urals. They are deployed in two regions: Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk.
• Western Siberia also did not remain without points of scientific development. It has become a place to house 7
  science cities. This list includes four Akademgorodok, the largest scientific research centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Siberia and the Far East. They represent areas of large cities (Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk).

In the general list of 55 settlements, these are cities, eight urban-type settlements and four rural ones.

Aircraft and space research

The main part of the cities with a focus in this area is located in the Moscow region.

Zhukovsky is the largest center in Russia engaged in the design and testing of aircraft. Within the framework of the domestic aircraft industry, it is the absolute leader. Testing and research organizations located in this city are known all over the world:

• Central Institute for Aerohydrodynamics Research.
• Flight Research Institute. MM. Gromov.

The Russian Space Corporation (RKK) Energia is located in the city of Korolev. The company is engaged in the development of various kinds of space programs. It is the leading aerospace company in Russia. The Manned Flight Control Center, MCC for short, is also located here.

Jubilee is located not far from Korolev. He placed research institutes on his territory, which mainly specialize in rocket science systems.

Another nearby settlement is Star City. In this village, cosmonauts are trained for flights on space research vehicles of any direction.

Krasnoznamensk is one of the cities of the closed type. It is located near Moscow. It houses the Central Communications Center. Now it is called the Main Center for Testing and Control of Space Flights. It is from here that communication is carried out with orbital systems of all types (scientific, military, etc.).

Znamensk and Mirny - these two science cities were created at the cosmodromes: Kapustin Yar (Astrakhan region) and Plesetsk (Arkhangelsk region). With their appearance, the Baikonur Cosmodrome lost the status of the main site for launching space systems.

Electronics and radio engineering

This direction is assigned to three cities of Russia: Khimki, Zelenograd, Pravdinsk.

Zelenograd is considered the clear leader among them. It has 8 huge institutes with pilot plants. It has 11 research institutes, and two of them have federal significance.

nuclear complex

Those science cities that can be attributed to the nuclear sphere are engaged in research work and production activities in the fields of chemistry. Their list includes 10 settlements that were created on the basis of the nuclear project of the Soviet Union. The main function assigned to these Science Cities is the maintenance of nuclear power plants located nearby.

It is noteworthy that all of them are located at a distance from large cities. They are mainly deployed in forests, taking into account the absence of road and railway junctions.

Sarov and Zarechny were the first in the list of auto cities.

Sarov is located near the border of the Nizhny Novgorod region with Mordovia.

Closer to the center of Russia is the Zarechny Science City.

The remaining eight are located in the Urals and Siberia.

Eight science cities from the general list of the nuclear complex have large research institutes that conduct research activities in the field of nuclear energy and nuclear physics.

Chemistry, chemical physics

The group of science cities involved in this area includes 12 settlements. Four of them are deployed in the Urals and Siberia. These cities carry out the processing of fuel made on the basis of uranium (processing is carried out by chemical means).

Automation, mechanical engineering and instrumentation

The vast majority of enterprises in this area are located in the Moscow region.

A total of 5 science cities are located outside the Moscow region: Trekhgorny, Obninsk, Zarechny, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Raduzhny - 9.

Biology and Biotechnology

The list of cities conducting research and work in this area includes only five settlements:

• In the Yaroslavl region, the city of Borok, it has a scientific center that studies the biology of inland waters.
• Two are near Moscow.
• The village of Koltsovo is located in the Novosibirsk region. NPO "Vector" is located in this settlement. The center deals with issues of biotechnology and virology.
• Krasnoobsk - Academgorodok of Siberia. Places on its territory 10 research institutes according to the profile.

Features of science cities in Siberia

Siberia and the Urals have placed 8 atomic cities on their territory. Among them, each has its own specialization, highlighted in the program of research in the atomic direction.

The development of nuclear weapons is carried out in the settlements: Zheleznogorsk, Lesnoy, Novouralsk, Zarechny, Trekhgorny. Among the developments, a special place is occupied by nuclear shells and the development of the use of weapons-grade plutonium.

Another science city of Siberia is Ozersk. The Lighthouse is located in this settlement. This production association is engaged in the processing and disposal of waste with radioactive properties.

Among the northern science cities, Snezhinsk and Sarov received federal significance. In addition to performing a production function, they own the largest centers for research in physics in the nuclear field in Russia.

It is now almost obvious that innovative development is, in fact, the only way for Russia to take its rightful place in the global world economic space of the 21st century and maintain (or restore) the status of a Great Power. Exploited and exported natural resources (primarily oil and gas) and products of their primary processing cannot fundamentally be the basis for this; moreover, they make Russia dependent on the developed countries of the world. It is necessary to move from the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy to its innovative development, stimulating the use of the results of scientific research, intellectual activity in energy, transport, machine and instrument making, aerospace, and other science-intensive industries, as well as in education, medicine, information and biotechnologies. To do this, it is necessary to activate and stimulate a powerful intellectual and scientific and technical potential, which is currently in demand to a very small extent, primarily due to the unprecedented decline in production that occurred in the 1990s, especially in science-intensive sectors of industry.

The assessments of the Russian intellectual and scientific and technical potential as obsolete, cumbersome, superfluous, which took place in some analytical and top management circles in Russia during these years, do not stand up to criticism. The use abroad of Russian developments “leaking” in various ways, combined with the “brain drain” from Russia and the “hunt” of foreign firms for Russian young scientists, graduate students and even students, speaks precisely of its high level and relevance.

The difference between the concepts of "science city" and "technopark"

A science city is, firstly, a city, a natural formation, not an artificial one. Secondly, it is a full cycle from a scientific idea (not necessarily a project) to a product. Thirdly, it is a center of education and training. Fourthly, it is a place of residence, and not just a place of "application" of knowledge.

Construction Models:

1. Science cities should be self-determined not as closed administrative territorial formations surrounded by a fence, but as functional territorial and sectoral scientific and production sites, permeated with a network of modern information, transport, and energy communications.
2. The model of a modern science city is a full cycle of science-intensive production. This is the path from a scientific idea to a competitive product. This is a platform that organizationally unites scientific, design and production activities.
3. Science city is a center of generation, accumulation, and transfer of knowledge.
4. Science cities should not be objects, but cities that have the full range of opportunities for a full-fledged human life.

Approaching the technopark. An industrial giant, for example, an automobile company, which has its own research institutes, has no time and, perhaps, no interest in following what is constantly being born in the heads of professors, graduate students, and students. Therefore, there was a need to create some intermediate links, where the emerging idea would be embodied in something material. Not immediately into a new aircraft or a fundamentally new car, but into some detail in an aircraft or into a software product that will already be of interest to a large corporation. The university is interested in the idea as an idea, but it does not have the money to bring the idea to a specific product. And no desire. A scientist is arranged differently than a businessman. In short, the ideology of technoparks is as follows: the state does not give money for specific developments, it provides certain preferences to private business, which should give money for the development of itself. Businesses are ready to finance the idea, but are reluctant to invest in infrastructure.

Approach to complex science. But the university is characterized, first of all, by universality, universal coverage of all scientific disciplines and directions. This is the first feature of the university technopark. Second: within the educational institution there are potential personnel of various profiles, and their training and “distribution” can be carried out. Third: the university has a high human resources potential, so the level of its developments is quite high. And finally, the fourth feature: professional cooperation is very possible and desirable within the university, cooperation of different laboratories, departments, institutes and faculties working on similar topics. This gives a significant additional effect. For example, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians of various specialties work in the field of nanotechnology.

From the history of science cities

The cities of science themselves - the idea of ​​their creation - appeared before the Second World War in Germany. It was the city of Peenemünde, where the "weapon of retaliation" was created - rockets "Fau".

This began to develop especially rapidly after the war, when it was necessary to create nuclear weapons, rocket technology as a delivery vehicle, aviation, and electronics at an extremely high pace. The Soviet Union set an example here for everyone. There were very few resources: the post-war impoverished country was collecting resources into a fist bit by bit. These installations appeared, qualified people appeared, everything that is called high-quality infrastructure began to grow around them. Settlements appeared with a rare for world experience indicator of the concentration of the most talented people, which gave a phenomenal result.

1. The Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia was created.
2. A document was prepared (and supported) entitled “Fundamentals of State Policy. Preservation and development of science cities”.
3. Hearings were held on the problem of science cities. There was a preparation of materials and proposals on state policy in relation to science cities. A draft Presidential Decree "On Measures for the Preservation and Development of Science Cities" has been prepared. By the middle of 1993, the project was sent to the President.
4. The draft law “On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation” was born…
5. It passed the first reading in the State Duma, but got bogged down in lengthy approvals.
6. President B. Yeltsin signed the Decree "On Measures for the Development of Science Cities as Cities of Science and High Technologies."
7. The State Duma adopted the Law “On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation”.
8. The law on the status of a science city was approved by the Federation Council. President B. Yeltsin vetoed the law. Thanks to the intensive work of the “science city” residents, the veto was eventually overcome, and the Law “On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation” finally came into force.
9. The status of "Science City of the Russian Federation" was assigned to the city of Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Preparation of other projects.
10. The city of Korolev, Moscow Region, receives the official status of the "Science City of the Russian Federation".

Classification of science cities

According to the nature and profile of scientific complexes, science cities are divided into monoprofile, monooriented and complex.

• An example of a monoprofile science city is Obolensk, which provides social and infrastructural support to one state scientific center - the Research Institute of Applied Microbiology. Protvino with the State Research Center IHEP can be attributed to the same type, although enterprises of various profiles have appeared here in recent years.
• Mono-oriented science cities have several city-forming enterprises of the same sphere of scientific and technical activity. These are, for example, Zhukovsky, where the largest research and testing complexes of the aviation profile are located; Chernogolovka is a scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences with research institutes and laboratories in the field of chemical physics.
• The most characteristic example of a complex science city is Dubna, where, in addition to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, there are scientific, design and research and production centers for aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding, and an international university.

Science cities of the Moscow region have a very wide range of specializations in both fundamental and applied science:

• rocket and space technologies - Korolev, Khimki, Balashikha;
• aviation science center - Zhukovsky;
• fundamental research is mainly concentrated in Dubna, Protvin, Pushchino, Troitsk, Chernogolovka;
• testing and metrological complexes - in Beloozersky, Zhukovsky, Krasnoarmeysk;
• centers of radio engineering and electronics - in Zelenograd and Fryazino;
• dual technology centers - in Dzerzhinsky, Klimovsk;
• microbiology and biotechnology - in Pushchino and Obolensk.

The value of the status of "science city"

The main source of funding for the science city will not be from the budget. Budget money is needed only as start-up capital, it is no more than one tenth of all financial investments. The main financing of developments will come from attracting investors who will benefit from investing in the implementation of scientific developments. The status of a science city opens up broad development prospects for the university complex due to the deduction of interest from the implementation and sale of developments. And the developed and developing infrastructure of the technopark, the presence of a specialized scientific and technical community will additionally attract new investors.

Explanatory work about the goals and benefits of this project is weak. So weak that even Professor N. N. Krasikov (from the city of Kovrov - see below) has no idea what he is talking about. For science cities, no money is allocated to repair roads or provide utilities. But the enterprises of science cities have advantages in the distribution of state orders for the development or production of science-intensive products. Science cities retain a huge potential created in the Soviet period on orders from the military-industrial complex. The enterprises of science cities have advantages in entering the world markets of competitive products. The enterprises of science cities have real tax benefits, and the governing bodies of science cities have advantages in the formation of budgets at different levels. This is the only reason science cities have the opportunity to develop industries that are valuable for the country, as well as to support the social and communal sphere.

Successful examples of science cities and their difficulties

Innovations give constant growth to the entire economy. The United States has more than 90% of the growth in its gross product only due to the innovative economy. And we have crumbs in the full sense of the word: who says 6%, who says half a percent - it is impossible to count.

Today, a tomograph is being developed in Obninsk, without which medicine cannot now engage in effective treatment, and this tomograph will be ten times cheaper than what is sold on the market - this is a solution to people's health problems, and not just a new development.

In 2003, Dubna, having received about 115 million rubles of budget money, attracted about 500 million non-state funds. And the result: for the first time, a non-state, private accelerator was built for the production of membranes for an extremely effective medical process of plasmaphoresis.

Obninsk as of 2004. During the period of the program (science city) a significant economic effect was obtained. From 1999 to 2003, tax revenues quadrupled: from 316 million rubles. up to 1291 million rubles The average salary in the city increased from 1440 rubles. per month up to 4501 rubles. Another important result of the program implementation is the creation of the Obninsk technological park and the municipal industrial zone. Of the 22 announced investment projects, eight were selected for placement in it. This year, investors are starting to build their enterprises. The total amount of attracted investments is about 60 million dollars. An increase in tax revenues by 60-80 million rubles is expected. The project of further development of Obninsk as a science city was supported. According to the governor, special attention at the next stage of the program should be given to achieving results on a federal scale - Obninsk should become a center for the development of the national innovation system.

Many have been going around in circles for three years now, from government to government. Nothing in the programs changes, except for the dates. Sometimes they ask to change the plate in order to present the indicators differently. We ask why it is impossible to skip cities that are ready for this development? We have experience, we have results. Answer: there is no money in the budget. They planned 300 million rubles, but no more. Therefore, you can no longer give status to anyone. Well, increase the amount, you know what kind of money is invested, and the effect is almost instantaneous: the city budget increases many times over. No, they say, money is given only for the actual number of science cities. There are no new cities with a status, we can not increase the amount ... This circle of bureaucrats is simple - another national crime. And why is also clear. Who is in government? Those who were sent by the commodity oligarchs. Now they have bought the RSPP Volsky, they go to the President, they give their proposals, which go down to the government as an instruction from the President. And there, the people sent by these raw material workers are implementing a similar policy.

So, despite this, as well as the statements of the President, the decisions of the State Council, the Security Council signed by him, the declarations in the Address of the President to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, in which he proclaimed and repeatedly confirmed the course towards the country's innovative development, the Government prepared and defended with maniacal stubbornness of the draft law (the notorious draft law on “monetization of benefits”), in which Article 124 proposed to introduce significant changes to the law “On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation”.

We are talking, first of all, about the abolition of programs for the development of science cities, that is, the rejection of the basic principles of state policy in relation to science cities:

• program principle providing for the specification of projects planned for implementation, establishing the mutual responsibility of the municipality and the state, guaranteeing transparency in the execution of the budgets of science cities in terms of financing innovative projects and creating (development) infrastructure;
• principle of concentration and use of funds from all sources - federal, regional and local budgets, extra-budgetary funds for the implementation of programs for the development of science cities.

It was completely unreasonable that a significant tightening of the criteria for assigning the status of a science city of the Russian Federation to municipalities was proposed (the cost of fixed assets of the research and production complex should be at least 50% of the cost of all fixed assets, and the volume of scientific and technical products of the complex in value terms should be at least 50% the total volume of production of all economic entities on the territory of a given municipality, as well as the number of employees in organizations of the scientific and industrial complex should be at least 15% of the total number of employees).

And, apparently, just to clarify who is in charge of innovation, it is proposed to assign the status by decision of the Government, and not by decree of the President.

Unfortunately, despite the efforts made, dozens of options for amendments prepared by the Union for the Development of Science City of Russia and introduced by deputies of the State Duma and members of the Federation Council, including the chairmen of relevant committees of both chambers of the Federal Assembly, held “conciliation meetings” with representatives of the Ministry of Finance (authorized representative of the Government), despite appeals (including those supported by the governors of the Moscow, Novosibirsk, Tambov regions) to the leaders of the State Duma, ministries, etc., etc., only the criteria were defended (and even then only partially: 50 % of the value of funds or 50% of the volume of production, subject to 15% of the number of employees).

The modern "science city" situation

Recently (10/14/2005), under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education and Science of Russia Andrey Fursenko, at a meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission on Science and Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation (MVK), a decision was made to assign the status of a science city to Troitsk and Zhukovsky near Moscow, as well as Dimitrovgrad. A fourth candidate was also considered, but it was rejected - the documents of the city of Kovrov were sent for revision.

“At the same time, assigning the status of a science city of the Russian Federation is not a simple procedure. The decision of the IAC means that a considerable distance has been passed, but it is still necessary to obtain the conclusions of the ministries and departments concerned, and only after that we can expect a government decree,” Mr. Shalmanov notes. Until now, only 8 municipalities on the territory of the Russian Federation have the official status of a science city of the Russian Federation: Obninsk (Kaluga region, May 2000), Dubna, Korolev (Moscow region, late 2000), Koltsovo (Novosibirsk region, February 2003), Reutov, Fryazino (Moscow region), Michurinsk (Tambov region, December 2003), Peterhof (July 2005). And now, after the positive decision of the MVK, five cities are awaiting the status: Biysk, Pushchino, Troitsk, Zhukovsky and Dimitrovgrad. No other contenders are expected in 2005, as the rest of the cities that previously put forward their candidacies need to prepare documents anew. Apparently, all of them will be considered only next year.

Prospects for the Vladimir region: the cities of Kovrov and Raduzhny

Kovrov

The Economic Policy Committee recommended for consideration to the Legislative Assembly of the Vladimir Region the petition of the administration of the city of Kovrov. It concerns the assignment of the status of a science city to the city. The final decision must be made by the Government of Russia.

According to Anatoly Bobkov, deputy chairman of the Economic Policy Committee of the Legislative Assembly, this is the first case in the region. There were such plans for Raduzhnoye, but a package of documents has not yet been completed. The leadership of the Vladimir region and the city of Kovrov will make every effort to ensure that the first science city in the region appears.

The members of the committee voted unanimously. They believe that Kovrov has every chance of getting the status of a science city. Almost 100 years ago, it became a city of gunsmiths, where the main, city-forming enterprises are defense ones. There is a powerful scientific base, the ability to train personnel, including highly qualified ones. Kovrov deserves to become a platform where pilot science-intensive industries will be tested.

Infrastructure– urban research and production complex of 10 well-known enterprises and scientific organizations in Russia and abroad, in particular:

• OJSC "Plant im. V. A. Degtyarev "(ZiD)
• OJSC "Kovrov Electro-Mechanical Plant" (KEMZ)
• JSC "Kovrovsky Mechanical Plant" (KMZ)
• Special Design Bureau for Instrumentation and Automation
• FSUE VNII "Signal"
• Branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “State Space Research and Production Center named after N.I. M. V. Khrunichev»
• Kovrov State Technological Academy (KSTA)

Event: filing an application for obtaining the status of a science city in 2005 - the documents were sent for revision.

Doubts: many are not sure that the city is ready for this (hints of profanation, support from the authorities - in Obninsk, initially there were problems with the local authorities). For example, Kovrov's internal strife can be observed on Internet forums:

All enterprises and institutions of the city, in whose activities there is a scientific component, are involved in the preparation of documents for assigning the status of "science city" to Kovrov. So far, such a large-scale work on the generalization and inventory of intellectual resources in the city has not been carried out. Regardless of whether Kovrov receives or does not receive the status of a "science city", the work carried out is already useful, since it unites the efforts of representatives of different teams to solve a city-wide problem. The contribution of Professor N. N. Krasikov to the common and useful business for the city is hardly noticeable. But there is an Elephant, and it can be barked.

Polyanin V.A., Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs of the Kazan State Technical University, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor.
Oh, Moska, know that she is strong! ..(Answer to Professor Krasikov N.N.)

Another thing is that Krasikov absolutely rightly does not believe in the possibility of creating in our city, at least in the coming years, any major research and production center, and speaks about it honestly, openly. You, Mr. Polyanin, judging by your "pathos" and "angry sarcasm", continue to believe in the Kovrov-Science City project. So act! These same federal ministers, as far as is known, recognized the "academy" in which you work as one of the worst universities in the country, putting KGTA in the ranking of higher technological educational institutions for 2004 at the very bottom of the rating table. Is Professor Krasikov to blame for this too? “The unconstructiveness of his views and positions led to the fact that your “academy” has become one of the weakest in Russia and may lose state funding in the coming years, or even close altogether? But the KGTA, as we understand it, in the project "Kovrov - science city" occupies almost the key, almost the main place, because the "forge of personnel" and all that stuff...

Gromov S. Monkey, in the mirror seeing his image ...

Rainbow

Infrastructure:

• Federal State Unitary Enterprise GosNIILTS RF "Rainbow"
• Branch of Moscow State Technical University. Bauman
• Branch of Vladimir State University (?)

At the city-forming enterprise of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Laser Center" Raduga "named after. I. S. Kosminov” there are free production areas, the necessary energy resources and information support, but there are no venture funds and organizational structures that ensure the initial development of innovative projects.

Event: regional conference "Science cities - the locomotives of Russia's innovative development"(02.26.2004). So far, the administration of the Vladimir region is only planning to submit an application.

prospects The development of ZATO Raduzhny as a science city is connected with the prospects of a city-forming enterprise, which in the integration process of the country's military-industrial complex, among the organizations and enterprises of the laser industry, is assigned the role of a national center-polygon. In addition, organizational and technical measures are being taken to create a branch of Moscow State Technical University named after V.I. Bauman. Another area of ​​development of ZATO Raduzhny is the creation of serial production of gas-fired water heating boilers TGM on the production areas of the city-forming enterprise, financed under the program of social and economic development of ZATO Raduzhny.

Tasks of science cities from the point of view of the state

1. Creation of “final” subdivisions of the scientific and production cycle at the city-forming objects of science cities, ensuring the release of finished science-intensive products, and its promotion to the market. It is necessary to master not only innovative, but also conventional marketing technologies, and profitably sell what is produced.
2. Development of technologies aimed at meeting the regional and local needs of the economy, including small and medium-sized innovative businesses. In the same place - the creation of all the necessary conditions for the commercialization of scientific and engineering reserves.
3. Development of the educational sphere. The personnel problem of science cities can be solved only if systems are created that integrate the learning process and scientific activity.

List of sources used

1. Kuznetsov, M. I. Science cities: intellectual potential and innovative resource for the development of Russia// Sustainable development. Science and Practice, No. 2/2004.
2. Golubev E. Science city as an accelerator for science.
3. Will the word "science city" become untranslatable, like "satellite"?// Obninsk, No. 25 dated February 10, 1998.
4. Shumilov A. Technopark, science city, technopolis.
5. 10 years of science city movement// Daily news - Moscow region, No. 180 dated 12/11/2001 // Almanac "East". – C. 3.
6. Shcherbinina G. Science city - the city of the Sun?// Patriot, No. 31 of 08/05/2003 // Almanac "East". – P. 8-9.
7. Kovrov news, No. 20 of 05/17/2005.
8. Politics and strategies, 05/19/2004. Innovation Bureau "Expert": Digest No. 22, 15-30.04.2005.
9. Russia: three science cities may appear this year// CNews.ru news from 10/14/2005.
10. Kovrov can become a science city// Regions.ru news from 11.08.2004.
11. Science and innovations in the regions of Russia. Rainbow.
12. Science cities are the locomotives of Russia's innovative development: Speeches of the participants of the regional conference. – Scientific and electronic library.